Earl E. GAY, Administrator of the Estate of Baby Gay, Deceased,
v.
Dr. G. R. C. THOMPSON, Dr. C. J. Powell, Dr. Robert W. Nicholson, and Dr. J. B. Lounsbury.
No. 207.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
February 4, 1966.*426 Burney & Burney, Marshall & Williams, and A. Dumay Gorham, Wilmington, for defendant appellant, Dr. G. R. C. Thompson.
Aaron Goldberg, Wilmington, and Eugene H. Phillips, Winston-Salem, for plaintiff appellee.
PARKER, Justice.
The sole question for decision in this case is whether there is a right of action under our wrongful death statute, G.S. §§ 28-173, 28-174, by the administrator of a stillborn child who died as a proximate result of tortious injuries to his mother and himself while en ventre sa mere, when the child was viable at the time of the injuries. This is a case of novel impression in this State.
The common law, adopted as the law of our State, G.S. § 4-1, gave no right of action for the tortious killing of a human being. Armentrout v. Hughes, 247 N.C. 631, 101 S.E.2d 793, 69 A.L.R. 2d 620; Hinnant v. Tidewater Power Co., 189 N.C. 120, 126 S.E. 307, 37 A.L.R. 889. The right of action to recover damages for death caused by wrongful act was given in England in 1846 by the enactment of 9 and 10 Victoria, Ch. 93. This statute is commonly called "Lord Campbell's Act," because he, who had the rare distinction of having been successively Lord Chief Justice and Lord Chancellor of England, was its author and mainly instrumental in its adoption. In re Estate of Ives, 248 N.C. 176, 102 S.E.2d 807, 72 A.L.R. 2d 278; Hartness v. Pharr, 133 N.C. 566, 45 S.E. 901. Thereafter, Lord Campbell's Act has been copied and enacted, with many variations, in all, or practically all, the states of this nation, as well as by the U. S. Congress. Killian v. Southern Ry. Co., 128 N.C. 261, 38 S.E. 873; 25A C.J.S. Death § 14.
In Armentrout v. Hughes, supra, the Court, after stating that Lord Campbell's Act was enacted in England in 1846, said: "Our Legislature, eight years later, enacted a statute modeled on the English statute, c. 39, Laws 1854, R.C. c. 1, secs. 9 and 10. The statute then enacted is now, without material change, incorporated in our laws as G.S. §§ 28-173, 28-174. The statute by express language limits recovery to `such damages *427 as are a fair and just compensation for the pecuniary injury resulting from such death.' It does not provide for the assessment of punitive damages, nor the allowance of nominal damages in the absence of pecuniary loss."
In this jurisdiction a right of action to recover damages for wrongful death is purely statutory, and exists only by virtue of G.S. §§ 28-173, 28-174. In re Miles, 262 N.C. 647, 138 S.E.2d 487; Graves v. Welborn, 260 N.C. 688, 133 S.E.2d 761, 3 A. L.R.2d 1225; In re Estate of Ives, supra; Lamm v. Lorbacher, 235 N.C. 728, 71 S.E.2d 49.
Armentrout v. Hughes, supra, was an action for damages for the wrongful death of plaintiff's intestate, defendant's wife, a woman 80 years old and in good health. Defendant admitted the killing, his conviction for murder and prison sentence, but denied the deceased had any earning capacity. One issue was submitted to the jury: "What amount, if any, is the plaintiff entitled to recover of the defendant?" The jury answered: "None." Judgment was entered on the verdict, and plaintiff appealed. The Court held that plaintiff's contention that he is entitled to nominal damages at least which would entitle him to the costs, G.S. § 6-1, is untenable, and the court's charge limiting recovery to the pecuniary loss resulting from the death is without error.
