Gwendolyn R. MASCIULLI, Individually and as Guardian Ad Litem for Tara Masciulli, a minor,
v.
Charles Albert TUCKER and Terri Lin Kleckner.
No. 8510SC1308.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
August 5, 1986.*307 Currie, Pugh & Davis by E. Yvonne Pugh, Raleigh, for plaintiff-appellant.
Bailey, Dixon, Wooten, McDonald, Fountain & Walker by Gary S. Parsons, Raleigh, for defendants-appellees.
JOHNSON, Judge.
Plaintiff assigns error to the trial court's refusal to instruct the jury on the law pertaining to evidence offered by plaintiff on defendant's failure to keep a proper lookout and to keep the automobile under proper control. Plaintiff, in her brief, correctly cites Beanblossom v. Thomas, 266 N.C. 181, 146 S.E.2d 36 (1966), for the following principle:
Unless the driver of the leading vehicle is himself guilty of negligence, or unless an emergency is created by some third person or other highway hazard; the mere fact of a collision with the vehicle ahead furnishes some evidence that the motorist in the rear was not keeping a proper lookout or that he was following too closely.
Id. at 188, 146 S.E.2d at 42 (emphasis supplied) (citations omitted). Defendants argue that the foregoing is merely dicta. We disagree. Our understanding of Beanblossom, supra, is that the foregoing statement of the law was necessary to the Court's holding with respect to that appellant's assignments of error relating to the jury charge in which the trial court attempted to apply the doctrine of foreseeability. Id. at 187, 146 S.E.2d at 41 (citations omitted). In Beanblossom, supra, the Court also aptly stated the following:
In the absence of anything which should alert him to the danger, the law does not require a motorist to anticipate specific acts of negligence on the part of another. It does, however, fix him with notice that the exigencies of traffic may, at any time, require a sudden stop by him or the motor vehicle immediately in front of him. Constant vigilance is an indispensible requisite for survival on today's highways and a motorist must take into account `occasional negligence which is one of the incidents of human life.' He must bear in mind that every operator of a motor vehicle on the highway is constantly confronted with the possibility of a collision with other vehicles, pedestrians, or animals; that blowouts and mechanical failures, highway and weather conditions, as well as innumerable other factors, can create sudden hazards. It follows therefore, that a reasonably prudent operator will not put himself unnecessarily in a position which will absolutely preclude him from coping with an emergency.
Id. at 187-88, 146 S.E.2d at 41 (emphasis supplied) (citations omitted). The evidence in the case sub judice was that defendant Kleckner was operating the automobile under conditions in which it was raining and the pavement was wet; that she was able to discern that she was approaching an automobile in her lane of travel; that she saw the brake lights on the automobile but mistook the brake lights for taillights and assumed that the automobile was moving, but once realizing that the automobile was in fact stopped, she slammed on her brakes too late to avoid a rear end collision. Even without the testimony of two witnesses that a left turn signal was in operation, we hold that the foregoing constitutes sufficient evidence to raise an issue of fact for a jury to determine, to wit: whether defendant was maintaining a proper lookout. Evidence that a turn signal was in operation likewise raises a question for the jury to decide after being instructed on defendant's duty to maintain a proper lookout. The trial court's refusal to properly instruct the jury on the law regarding defendant's duty to maintain a proper lookout shielded defendant from possible liability. In this there was error. Should the jury have found that defendant did not maintain a proper lookout, it would have precluded a *308 verdict that the doctrine of sudden emergency insulated defendant from liability.
Plaintiff next assigns error to the trial court's denial of her request for an instruction to the jury on the law arising from the evidence presented of defendant's failure to maintain proper control of the automobile. This request was also improperly ruled on by the trial court. Although the case of Redden v. Bynum, 256 N.C. 351, 123 S.E.2d 734 (1962), relied upon by plaintiff does provide us with some guidance, we note that the Court in Redden quoted the legal requirements of G.S. 20-141(c) which is no longer in effect. The Court stated the following:
The fact that the speed of a vehicle is less than the maximum limit provided by law `shall not relieve the driver from the duty to decrease speed ... when special hazards exist with respect to ... other traffic or by reason of weather conditions, and speed shall be decreased as may be necessary to avoid colliding with any person, vehicle, or other conveyance on or entering the highway in compliance with legal requirements and duty of all persons to use due care. G.S. 20-141(c). Failure to observe this statutory duty renders a motorist negligent; and such negligence may consist of traveling at excessive speed, failure to keep a proper lookout, or failure to maintain reasonable control of vehicle.
Redden, supra, at 354, 123 S.E.2d at 736. (emphasis supplied). The principle enunciated in Redden, supra, remains the same under the effective version of G.S. 20-141. There has been a refinement of the distinction between the interrelated allegations of driving at an excessive rate of speed and failure to maintain proper control. See Radford v. Norris, 74 N.C.App. 87, 327 S.E.2d 620, disc. rev. denied, 314 N.C. 117, 332 S.E.2d 483 (1985). The trial court in the case sub judice, upon plaintiff's request for a jury instruction stated "Proper control is denied. No evidence of any loss of control in this case." This Court in Radford, supra, stated, "Maintaining proper control means driving in such a manner that the vehicle `can be stopped quickly or with a reasonable degree of celerity, which does not mean instantly under any and all circumstances.'" Radford, supra, at 91, 327 S.E.2d at 623, quoting 7A Am.Jr.2d Automobiles and Highway Traffic sec. 415 (1980). The evidence in the case sub judice showed that defendant, while operating an automobile under hazardous conditions, perceived an automobile in her lane of travel, but despite her "slamming" on the brakes she was unable to maintain control of her automobile and slid into the rear end of the automobile in front of her. We hold the evidence in the case sub judice, to be sufficient under Redden, supra, to submit the issue for determination by the jury.
