Mrs. James R. STAMEY, Jr., Administratrix of the Estate of James R. Stamey, Jr., Deceased,
v.
RUTHERFORDTON ELECTRIC MEMBERSHIP CORPORATION, Defendant, and
Brawley Construction Company, Additional Defendant.
No. 237.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
January 31, 1958.*816 Carswell & Justice by James F. Justice and William H. Booe, Charlotte, for plaintiff, appellee.
PARKER, Justice.
In this Court the defendant Rutherfordton Electric Membership Corporation filed a demurrer ore tenus on the ground that the amended complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. This it had a right to do. Lamm v. Crumpler, 233 N.C. 717, 65 S.E.2d 336. Defendant reduced its demurrer ore tenus to writing, and specified the grounds of objection to the amended complaint as follows: One, the amended complaint fails to state facts as to how, or by what means, one of the nonenergized and dead wires, which plaintiff's intestate was on a pole erecting, came in contact with the defendant's energized and live and uninsulated power line, causing a high voltage of electricity to be transmitted therefrom into the body of plaintiff's intestate proximately causing his injuries and death. Two, the amended complaint fails to state facts supporting the conclusion that defendant knew, or in the exercise of due care should have known, that at the time of plaintiff's intestate's injury its live transmission line was several feet from and in close proximity to the pole upon which plaintiff's intestate was working, "which was the first occasion the plaintiff's intestate had been in close proximity to the energized and live current line." Three, the amended complaint fails to state facts supporting the conclusion that defendant knew, or in the exercise of due and ordinary care should have known, the several matters alleged in sub-paragraphs (a) through (g) of paragraph 12 of each cause of action. Four, "While it affirmatively appears from the allegations of Paragraphs *817 5 and 6 of each cause of action that the plaintiff's intestate was the employee of an independent contractor doing work for this defendant, the Complaint does not set forth facts sufficient to bring the plaintiff's intestate within any exception to the general rule of law under which the defendant would not be liable to or responsible for employees of its independent contractor and the Complaint fails to set forth any facts from which it may be inferred that this defendant owed to the plaintiff or the plaintiff's intestate some legal duty, the breach of which proximately caused the injury to and death of the plaintiff's intestate."
The allegations of negligence against the defendant are verbatim in both causes of action stated in the amended complaint. This is a summary of the amended complaint's allegations necessary to be set forth in passing on defendant's demurrer ore tenus: Defendant, a North Carolina corporation, at the time complained of was operating a private electrical power corporation, electrical power poles, and lines for transmission and sale of electrical power and current for profit. Defendant owned and controlled a power sub-station near Lincolnton, and poles and power lines at other locations from the sub-station, for the purpose of transmission and sale of electric power and current for a distance of about 20 miles to a point, and at a place near the Lincolnton-Newton Highway, and thence in a northerly direction to other places. At the place in question defendant transmitted electrical power and current over its line to the extent of 7,200 volts. Defendant entered into an independent contract with Brawley Construction Company hereafter called Brawleyto erect certain poles and nonenergized or dead lines for it on a new course, which passed near the energized and live power line of defendant at the place in question. Plaintiff's intestate was an employee and servant of Brawley, and at all times was keeping a proper lookout and exercising due care for his own safety. Defendant had control and dominion over the power lines and poles, and property upon which they were located. About 3:00 o'clock p. m. on 22 February 1956 plaintiff's intestate was on one of the power line poles, and engaged in his duties as a groundman and employee for Brawley in the erection of the nonenergized power line. "The defendant corporation's energized and live and uninsulated power line containing approximately 7,200 volts was several feet from and in close proximity to the pole upon which plaintiff's intestate was working in connection with the erection of the nonenergized and `dead' line, which was the first occasion the plaintiff's intestate had been in close proximity to the energized and `live' current line, all of which was known or in the exercise of due care should have been known to the defendant corporation. On the occasion in question, while the plaintiff's intestate was on the pole engaged in assisting with the erection of the nonenergized and `dead' line, one of the nonenergized and `dead' wires came in contact with the defendant corporation's energized and `live' and uninsulated power line, causing a high voltage of current and electricity to be transmitted from the defendant corporation's energized and `live' and uninsulated wire into the body of the plaintiff's intestate which proximately caused and resulted in injuries to and the death of the plaintiff's intestate."