Hines v. Frink and Frink v. Hines, 257 N.C. 723, 127 S.E.2d 509, was an appeal in two cases, involving claims and counterclaims for personal injuries, property damage, and the wrongful death of Thomas Ray Gore resulting from a collision between a pickup truck and an automobile. Upon the trial Hines and Eagle offered evidence. Frink, administrator, offered none. At the close of all the evidence, the counterclaim (cross-action) of Frink, administrator, for the alleged wrongful death of Gore, his intestate, was nonsuited on motion of Hines and Eagle. The jury awarded damages to Hines and Eagle. Frink, administrator, appealed. On appeal, inter alia, Frink, administrator, assigned as error the court's nonsuit of his counterclaim (cross-action) for the wrongful death of his intestate, Gore. Sharp, J., said for the Court: "No discussion of negligence or proximate cause is necessary to sustain the motions of Hines and Eagle to nonsuit the action of Frink, administrator, for the wrongful death of his intestate. He offered no evidence and the record is devoid of any evidence as to the age, health, habits, or earning capacity of Gore."
Scriven v. McDonald, 264 N.C. 727, 142 S.E.2d 585, was an action by plaintiff, administrator, to recover damages for the alleged wrongful death of his intestate, Anthony Glenn Scriven, hereafter called Anthony. Issues as to the alleged negligence of defendants and as to the alleged contributory negligence of Anthony's mother and sole beneficiary were answered in favor of plaintiff, and damages were awarded in the amount of $5,750. Judgment was entered on the verdict. Defendants appealed, and contended the action should have been nonsuited on the ground the evidence fails to show pecuniary loss on account of Anthony's death. Plaintiff's evidence, considered in the light most favorable to him, showed the following facts in brief summary: Anthony on the day of his death was eleven years, four months and fourteen days old. His height was four feet and ten inches. He had not been in any public school. He could dress himself, but there were a few things he could not do; he could not fasten buttons; he could put on his shoes, but he could not tie them. He was mentally retarded, and thereby seriously handicapped. He had not done any work to make money. He was able to understand and carry out simple directions. Bobbitt, J., speaking for the Court, said:
"Plaintiff's evidence and portions of Dr. Mangum's testimony not in conflict therewith confront us with the fact that Anthony, from birth until death, was mentally retarded and thereby seriously *428 handicapped. Absent substantial evidence, medical or otherwise, tending to show a reasonable probability Anthony could or might overcome his handicap, the only reasonable conclusion to be drawn from the evidence is that he would continue to be a dependent person rather than a person capable of earning a livelihood. The burden of proof is upon plaintiff to show pecuniary loss to the estate on account of Anthony's death. In our view, plaintiff's evidence negatives rather than shows such pecuniary loss. Hence, the court erred in denying defendants' motion for judgment of involuntary nonsuit.
"The statute, G.S. § 28-174, leaves no room for sentiment. It confers a right to compensation only for pecuniary loss."
The Court has consistently held that G.S. §§ 28-173, 28-174, which gives the right of action for wrongful death, confines the recovery to "such damages as are a fair and just compensation for the pecuniary injury resulting from such death," and by the express language of G.S. § 28-174 this is a prerequisite to the right to recover damages under our wrongful death statute. "It does not contemplate solatium for the plaintiff, nor punishment for the defendant." Negligence alone, without "pecuniary injury resulting from such death," does not create a cause of action. Collier v. Arrington's Ex'rs, 61 N.C. 356; Kesler v. Smith, 66 N.C. 154; Carpenter v. Asheville Power & Light Co., 191 N.C. 130, 131 S.E. 400; Hoke v. Atlantic Greyhound Corp., 226 N.C. 332, 38 S.E.2d 105; Armentrout v. Hughes, supra; Hines v. Frink and Frink v. Hines, supra; Scriven v. McDonald, supra.
