Helen L. RIEGEL, Executrix of the Will of Harry J. Riegel, Deceased, and Helen L. Riegel, Individually, Plaintiffs,
v.
William D. LYERLY, individually and as a representative of the class of all adult persons now in being and who might be heirs at law of Helen L. Riegel, at the time of her death, and all unborn persons, unknown persons and all other persons, whether now in being or hereafter coming into being which under the laws of the State of North Carolina might now or might hereafter acquire such status as to become heirs of Helen L. Riegel at the time of her death, Defendants, and
John D. Shaw, Guardian Ad Litem for unknown heirs, Additional Defendant.
No. 282.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
July 23, 1965.*66 John D. Shaw, Charlotte, for defendant appellants.
Helms, Mulliss, McMillan & Johnston, E. Osborne Ayscue, Jr., Charlotte, William H. Bobbitt, Jr., Charlotte, for plaintiff appellees.
RODMAN, Justice.
The widow's assertion of absolute ownership calls for answers to these questions: (1) Does the rule in Shelley's case or a similar rule apply to the disposition of personal property in this State? (2) If so, does the widow, by Item 4 of the Riegel will, acquire absolute ownership in one-third of the residuary estate?
The law in this State, settled by a uniform line of decisions, is that a grant, *67 devise or bequest to A for life, remainder in fee or absolutely to the heirs-at-law of A vests A with an estate in fee simple or absolute unless it is made to appear from other portions of the instrument transferring title that the grantor or testator used the words "heirs-at-law" as descriptio personae, and not as words of limitation. It makes no difference whether the grant or gift is real property, real and personal property, or personal property alone. Stated differently, the rule in Shelley's case has been consistently applied in North Carolina to the disposition of personal property where the language would require application of the rule in a disposition of real estate.
Seemingly, the earliest case in our reports presenting the question is Cutlar's Adm'rs v. Cutlar's Ex'rs, 3 N.C. 154, decided in 1801. It was there held that a gift of slaves to a mother and son "for their lives, and the life of the longest liver or survivor, remainder to the heirs of the survivor," vested the survivor with title absolute.
The Cutlar case was followed in 1812 by Nichols v. Cartwright, 6 N.C. 137. There, the court was called upon to pass on the rights of B, under a deed by A which "lent" B, his sister, a female slave for B's natural life, and "at her death I give the said girl and her increase unto the heirs of my said sister, lawfully begotten of her body, forever." Taylor, C. J., speaking for the court, said: "A rule applied to chattels is, that where a remainder is limited by such words as if applied to realty would constitute an estate tail, the person to whom it is given takes the property absolutely."
In Ham v. Ham, 21 N.C. 598, decided in 1837, the court was called upon to construe a will which devised real estate to Caren Ham and bequeathed a negro man and a negro woman to Caren "during her lifetime or widowhood; and then I give them to her lawful heirs for them and their heirs forever." Daniel, J., speaking for a court composed of Ruffin, Daniel and Gaston, said: "The land mentioned in the recited clause of the will, we think, is clearly and absolutely given in fee to Mrs. Ham. And if the subsequent words in the clause which relates to the slaves, had related to the land, then there would be no doubt but Mrs. Ham would be entitled to the whole fee, by force of the rule in Shelley's case." He cites numerous English cases to support his assertion. He then says: "Does the rule in Shelley's case extend to chattels personal? On this point authorities are not so plenty as they are in the case of terms for years, yet we think, they are not wanting. As it is well established, that the rule extends to terms for years, which, on the death of the termor, go to the executor, and not to the heir; we cannot see, why the rule should not extend to chattels personal, when there is nothing in the will which shows that the testator meant by the word `heirs,' children, next of kin, or any other class of persons." He cites, in support of his conclusion, Kent's Commentaries and Gettings v. McDermott, 7 Cond.Eng.Ch.Rep., 268, decided by Lord Chancellor Brougham in 1834.
The will interpreted in Floyd v. Thompson, 20 N.C. 616, contained a bequest of slaves in language similar to the language involved in Ham v. Ham, supra. The conclusion reached in the Ham case was reaffirmed. Chief Justice Ruffin, citing Ham v. Ham, said: "We then looked into all the cases in the books within our reach and felt obliged to hold that in such dispositions of personal chattels as this, the entire property vests in the first taker."