The allegations in paragraph 12 of each cause of action stated in the amended complaint are in exactly the same words. In these paragraphs plaintiff alleges that the injuries to, and death of, her intestate were proximately caused by the negligence of the appealing defendant, and sets forth the alleged negligence in nine sub-paragraphs, which are to this effect: Defendant negligently failed to cut off the high voltage of electrical current in its live wire, and negligently permitted its live wire to remain in an exposed condition, and uninsulated, in close proximity to the work being done by plaintiff's intestate as a groundman, and others, when it knew, or in the exercise of due care should have known, *818 that this was highly dangerous under the existing conditions. Defendant negligently failed to place warning signs on its live wires, to give warning and notice of its live wire, and to guard its live wire, at the place where the nonenergized line was being constructed by plaintiff's intestate who was a groundman, and not an accomplished lineman, when it knew, or in the exercise of due care should have known, that the work of plaintiff's intestate was highly dangerous and unsafe under the existing conditions, and plaintiff's intestate was likely to come in contact with the live wire. Defendant negligently failed to erect and maintain a sufficient number of circuit-breaking switches, so that in the event of a contact with the live wire the safety switches would kick off the current, when it knew, or in the exercise of due care should have known, that plaintiff's intestate working on the nonenergized line might be likely to come into contact with the live wire. Defendant negligently failed to turn over the premises along which the nonenergized line was being erected to the persons doing such work in a reasonably safe condition.
A demurrer to a complaint admits as true the allegations of fact therein stated, but does not admit any inferences or conclusions of law asserted by the pleader. McKinley v. Hinnant, 242 N.C. 245, 87 S.E.2d 568. G.S. § 1-151 requires us to construe liberally a pleading challenged by a demurrer with a view to substantial justice between the parties. Hedrick v. Graham, 245 N.C. 249, 96 S.E.2d 129. "On demurrer we take the case as made by the complaint," Barber v. Wooten, 234 N.C. 107, 66 S.E.2d 690, 691, and cannot read into it facts that are not therein stated.
The Court said in Shives v. Sample, 238 N.C. 724, 79 S.E.2d 193, 195, speaking through Johnson, J.: "In an action or defense based upon negligence, it is not sufficient to allege the mere happening of an event of an injurious nature and call it negligence on the part of the party sought to be charged. This is necessarily so because negligence is not a fact in itself, but is the legal result of certain facts. Therefore, the facts which constitute the negligence charged and also the facts which establish such negligence as the proximate cause, or as one of the proximate causes, of the injury must be alleged."
The Court said in Whitehead v. Carolina Telephone & Telegraph Co., 190 N.C. 197, 129 S.E. 602, 603: "The bare statement, then, that the defendant's negligence was the proximate cause of the plaintiff's loss, unsupported by allegations of sufficient particularity to enable us to discover a causal relation between the negligent act and the loss, is not sufficient. It is therefore essential that we ascertain from the complaint whether such causal relation is proximate or too remote to support the action."
The Court said in Gillis v. Transit Corporation, 193 N.C. 346, 137 S.E. 153, 154: "An allegation of negligence must be sufficiently specific to give information of the particular acts complained of; a general allegation without such particularity does not set out the nature of plaintiff's demand sufficiently to enable the defendant to prepare his defense."
The complaint must show that the particular facts charged as negligence were the efficient and proximate cause, or one of such causes, of the injury of which the plaintiff complains. Furtick v. Bonnie Cotton Mills, 217 N.C. 516, 8 S.E.2d 597; Moss v. Bowers, 216 N.C. 546, 5 S.E.2d 826; Guthrie v. Gocking, 214 N.C. 513, 199 S.E. 707; Conley v. Richmond & D. R. Co., 109 N.C. 692, 14 S.E. 303; McIntosh, N.C.Practice and Procedure, Second Ed., Vol. I, Sec. 989; 65 C.J.S. Negligence § 188; 38 Am. Jur., Negligence, Sec. 264.