In Graf v. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303, 204 A.2d 140 (1964), the Court said: "When our statute [Death Act] was enacted in 1848 it expressly limited damages to pecuniary loss. The same limitation remains today. The act created a new cause of action for the loss suffered by the designated beneficiaries, measured by their reasonable expectations of pecuniary advantage from the continuance of the life of the deceased. [Citing authority.] In the absence of pecuniary loss the cause of action will not lie. [Citing authority.]"
We recognize that the damages in any wrongful death action are to some extent uncertain and speculative. A jury may indulge in such speculation where it is necessary and there are sufficient facts to support speculation. Conversely, damages may not be assessed on the basis of sheer speculation, devoid of factual substantiation. 22 Am.Jur.2d, Damages, § 24; 25 C.J.S. Damages § 26, p. 675 et seq.; Graf v. Taggert, supra.
In the case of prenatal death there is no competent means of measuring the probable future earnings of the foetus. It is virtually impossible to predict whether an unborn child, but for its death, would have been capable of giving pecuniary benefit to anyone. "None of the usual indicia such as mental and physical capabilities, personality traits, aptitudes and training of the wrongfully killed are present. While it is true that the social position of the parents may constitute a slight unit of measure, the probable future earnings of a stillborn foetus are patently a matter of sheer speculation. An objection, in the same vein, specifically applicable to the wrongful death action is that it can hardly be seriously contended that the death of a foetus represents any real pecuniary loss to the parents. There may have been a time when the average child went to work as soon as he was able. That day has passed. Today, the rearing of a child typically constitutes a great pecuniary liability for the parents." Comment, "Developments in the Law of Prenatal Wrongful Death," 69 Dickinson Law Review 258, 267 (1965).
*429 In Graf v. Taggert, supra, the sole question on the appeal was "whether there is a right of recovery under the New Jersey Death Act, N.J.S. 2A:31-1 et seq., N.J.S.A., by the administrator ad prosequendum of a stillborn child who died as a result of injuries received while en ventre sa mere." From a final judgment dismissing the wrongful death count, the plaintiffs appealed. In affirming this judgment the Court said:
"* * * [T]he anticipated evidence on the issue of damages for loss of pecuniary benefit in prenatal death cases is uniformly speculative. The parents or other beneficiaries will merely be able to show their respective ages and economic and social status. There can be no evidence as to the child's capabilities and potentialities. In short, there can be no evidence from which to infer pecuniary loss to the surviving beneficiaries. Our Death Act was not intended to grant damages against a tortfeasor merely to punish him. We therefore hold that under our Death Act there can be no right of recovery for the wrongful death of an unborn child."
The old doctrine that when a pregnant woman is injured, and as a result the child subsequently born alive suffers deformity or some other injury the child cannot recover damages, has since 1946 lost all or most all of its legalistic following. Prosser on Torts, 3rd ed., Ch. 10, § 56, Prenatal Injuries. Since the child must carry the burden of infirmity that results from another's tortious act, it is only natural justice that it, if born alive, be allowed to maintain an action on the ground of actionable negligence. Cases of prenatal injury followed by a live birth constitute a type of common law personal injury action, whereas wrongful death actions, particularly in this jurisdiction, are statutory creations. Consequently, there is a distinction between the concepts of prenatal injury followed by a live birth and wrongful prenatal death. 69 Dickinson Law Review, supra, 264 et seq.
It is hornbook law that a demurrer admits, for the purpose of testing the sufficiency of the pleading, the truth of the factual averments well stated and the relevant inferences of fact reasonably deducible therefrom, but a demurrer does not admit inferences or conclusions of law. 3 Strong, N.C. Index, Pleadings, § 12.
In brief, there can be no evidence from which to infer "pecuniary injury resulting from" the wrongful prenatal death of a viable child en ventre sa mere; it is all sheer speculation. We therefore hold that under our Death Act, G.S. §§ 28-173, 28-174, there can be no right of action for the wrongful prenatal death of a viable child en ventre sa mere.