In Payne v. Sale, 22 N.C. 455, Gaston, J. said: "The doctrine is confessedly founded upon a settled principle of construction, that whatever disposition would amount to an estate tail in land gives the whole interest in personal property. Now, it is a fundamental rule of law that where an ancestor, by any gift or conveyance, takes an estate of freehold in land, and in the same gift or conveyance there is a limitation by way of remainder to the heirs of his body, these words are words of limitation of the estate, and not words of purchase; and, *68 therefore, such remainder is immediately executed in possession in the ancestor so taking the freehold."
Similar conclusions and statements of the law are made in Coon v. Rice, 29 N.C. 217; Bradley v. Jones, 37 N.C. 245; Sanderlin v. Deford, 47 N.C. 74, 75; Worrell v. Vinson, 50 N.C. 91; Hodges v. Little, 52 N.C. 145; Boyd v. Small, 56 N.C. 39; Williams v. Houston, 57 N.C. 277.
In Williams v. Houston, supra, Chief Justice Pearson said: "It is unnecessary to enter more fully into the reason of `the rule,' or to refer to the numerous cases in which it has been held to extend to personal property; it is sufficient to say it is well settled as `a law of property," and our case falls directly within its operations."
The application of the rule to personalty, as well as realty, was recognized in Pless v. Coble, 58 N.C. 231, but not applied because it appeared from the instrument transferring title that the word "heirs" was not used in its technical sense but as descriptio personae.
Chief Justice Pearson's declaration that it was "well settled as `a law of property'" that the rule of Shelley's case was as applicable to personal property as to real property was made in 1858. Seemingly, the statement then made has been accepted as the law of this State. We have found no decision since that time which challenges that statement. Cases have arisen in which it was necessary to decide whether the rule applied to a particular factual situation, e. g. Thompson v. Mitchell, 57 N.C. 441; Pless v. Coble, supra; Chambers v. Payne, 59 N.C. 276; King v. Utley, 85 N.C. 60; but none deny the application of the rule to personalty.
In Hooker v. Montague, 123 N.C. 154, 31 S.E. 705, decided in 1898, the court recognized the rule as applicable to personalty where the estates were of the same character, but the majority held that the rule was not there applicable because the life tenant's estate was equitable and the estate in remainder was legal. This difference in character of the estates prevented a merger.
Looking beyond our borders, we find English cases decided prior to the Revolutionary War hold the rule includes both real and personal property. See Butterfield v. Butterfield, decided in 1748, 1 Ves. 132, 153; Theebridge v. Kilburne, decided in 1750, 2 Ves. 232; Garth v. Baldwin, decided in 1755, 2 Ves. 646.
England in 1925, by statute, Halsbury's Statutes of England, 2d ed., Vol. 20, § 131, abolished the rule in Shelley's case by providing that the word "heirs," or similar words in instruments thereafter executed, should operate "as words of purchase and not of limitation."
An examination of cases decided by appellate courts of sister states shows a marked divergence of opinion with respect to the inclusion of personalty in the rule. See Simes and Smith, The Law of Future Interests, 2d ed., Vol. 1, § 367; 47 Am.Jur. 808, 809; 96 C.J.S. Wills § 875, p. 303. Several states have enacted statutes similar to the English statute.
Unwilling as we are to change the law of property by judicial fiat, we answer the first question in the affirmative. If public policy requires a change, we think it should be made by the Legislature. Williams v. Randolph Hospital, 237 N.C. 387, 391, 75 S.E.2d 303; Menne v. City of Fond Du Lac, 273 Wis. 241, 77 N.W.2d 703; Bond v. Midstates Oil Corp., 219 La. 415, 53 So. 2d 149. The change, if made, should apply to instruments thereafter executed. Wachovia Bank and Trust Co. v. Andrews, 142 S.E.2d 531; Bennett v. Cain, 248 N.C. 428, 103 S.E.2d 510; Wilkinson v. Wallace, 192 N.C. 156,134 S.E. 401.
Nowhere in Mr. Riegel's will is there anything to indicate that the words "heirs-at-law" in the bequest reading: "Upon the death of my said wife * * * I give and bequeath in fee simple to the heirs-at-law of my said wife the remaining *69 one-third (1/3) of the then balance of the corpus of my estate," were intended to define the grantee. It follows that the widow took an absolute, "fee simple," estate and that the second question must also be answered "yes." Tynch v. Briggs, 230 N.C. 603, 54 S.E.2d 918; Ratley v. Oliver, 229 N.C. 120, 47 S.E.2d 703; Rose v. Rose, 219 N.C. 20, 12 S.E.2d 688; Rowland v. Building & Loan Assn., 211 N.C. 456, 190 S.E. 719; Floyd v. Thompson, supra.
Affirmed.