The amended complaint avers these facts: The defendant's live and uninsulated power line containing approximately 7,200 volts of electricity was several feet from the pole upon which plaintiff's intestate was working *819 in connection with the erection of the nonenergized line, which was the first occasion plaintiff's intestate had been in close proximity to the live line. "While the plaintiff's intestate was on the pole engaged in assisting with the erection of the nonenergized and `dead' line, one of the nonenergized and `dead' wires came in contact with the defendant corporation's energized and `live' and uninsulated power line, causing a high voltage of current and electricity to be transmitted" into the body of plaintiff's intestate proximately causing his death. The general allegations of paragraph 12 in each cause of action aver no facts which show how or why the nonenergized line upon which plaintiff's intestate was working came in contact with defendant's live wire, which was several feet away. Conceding, but not deciding, that the general allegations set forth in paragraph 12 of each cause of action stated in the amended complaint charge the defendant with negligence, there is nothing in the amended complaint to show that such alleged negligence proximately caused the injuries to, and the death of, plaintiff's intestate. Considering the amended complaint as a whole, and ignoring none of its charging parts, it is manifest that the efficient and proximate cause of the death of plaintiff's intestate was the nonenergized line coming into contact with defendant's live wire several feet away. The amended complaint contains no allegation of fact that the defendant did anything, even in the slightest degree, to cause the nonenergized line to come in contact with its live wire, and further the amended complaint avers no facts from which it can reasonably and fairly be inferred that the defendant did anything to cause the nonenergized line to come in contact with its live wire.
The mere fact that a pleader alleges that an act is one of negligence does not make it so. We can speculate that the nonenergized wire was caused to come in contact with the live wire, by reason of some act of the defendant, or of some other person having no connection with the defendant, or by some act of plaintiff's intestate, or by some freak of nature, but speculation cannot cure the insufficiency of the amended complaint. The defendant has the right to have set forth in the amended complaint a statement of facts constituting the negligence charged, and also a statement of the facts which establish such negligence charged as the proximate cause, or as one of the proximate causes, of the injury and death complained of, sufficiently specific to inform it as to the nature of the action, so that it will not, without default on its part, lose the benefit of a complete defense, which it might possibly be in its power to make good but for the want of more definite information in the amended complaint. "It is necessary, in stating a cause of action, to set forth the duty which the defendant owed the plaintiff, as well as the manner in which the violation of that duty proximately contributed to the plaintiff's injury." Parrish v. Atlantic Coast Line R. Co., 221 N.C. 292, 20 S.E.2d 299, 303.
Plaintiff asserts in her brief that the allegations in the complaint in Essick v. City of Lexington, 232 N.C. 200, 60 S.E.2d 106, 109, are similar to the allegations in the instant case, and the Court there overruled the demurrer. The Essick case is readily distinguishable, for the complaint alleged: "* * * that the plaintiff's intestate was on top of the roof of the catwalk nailing down the capping while a fellow worker named David T. Smith was handing up the sections of capping through the uncovered portion of the center of the roof to the plaintiff's intestate, and that he handed up one section of said capping to plaintiff's intestate, and as the plaintiff's intestate pulled the said section through the uncovered portion of the roof, the said capping came in contact with an uninsulated portion of one of the high tension wires of the defendant, resulting in his electrocution and immediate death; and that the death of the plaintiff's intestate was promately *820 caused by the carelessness and negligence of the defendants through their servants, agents and employees."
In our opinion, the demurrer ore tenus should be sustained, for the reason that the amended complaint considered in its entirety fails to allege a case of actionable negligence proximately causing the injury to, and death of, plaintiff's intestate, as set forth above. However, this is without prejudice to the plaintiff's right to move in the Superior Court for leave to amend her complaint under the provisions of G. S. § 1-131.
The demurrer ore tenus to the amended complaint filed by the defendant in the Supreme Court is allowed. Lamm v. Crumpler, supra. The questions presented by our granting the defendant's petition for a writ of certiorari are not reached for decision.
Demurrer sustained.