Jack L. CAUDILL, Plaintiff-Employee,
v.
CHATHAM MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Defendant-Employer, and
Hariford Accident & Indemnity Company, Defendant-Carrier.
No. 241.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
November 21, 1962.*130 Henderson & Henderson and Joe T. Millsaps, Charlotte, for plaintiff.
Kennedy, Covington, Lobdell & Hickman and Edgar Love, III, Charlotte, for defendants.
MOORE, Justice.
One of the questions posed by this appeal is whether the mutual mistake of fact upon which plaintiff relies is such as will permit a court exercising equity jurisdiction to annul the compromise agreement and release.
"A release executed by the injured party and based on a valuable consideration is a complete defense to an action for damages for the injuries and where the execution of such release is admitted or established by the evidence it is necessary for the plaintiff (releasor) to prove the matter in avoidance." Ward v. Heath, 222 N.C. 470, 24 S.E.2d 5. We have held that a release from liability for personal injury may be set aside for mutual mistake of fact. Cheek v. R. R., 214 N.C. 152, 198 S.E. 626. And it has been declared that "a mistake of fact takes place, when some material fact, which really exists, is unknown, or some essential fact is supposed to exist which really does not exist." Freeman v. Croom, 172 N.C. 524, 90 S.E. 523.
The class of cases in which it is sought to rescind releases and compromise settlements for mutual mistake of fact as to the nature, extent and consequences of personal injuries is said to be sui generis. Clancy v. Pacenti, 15 Ill.App.2d 171, 145 N.E.2d 802, 71 A.L.R. 2d 77 (1957). We have no case in this jurisdiction sufficiently in point to be controlling on this appeal. There is no uniformity of opinion in other jurisdictions. Cases are legion, and opinions range from strict enforcement of releases according to their terms, in the absence of fraud, to the so-called "liberal view" in which releases are set aside almost without rule and according to the notion of the particular court. The cases are assembled and discussed in the following annotations: 71 A.L.R. 2d 82, Anno: Personal InjuryReleaseAvoidance; 117 A.L.R. 1022, Anno.ReleasePersonal Injuries Avoidance; 48 A.L.R. 1462, AnnoReleasePersonal InjuriesAvoidance.
What seems to us to be the general principles followed by a majority of the courts are set out in 76 C.J.S. Release § 25a, pp. 645-647, as follows:
"A release may be avoided where the releasor can show that it was executed by mutual mistake, as between himself and the releasee, of a past or present fact, material to the release or the agreement to release, as where there was a mutual mistake as to the *131 nature, extent, or degree of gravity of the releasor's injury, unless it further appears that the parties intended that claims for all injuries, whether known or unknown at the time of the execution of the release, be relinquished. * * *
"The mistake must be as to a present, existing fact, or a past fact; a mistake in prophecy, or in opinion, or in belief relative to an uncertain future event, such as the probable developments from, quickness of recovery from, and the permanence of, a known injury, is not such a mutual mistake as will avoid the release; nor does conscious ignorance of a fact amount to a mistake. * * *
"In determining whether a release was executed under a mutual mistake, all of the circumstances relating to the signing must be taken into consideration, including the sum paid for the release. A factor to be considered in cases of this kind is whether the question of liability was in dispute at the time of the settlement. The source or author of the mistake is of no consequence if the parties in good faith relied on it, or were misled by it, and the releasor was thereby induced to release a liability, which he would not otherwise have done."
