VONCANNON et al.
v.
HUDSON BELK CO. OF ASHEBORO, N. C., Inc.
No. 395.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
January 6, 1953.*876 H. M. Robins, Asheboro, for defendant-appellant.
Miller & Moser, Asheboro, for plaintiffs-appellees.
DENNY, Justice.
The intent of the testator is the polar star that must guide the courts in the interpretation of a will. Coppedge v. Coppedge, 234 N.C. 173, 66 S.E.2d 777; Buffaloe v. Blalock, 232 N.C. 105, 59 S.E.2d 625; Elmore v. Austin, 232 N.C. 13, 59 S. E.2d 205; Cannon v. Cannon, 225 N.C. 611, 36 S.E.2d 17; Holland v. Smith, 224 N.C. 255, 29 S.E.2d 888. This intent is to be gathered from a consideration of the will from its four corners, and such intent should be given effect unless contrary to some rule of law or at variance with public policy. House v. House, 231 N.C. 218, 56 S.E.2d 695; Williams v. Rand, 223 N.C. 734, 28 S.E.2d 247; Heyer v. Bulluck, 210 N.C. 321, 186 S.E. 356.
In construing a will, the entire instrument should be considered; clauses apparently *877 repugnant should be reconciled; and effect given where possible to every clause or phrase and to every word. Williams v. Rand, supra; Lee v. Lee, 216 N.C. 349, 4 S.E.2d 880; Bell v. Thurston, 214 N.C. 231, 199 S.E. 93; West v. Murphy, 197 N.C. 488, 149 S.E. 731; Roberts v. Saunders, 192 N.C. 191, 134 S.E. 451; Snow v. Boylston, 185 N.C. 321, 117 S.E. 14; Hinson v. Hinson, 176 N.C. 613, 97 S.E. 465; Bowden v. Lynch, 173 N.C. 203, 91 S.E. 957.
It is permissible in order to effectuate a testator's intent or to ascertain his intention, for the court to transpose words, phrases or clauses. Heyer v. Bulluck, supra; Washburn v. Biggerstaff, 195 N.C. 624, 143 S.E. 210; Gordon v. Ehringhaus, 190 N.C. 147, 129 S.E. 187; Crouse v. Barham, 174 N.C. 460, 93 S.E. 979; Baker v. Pender, 50 N.C. 351.
Likewise, to effectuate the intent of the testator, the court may disregard or supply punctuation. Carroll v. Herring, 180 N.C. 369, 104 S.E. 892; Bunn v. Wells, 94 N.C. 67; Stoddart v. Golden, 179 Cal. 663, 178 P. 707, 3 A.L.R. 1060. Even words, phrases and clauses will be supplied in the construction of a will when the sense of the phrase or clause in question, as collected from the context, manifestly requires it. Washburn v. Biggerstaff, supra; Gordon v. Ehringhaus, supra.
In applying the above rules of construction, we hold that it was the intention of the testator, A. H. Smith, to give his widow, Sallie Smith (now Mrs. Voncannon), a life estate only in the property devised to her with power to dispose of it at her death according to her wishes.
The grant of the power to dispose of the property at her death according to her wishes, being annexed to a life estate, did not enlarge her estate so as to give her a fee in the premises. Hardee v. Rivers, 228 N.C. 66, 44 S.E.2d 476; Holland v. Smith, supra; Smith v. Mears, 218 N.C. 193, 10 S. E.2d 659; Brinn v. Brinn, 213 N.C. 282, 195 S.E. 793; Hampton v. West, 212 N.C. 315, 193 S.E. 290; Helms v. Collins, 200 N.C. 89, 156 S.E. 152; Cagle v. Hampton, 196 N.C. 470, 146 S.E. 88; White v. White, 189 N.C. 236, 126 S.E. 612; Tillett v. Nixon, 180 N. C. 195, 104 S.E. 352; Darden v. Matthews, 173 N.C. 186, 91 S.E. 835; Fellowes v. Durfey, 163 N.C. 305, 79 S.E. 621; Griffin v. Commander, 163 N.C. 230, 79 S.E. 499; Herring v. Williams, 153 N.C. 231, 69 S.E. 140; Parks v. Robinson, 138 N.C. 269, 50 S.E. 649; Long v. Waldraven, 113 N.C. 337, 18 S.E. 251.
