Cecil G. BULLARD, Plaintiff,
v.
BERRY COAL & OIL COMPANY, a Corporation, Defendant.
No. 602.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
May 24, 1961.H. L. Koontz and Shuping & Shuping, Greensboro, for plaintiff, appellee.
Sapp & Sapp, Greensboro, for defendant Berry Coal & Oil Co., appellant.
Jordan, Wright, Henson & Nichols, Greensboro, for additional defendant Franklin Life Ins. Co., appellee.
BOBBITT, Justice.
The sole ground of objection asserted in Franklin's demurrer is that the Oil Company may not assert herein its alleged cause of action against Franklin but must do so in a separate action.
Ordinarily, in respect of causes of action defined in G.S. § 1-137 as permissible counterclaims, a defendant may plead his cause of action as a counterclaim in plaintiff's action or institute a separate action thereon. But where the issues raised in the plaintiff's action, if answered in his favor, will necessarily establish facts sufficient to defeat the defendant's cause of action, the defendant must assert his cause of action by way of counterclaim in the plaintiff's action. Hill v. Hill Spinning Co., 244 N.C. 554, 558, 94 S.E.2d 677, and cases cited.
Here, as between plaintiff and the Oil Company, the issues raised in plaintiff's action will determine whose negligence caused the collision. If answered in plaintiff's favor, the Oil Company cannot recover from plaintiff. Hence, the Oil Company's sole remedy in respect of the cause of action it asserts against plaintiff is by way of counterclaim in plaintiff's action. As stated by Clark, C. J., in the oft-cited case of Allen v. Salley, 179 N.C. 147, 150, 101 S.E. 545, 546: "There is in this case but one cause of action, the collision, and the remedy sought by plaintiffs and that sought by the defendant depends upon identically the same state of facts, and must be settled in one action."
Franklin is not a plaintiff but a new party. As to Franklin, the Oil Company's cause of action is not a counterclaim. Nor does the Oil Company assert that Franklin is liable as a joint tort-feasor or otherwise for plaintiff's injuries and damage. It bases its right to recover from Franklin *912 solely on account of its liability for plaintiff's negligence under the doctrine of respondeat superior. Franklin is a party (defendant) only in relation to the cause of action alleged by the Oil Company against both plaintiff and Franklin.
The Oil Company, prior to the institution of plaintiff's action, could have sued plaintiff, the alleged agent, or Franklin, the alleged principal, or both, on the cause of action it now asserts. Bullock v. Crouch, 243 N.C. 40, 89 S.E.2d 749. The question here is whether the Oil Company is deprived of its right to sue both in the same action because it was required, under the rule stated above, to sue plaintiff by way of counterclaim.
G.S. § 1-73, cited by appellant, contains this provision: "* * * when a complete determination of the controversy cannot be made without the presence of other parties, the court must cause them to be brought in." But a complete determination of the controversy as between plaintiff and the Oil Company can be made without the presence of Franklin; and if, prior to the institution of plaintiff's action, the Oil Company could have sued either plaintiff, the alleged agent, or Franklin, the alleged principal, or both, we perceive no reason why the Oil Company is now required to join Franklin as a codefendant to its cause of action against plaintiff. The question is whether the Oil Company, at its election, may do so.
This question arises: If the Oil Company is not permitted to join Franklin as an additional party and as codefendant in relation to the cause of action it asserts herein, to what extent, if any, will the Oil Company be prejudiced?
It should be noted that the Oil Company, in relation to the cause of action it asserts against plaintiff and Franklin, is the plaintiff.
Assuming Franklin is not a party to this action: A verdict and judgment adverse to the Oil Company would bar a later action by the Oil Company against Franklin. Taylor v. Denton Hatchery, Inc., 251 N.C. 689, 692, 111 S.E.2d 864, and cases cited therein; Reid v. Holden, 242 N.C. 408, 415, 88 S.E.2d 125. On the other hand, notwithstanding a verdict and judgment in its favor, the Oil Company, in order to recover from Franklin in a later action, would be required to establish again that the collision was proximately caused by the negligence of the present plaintiff. The only effect of the Oil Company's verdict and judgment would be to preclude the Oil Company from recovering from Franklin damages in excess of the amount previously awarded against plaintiff. Pinnix v. Griffin, 221 N.C. 348, 20 S.E.2d 366, 141 A.L.R. 1164 and cases cited; Bullock v. Crouch, supra.
Unless permitted to join Franklin as an additional party and as codefendant to the cause of action it asserts herein, the Oil Company will be seriously prejudiced, indeed barred, in respect of its right to recover from Franklin if the verdict and judgment herein are adverse to it but will be in no way benefited if the verdict and judgment herein are in its favor. On the other hand, if the Oil Company is permitted to do so, neither Franklin nor plaintiff will be prejudiced in respect of any legal right. The mere fact that the trial will involve one additional issue, namely, whether plaintiff, when the collision occurred, was operating his 1950 Plymouth car as agent for Franklin and in the course and scope of his agency, is of negligible significance when compared to the prejudice the Oil Company may suffer if it is not permitted to join Franklin as an additional party and as codefendant to the cause of action it asserts.
Appellees rely on Montgomery v. Blades, 217 N.C. 654, 9 S.E.2d 397, and decisions of like import, in which it is held that, where the plaintiff's action is to recover from two (or more) defendants, jointly and severally, defendant A may not set up a cross action against defendant B to recover damages defendant A sustained or *913 account of the alleged negligence of defendant B. Since plaintiff is in no way involved, it is held such cross action is "not germane to the plaintiff's action." Here, plaintiff is directly involved in the Oil Company's counterclaim against him. Too, he is involved in the Oil Company's action against Franklin in that the very foundation thereof is the alleged negligence of plaintiff.
In the factual situation here presented, we are of opinion, and so hold, that the only way in which the Oil Company may avoid the unequal and prejudicial position in which it would otherwise be placed is by joining Franklin as a party (defendant) in relation to the cause of action the Oil Company asserts against both plaintiff and Franklin, and that it should be permitted to do so.
The conclusion reached is determinative of Franklin's demurrer and motions and of plaintiff's motion. For the reasons stated, the order of the court below is, in all respects, reversed.
Reversed.