The following are illustrative of the cases in which releases were rescinded on the ground of mutual mistake as to the nature and extent of the injuries to releasors: In Clancy v. Pacenti, supra, plaintiff was injured in an automobile accident. She executed a release for a consideration of $150 on the assumption she had no more than a muscle sprain, when in fact she had two herniated discs. The release was set aside and the court awarded damages in the amount of $22,500. Crane Co. v. Newman, 111 Ind.App. 273, 37 N.E.2d 732 (1941), was an action for damages for injury suffered by plaintiff in falling down an elevator shaft. He was assured by defendant's physician that his injuries were superficial, and for $140 he released defendant. Afterwards it was discovered that he had a broken back and was permanently injured. The release was set aside and a recovery of $10,000 allowed. McKissick v. Penn Brook Coal Co., 110 Pa.Super. 444, 168 A. 691 (1933), was a workmen's compensation case. A final receipt was signed on the assumption of both parties that claimant had suffered a slight concussion, when in fact he had a depressed fracture of the right frontal bone and a fracture at the base of the skull. The settlement was vacated and further compensation awarded. In Poti v. New England Road Machinery Co., 83 N.H. 232, 140 A. 587 (1928), plaintiff executed a release on the basis of a bruise on his leg and physician's opinion there would be a recovery within a few weeks. But in truth the muscles of the leg were so severely injured that they came away from the bone, a serious sore developed and plaintiff was permanently injured. See also: Serr v. Biwabik Concrete Aggregate Co., 202 Minn. 165, 278 N.W. 355, 117 A.L.R. 1009 (1938); Shetina v. Pittsburgh Terminal Coal Corporation, 119 Pa.Super. 425, 179 A. 776 (1935), a workmen's compensation case. It will be observed that in all of these cases the true nature and extent of the injuries, as they existed at the time of the execution of the releases, were unknown. It is the majority view that releases may be set aside for mutual mistake of fact when the nature and extent of injury, as it existed at the time the release was executed, were unknown, unless there is an overriding factor, as, for instance, questionable liability where releasee merely buys his peace.
Some courts have been reluctant to upset settlements and releases, in the absence of fraud, even where there were mutual mistakes as to the nature and extent of the injuries. Reinhardt v. Wilbur, 30 N.J.Super. 502, 105 A.2d 415 (1954); Caffey v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 219 S.W.2d 530 (Tex.Civ.App.1949); Grace v. Eisenhuth, 150 So. 398 (La.App.1933).
Many courts have refused to set aside releases where the mistake consisted of unforeseen *132 consequences of known injuries, that is, where the nature and extent of the injuries were known at the time of the execution of the release, but later developments were more serious than had been anticipated by physician or the parties. The following are examples: In Mendenhall v. Vandeventer, 61 N.M. 277, 299 P.2d 457 (1956), plaintiff had undergone an operation for an elbow fracture, and on the opinion of the doctor that he would recover within four to six weeks, he made a compromise settlement and executed a release. Afterwards there were complications and further surgery was necessary. The court ruled that the parties had contracted with reference to future possibilities, foundation for rescission can be laid only by mistake of past or present fact material to the agreement, and such effect cannot be produced by a mistake in prophecy or in opinionsuch not being facts. Tewksbury v. Fellsway Laundry, 319 Mass. 386, 65 N.E.2d 918 (1946), involved a release by plaintiff who had suffered abrasions of the face, injury to the right hip, laceration in the groin and fracture of the right femur. She afterwards developed osteomyelitis. The court, refusing to set the release aside, said: "* * * (T)he mistake must relate to a past or present fact material to the contract and not to an opinion respecting future conditions as a result of present facts." Bee v. Chicopee Mfg. Corporation, 94 N.H. 478, 55 A.2d 897 (1947), is a workmen's compensation case. Claimant underwent surgery for removal of coccyx, and thereafter agreed to a settlement and signed a release. A permanent nerve involvement developed. The court decided it was not a case for rescission of release, and stated that claimant had contracted with reference to the uncertainties, and the fact that she was unable to resume work within the period suggested by her attending physician amounted to a mistake in prognosis. Reichner v. P. Blakiston's Son & Co., 115 Pa.Super. 415, 175 A. 872 (1934), is also a workman's compensation case. Claimant suffered an injury to his leg; he entered into a compromise agreement which was approved by the Compensation Board. He later petitioned to reopen the case on the ground that he had executed the agreement in ignorance of the fact that the infection from the injured leg did affect and would thereafter affect and aggravate a weakened heart condition known as myocarditis. The case was not reopened. See also Mack v. Albee Press, Inc., 265 A.D. 275, 32 N.Y.S.2d 231 (1942), in which it is said that a miscalculation of consequences does not avoid a release.