In the case of Chewning v. Mason, 158 N.C. 578, 74 S.E. 357, 358, 39 L.R.A.,N.S., 805, the devise was in the following language: "I give and bequeath (after all my just debts shall have been paid) all of my real and personal property, together with all debts owing my estate, to my wife, Martha Chewning, during her natural life, and then to dispose of as she sees proper." The donee never exercised the power of disposal. Even so, her heirs contended that she took a fee under the will. The trial court held otherwise and gave judgment in favor of the heirs of the testator. This Court affirmed the judgment. Walker, J., in speaking for the Court, said: "There is a marked distinction between property and power. The estate devised to Mrs. Chewning is property, the power of disposal, a mere authority which she could exercise or not, in her discretion. She had a general power annexed to the life estate, which she derived from the testator under the will. If she had exercised the power by selling the land, the title of the purchasers would have been derived, not from her, who merely executed the power, but from the testator or the donor of the power. * * where an interest, and not a mere power, is conferred, the absolute property is vested, without any act on the part of the legatee; but, where a power only is given, the power must be executed, or it will fail. We may therefore take the rule to be settled that where lands are devised to one generally, and to be at his disposal, this is a fee in the devisee; but where they are devised to one expressly for life, and afterwards to be at his disposal, only an estate for life passes to the devisee, with a bare power to dispose of the fee."
The real question, therefore, for determination on this appeal is whether or not the donee of the power given in the testator's *878 will may with the joinder of all the heirs at law of the testator and their spouses, give a deed in fee simple to the devised premises. Certainly the widow has the power to execute a good and indefeasible title to her life estate. But, it is optional with her as to whether or not she will exercise the power to dispose of the fee. If she elects not to exercise the power of disposition, the remainder, in the absence of any conveyance thereto, would, upon the death of the life tenant, become vested in fee simple in the heirs at law of the testator. Chewning v. Mason, supra.
It is said in 72 C.J.S., Powers, § 19, page 411, "A general beneficial power may always be surrendered by the grantee or donee and thus extinguished, provided the donor's intention is not thereby frustrated; thus, when a power is one which the donee may exercise for his own benefit, it may be extinguished by his act. Even a special power, when not coupled with a trust, may be surrendered, renounced, or released and thereby extinguished. * * *
"Any dealing by the donee of an extinguishable power with the property forming its subject matter which is inconsistent with the exercise of the power puts an end to it; but such donee may absolutely alienate his estate in the property without extinguishing the power, if it can thereafter be exercised without derogation of the alienee's estate."
Likewise, we find in 41 Am.Jur., Powers, section 96, p. 875, et seq., the following statement with respect to the extinguishment of powers: "A general power to appoint by will may be released and extinguished by the donees deed. It has been said that if the donee of a general power may appoint to his own estate or to anyone in the world, no individual is wronged by what he may do, and, therefore, no individual has a right to complain." This same authority states in the succeeding section, p. 876, "A release or extinguishment of a releasable power of appointment may take any form. It may be by a contract or by deed, or it may be implied from a covenant of general warranty. A release of a power of appointment may be effected either by express covenant or instrument of release, or by some act of the donee which is inconsistent with the subsequent exercise of the power. A releasable power of appointment may be released or extinguished by an agreement not to appoint. * * * Moreover, any conduct of a donee of a general power, which in good faith precludes him from making a voluntary appointment under the power, operates as an estoppel, and any dealing with the estate by the donee inconsistent with the exercise of the power by which the rights of others are affected, terminates the power * * *."
In the case of Langley v. Conlan, 212 Mass. 135, 98 N.E. 1064, Ann.Cas.1913C, page 421, where lands had been devised to the daughter, coupled with power of appointment by will, and the daughter executed a mortgage on the premises and subsequently exercised the power of appointment, the court held that she was estopped by her conduct from exercising the power and that her appointees took nothing thereunder. And our Court in Tillett v. Nixon, supra, cited with approval the following statement from the Langley opinion: "It is only consonant with principles of fair dealing and common sense that any conduct of the donee of a power which in good faith precludes him from making an appointment should have the effect of an estoppel. Any dealing with the estate by the donee of the power inconsistent with its exercise by which the rights of others are affected puts an end to the power." [180 N.C. 195, 104 S.E. 357.]
In the instant case, A. H. Smith, the testator, created a life estate in the devised premises for the benefit of his widow. He made no disposition of the property in the event of her failure to exercise the power of appointment; he died intestate to that extent. Hence, the property vested in his heirs at law, subject to the widow's life estate, and subject to be divested by the exercise of the power of appointment by the widow. Tillett v. Nixon, supra.
The holder of the life estate, under these circumstances, could dispose of such estate without impairing her right to exercise the power of appointment. And, likewise, since there is no trust or beneficial interest coupled with the power to be exercised *879 for the benefit of the remaindermen or anyone else, she may release or extinguish her right to exercise the power of appointment. Langley v. Conlan, supra. Therefore, we hold that the execution and delivery of a warranty deed by the life tenant (Mrs. Voncannon, the donee of the power of appointment), will constitute an estoppel and preclude her from passing any interest in the devised premises under such power. Consequently, the deed tendered to the defendant is sufficient to convey an absolute fee simple title to the premises described therein.
The judgment of the court below is
Affirmed.
PARKER, J., took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.