Plaintiff also contends the trial court committed prejudicial error in its instructions to the jury on the applicability of the doctrine of sudden emergency in the case sub judice. We agree.
The lawful duty required of every motorist driving upon the roads of this State is that, "A motorist is required in the exercise of due care to keep a reasonable and proper lookout in the direction of travel and is held to the duty of seeing what he ought to have seen." Hairston v. Alexander Tank & Equip. Co., 310 N.C. 227, 239, 311 S.E.2d 559, 568 (1984), citing Wall v. Bain, 222 N.C. 375, 23 S.E.2d 330 (1942). The state of the law on the doctrine of sudden emergency has been thoroughly stated by our courts. "One who is required to act in an emergency is not held by the law to the wisest choice of conduct, but only to such choice as a person of ordinary care and prudence, similarly situated would have been." Ingle v. Cassady, 208 N.C. 497, 499, 181 S.E. 562, 563 (1935). However, the law of sudden emergency is not without limitations.
It is the duty of the trial court in a case allegedly involving a sudden emergency to not only instruct that a lesser standard of care is applied in an emergency situation, but also the trial court must instruct that the jury must find that in fact a sudden emergency did exist and that the jury must find that the emergency *309 was in fact not brought on by the negligence of the defendants.
Lawson v. Walker, 22 N.C.App. 295, 297, 206 S.E.2d 325, 327 (1974) (trial court's instruction to the jury held insufficient where the clear inference from the trial court's instructions was that the trial court felt that a baby falling from an automobile seat caused the sudden emergency whereby the sudden emergency was not caused by defendant). Moreover, "where a motorist discovers, or in the exercise of due care should discover, obstruction within the extreme range of his vision and can stop if he acts immediately, but his estimates of his speed, distance, and ability to stop are inaccurate and he finds stopping impossible, he cannot then claim the benefit of the sudden emergency doctrine." Hairston, supra, at 239, 311 S.E.2d at 568. A broader statement of this proposition is that "one cannot escape liability for acts otherwise negligent because done under the stress of an emergency if such emergency was caused, wholly or in material part, by his own negligent or wrongful act." Cockman v. Powers, 248 N.C. 403, 407, 103 S.E.2d 710, 713 (1958) (emphasis supplied).
The evidence in the case sub judice tends to show that defendant was driving at an excessive rate of speed (twenty-five miles per hour) for the existing conditions and subsequently pleaded guilty to that offense in District Court. Defendant described the accident as follows:
A. I was driving up a hill and right as I got to the top of the hill I had to go around a slight curve, and as I got to the top of the hill and went around the curve I then saw a car in front of me and saw what I guess are brake lights, but I thought they were taillights at the time because everyone else had their lights on, and by the time I realized he wasn't moving I slammed on my brakes and slid into him.
Defendant did not testify that the automobile that she rear ended did not display a left turn signal; defendant merely testified "I saw no turn signal." However, Mr. Fryar testified "I was sitting there and I had my left signal on." The minor plaintiff testified "well, we stopped. He had on his blinker light. I know that because you can hear it, you could hear the blinker lights." Officer Smith testified that he spoke with defendant Kleckner immediately after the accident and "she just didn't see the vehicle when she realized that Mr. Fryar's vehicle was stopped, she put on her brakes but because of the wet pavement she was unable to stop, and slid into the rear of his vehicle." All the evidence presented in the case sub judice established that at the time of the accident the existing driving conditions were rain and wet pavement. There was no evidence of any nature about a sudden downpour or sudden change of driving conditions. Defendant's testimony and statements made to Officer Smith were such that a jury could infer that she made an error in judgment and, as discussed supra, she did not keep a proper lookout or maintain proper control of the automobile she was operating. This alleged emergency was not sudden and the rear end collision was caused at least in material part due to defendant's disregard of the existing conditions and mistaken assumption that Mr. Fryar's automobile was moving even though defendant testified that at least she saw the brake lights on the automobile ahead of her. Defendant may not escape liability by the court instructing the jury on the applicability of the doctrine of sudden emergency. Cockman, supra. The trial court erred by instructing the jury on the applicability of the doctrine of sudden emergency when the evidence did not support said instruction and plaintiff is entitled to a new trial. Hairston, supra; Hoke v. Greyhound Corp., 227 N.C. 412, 42 S.E.2d 593 (1947); Bryant v. Winkler, 16 N.C.App. 612, 192 S.E.2d 686 (1972); Johnson v. Simmons, 10 N.C.App. 113, 177 S.E.2d 721 (1970), cert. denied, 277 N.C. 726, 178 S.E.2d 832 (1971).
For the aforementioned reasons plaintiff is entitled to a
New trial.
WEBB and WHICHARD, JJ., concur.