It is generally recognized that there is a distinction between the extent of a known injury as an existing fact and its consequences as a matter of opinion, though the distinction in some instances is a narrow one. "* * * (I)t does not follow that an opinion as to the extent of an injury is part of the opinion as to the consequences merely because the latter is predicated upon the former. * * * (O)ne relates to facts of the past and present, and the other relates to inquiry into the future." Poti v. New England Road Machinery Co., supra. Some courts do not recognize that there is a distinction. In Granger v. Chicago, M. & St. P. Ry. Co., 194 Wis. 51, 215 N.W. 576 (1927), plaintiff signed a release six months after he was injured and after employer's physician had stated that plaintiff was "pretty well along toward being cured." Plaintiff's condition continued serious and the period of recovery greatly extended. The court declared: "The statement made by the doctor * * * is not a mere expression of opinion as to future events. It was a representation as to existing facts upon which both the plaintiff and the company had the right to rely." Denton v Utley, 350 Mich. 332, 86 N.W.2d 537 (1957), involved an injury suffered in an automobile accident. Not knowing that he had been injured in the accident, plaintiff executed a general release in settling property damage. It was later discovered that he had been seriously injured. He was probably entitled to rescission under the majority view, but the following is from *133 the opinion delivered by Mr. Justice Smith: "* * * (W)e may well ask, as a practical matter (as distinguished from a verbal technique) is it possible to completely divorce diagnosis from prognosis? Is there not an interrelation, even if not an interdependence? Is not a doctor's opinion as to prospects of recovery a representation as to an existing factual situation upon which all parties should be entitled to rely?" The opinion in substance answers the first question in the negative and the second and third in the affirmative. It is noted that three Justices concurred, four concurred in the result, and one did not sit.
Among North Carolina cases the one most nearly analogous to the instant case is Morgan v. Norwood, 211 N.C. 600, 191 S.E. 345. Therein a compromise settlement was approved by the Industral Commission. Claimant petitioned for a rehearing on the ground that his condition (hearing) had grown worse, he had become permanently disabled, and had been compelled to compromise his claim because of his extreme need. The Court held that the settlement was binding and final, and commented that there was no allegation or proof that it was obtained by fraud or mutual mistake. Both appellant and appellee, in the case at bar, appear to find comfort in this decision. But to us it is not sufficiently definitive to furnish guidance.
A compromise is essentially an adjustment and settlement of differences. If there are no differences or uncertainties there is no reason for compromise. The law permits compromise settlements between employers and employees who are bound by and subject to the Workmen's Compensation Act, provided they are submitted to and approved by the Industrial Commission. G.S. § 97-17. The law thus undertakes to protect the rights of the employee in contracting with respect to his injuries. The presumption is that the Industrial Commission approves compromises only after a full investigation and a determination that the settlement is fair and just. In the instant case it is clear that the parties were contracting with reference to future uncertainties and were taking their chances as to future developments, relapses and complications, or lack thereof. If not, why the compromise and release? The nature and extent of the injury were known. These had been explored and discovered by surgery. Remedial action had been taken. The plaintiff was "pressuring" for a settlement. The doctor gave a rating of 40 per cent disability and advised that it was a minimum rating and it was too early to give a permanent rating. The doctor stated that the abscess and osteomyelitis which developed later were undiagnosable at the time he made the rating. His opinion, given at the hearing, that he had made a mistake was, as he said, "in retrospect." He stated that the abscess and osteomyelitis probably did exist in October 1958 and probably had been there in a latent state. They were only consequences of a known injury and developed after the release was executed. There is no competent evidence that they were "facts" at the time the compromise settlement was made and approved. The parties contracted with respect to such consequences. The mistake disclosed by this record is not such as will enable a court of equity to set aside a release.
We do not reach, and we make no decision with respect to, the question as to whether or not the Industrial Commission has inherent equitable jurisdiction to rescind and set aside settlements and compromise settlements, approved by them, on the ground of mutual mistake of fact. The Legislatures of some States have conferred such jurisdiction by statute. We find no such provision in the North Carolina Workmen's Compensation Act. The General Assembly may desire to give the matter consideration. If the Industrial Commission presently has no such jurisdiction by implication, it cannot confer such jurisdiction upon itself in the exercise of its rule making authority. Evans v. Ashville Citizens Times Co., 246 N.C. 669, 100 S.E.2d 75.
*134 This case is remanded to Superior Court with direction that it be returned to the Industrial Commission that an order may be entered in accordance with this opinion.
Error and remanded.
PARKER and HIGGINS, JJ., dissent.