REYNOLDS
v.
The STATE.
No. S08G1123.
Supreme Court of Georgia.
February 23, 2009.Brian Steel, Atlanta, for appellant.
Daniel J. Porter, District Attorney, Jon W. Setzer, Assistant District Attorney, Thurbert E. Baker, Attorney General, for appellee.
HINES, Justice.
We granted certiorari to the Court of Appeals in Reynolds v. State, 290 Ga.App. 44, 658 S.E.2d 815 (2008), to consider whether the rule of Mallory v. State, 261 Ga. 625, 630(5), 409 S.E.2d 839 (1991),[1] that the prosecutor may not comment on a defendant's pre-arrest silence, is limited to circumstances described in Morrison v. State, 251 Ga.App. 161, 164(3), 554 S.E.2d 190 (2001). Finding that it is not, we reverse and remand.
Paul Edward Reynolds was tried before a jury and convicted of aggravated battery stemming from a domestic dispute. Both the trial court and the Court of Appeals rejected his claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Regarding the sole issue on certiorari, during closing argument the prosecutor stated, "I want you to consider that Mr. Reynolds had the opportunity to stay ... that night and call the police or wait for police to respond to give his version of the facts." The Court of Appeals determined that trial counsel did not provide ineffective assistance by failing to object to such comment. The Court of Appeals acknowledged that this Court in Mallory v. State held that "it is improper for the State to `comment upon a defendant's silence or failure to come forward' even if the defendant testified at *855 trial or had not received Miranda warnings"; nevertheless, the Court of Appeals relied upon its holding in Morrison v. State[2] that "the rule prohibiting comments regarding prearrest silence is properly limited to a defendant's silence in the face of questions by an agent of the State or his failure to come forward when he knew that he was the target of a criminal investigation." (Emphasis in original.) Reynolds v. State, supra at 48(3), 658 S.E.2d 815. But, such limitations to the prohibition against commenting on a defendant's silence are ill-founded.
In Mallory, this Court expressly acknowledged that the United States Supreme Court has held that where no government action has induced a defendant's pre-arrest silence, and where the defendant has testified at trial, thereby waiving the privilege against self-incrimination, the State may comment at trial upon the fact that the defendant did not voluntarily come forward. Id. at 629(5), 409 S.E.2d 839; Fletcher v. Weir, 455 U.S. 603, 102 S.Ct. 1309, 71 L.Ed.2d 490 (1982); Jenkins v. Anderson, 447 U.S. 231, 100 S.Ct. 2124, 65 L.Ed.2d 86 (1980). However, this Court further noted that Georgia, as every other state jurisdiction, remained "`free to formulate evidentiary rules defining the situations in which silence is viewed as more probative than prejudicial.'" Mallory at 630(5), 409 S.E.2d 839, quoting Jenkins v. Anderson, supra. This Court then necessarily addressed OCGA § 24-3-36, which provides that "[a]cquiescence or silence, when the circumstances require an answer, a denial, or other conduct, may amount to an admission." Consequently, we concluded that "a comment upon a defendant's silence or failure to come forward is far more prejudicial than probative." Mallory at 630(5), 409 S.E.2d 839. Accord Landers v. State, 270 Ga. 189, 190(2), 508 S.E.2d 637 (1998); Jarrett v. State, 265 Ga. 28, 29(1), 453 S.E.2d 461 (1995). In criminal cases, such a comment is not to be permitted even in the situations in which the defendant has not received Miranda warnings or takes the stand in his own defense. Mallory at 630(5), 409 S.E.2d 839. This holding in Mallory is merely the recognition that the General Assembly has, by its enactment of OCGA § 24-3-36, formulated an evidentiary rule which dictates that under certain circumstances, a defendant's silence or inaction will rise to the level of an admission; certainly in the situation of a criminal defendant, this failure to speak or act will most often be judged as evidence of the admission of criminal responsibility. Thus, the element of prejudice is indisputable.
Yet, despite the clarity of the bright-line evidentiary rule enunciated in Mallory, the Court of Appeals in Morrison determined that the prohibition extended only to the two circumstances previously noted: when questioning by a State agent is met with the defendant's silence or when the defendant fails to come forward in the face of the defendant's knowledge of being the focus of a criminal investigation. Morrison at 164(3), 554 S.E.2d 190. The only justification for these restrictions of Mallory was an attempt to distinguish and limit Mallory on its facts. But, such factual differences fail to provide support for the eroding of this Court's determination of the potential for prejudice stemming from the State's comment on a defendant's pre-arrest silence. Indeed, this Court has continued to recognize and adhere to the rule of Mallory, unencumbered by the limitations engrafted by Morrison. See Lampley v. State, 284 Ga. 37, 38-39(2)(b), 663 S.E.2d 184 (2008); Jackson v. State, 282 Ga. 494, 497(2), 651 S.E.2d 702 (2007); Moore v. State, 278 Ga. 397, 399(2)(a), 603 S.E.2d 228 (2004); Pearson v. State, 277 Ga. 813, 817(5)(b), 596 S.E.2d 582 (2004). The exclusions stated in Morrison and its progeny conflict with the applicable holding in Mallory, and such cases are hereby overruled.
Accordingly, the judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Court of Appeals for consideration consistent with this opinion.
Judgment reversed and case remanded.
All the Justices concur.
NOTES
[1] Mallory was overruled on other grounds by Chapel v. State, 270 Ga. 151, 154-156(4), 510 S.E.2d 802 (1998), see Clark v. State, 271 Ga. 6, 10(5), 515 S.E.2d 155 (1999).
[2] The Court of Appeals additionally cited Glidewell v. State, 279 Ga.App. 114, 123-124(7)(d), 630 S.E.2d 621 (2006), and Roebuck v. State, 261 Ga.App. 679, 684(4), 583 S.E.2d 523 (2003), which applied Morrison.