The following cases have denied any recovery for prenatal death: Graf v. Taggert, supra, which is a scholarly and excellent decision; Hogan v. McDaniel, 204 Tenn. 235, 319 S.W.2d 221; Durrett v. Owens, 212 Tenn. 614, 371 S.W.2d 433; Muschetti v. Charles Pfizer & Co., 208 Misc. 870, 144 N.Y.S.2d 235; In re Logan's Estate, 4 Misc. 2d 283, 156 N.Y.S.2d 49, aff'd 2 A.D.2d 842, 156 N.Y.S.2d 152, aff'd 3 N.Y.2d 800, 166 N.Y.S.2d 3, 144 N.E.2d 644; Norman v. Murphy, 124 Cal. App. 2d 95, 268 P.2d 178; Howell v. Rushing, 261 P.2d 217 (Supreme Court of Oklahoma 1953); Drabbels v. Skelly Oil Co., 155 Neb. 17, 50 N.W.2d 229; Commonwealth v. Equitable Gas Company, 415 Pa. 113, 202 A.2d 11; Action v. Shields, 386 S.W.2d 363 (Supreme Court of Missouri 1965). These authorities, which consider the problem of remote and speculative damages in prenatal death, seem to be in accord with our view: 2 Harper and James, The Law of Torts, § 18.3, p. 1031; 69 Dickinson Law Review, supra, 264 et seq. See also 63 Michigan Law Review 579 (1965), where there is an elaborate and lengthy article by David A. Gordon entitled "The Unborn Plaintiff." On p. 594 Gordon states: "To *430 attack the requirement of live birth is, practically speaking, to abandon an interest in the fetus and to embrace a policy that declares that the beneficiaries of a stillborn infant ought to recover under the wrongful death statutes. This is not justifiable, and clearly our knowledge of science does not push us over any line where, in an earlier and different situation, ignorance checked our steps." Gordon also says on p. 595: "A fundamental basis of tort law is the provision of compensation to an innocent plaintiff for the loss that he has suffered. Tort law is not, as a general rule, premised upon punishing the wrongdoer. It is not submitted that the tortious destroyer of a child in utero should be able to escape completely by killing instead of merely maiming. But it is submitted that to compensate the parents any further than they are entitled by well-settled principles of law and to give them a windfall through the estate of the fetus is blatant punishment."
The following cases allow a recovery for prenatal wrongful death: Fowler v. Woodward, 244 S.C. 608, 138 S.E.2d 42; State, Use of Odham v. Sherman, 234 Md. 179, 198 A.2d 71 (three judges dissented); Gorke v. Le Clerc, 23 Conn. Super. Ct. 256, 181 A.2d 448; Hale v. Manion, 189 Kan. 143, 368 P.2d 1; Stidam v. Ashmore, 109 Ohio App. 431, 167 N.E.2d 106; Poliquin v. MacDonald, 101 N.H. 104, 135 A.2d 249, rule modified as to viability by Bennett v. Hymers, 101 N.H. 483, 147 A.2d 108; Worgan v. Greggo & Ferrara, 11 Terry 258, 50 Del. 258, 128 A.2d 557 (Superior Court of Delaware); Bonbrest v. Kotz, 65 F. Supp. 138 (D.C.1946) (recovery was specifically limited to infants born alive, 65 F.Supp. at 142); Mitchell v. Couch, 285 S.W.2d 901 (Ky.1955); Rainey v. Horn, 221 Miss. 269, 72 So. 2d 434; Verkennes v. Corniea, 229 Minn. 365, 38 N.W.2d 838, 10 A.L.R. 2d 634; Porter v. Lassiter, 91 Ga.App. 712, 87 S.E.2d 100. These cases should be distinguished from decisions where death actions were allowed for infants who have been primarily injured, and have died subsequent to birth. In such cases, the court in essence is merely recognizing a cause of action for prenatal injury. Cf. Hall v. Murphy, 236 S.C. 257, 113 S.E.2d 790; Amann v. Faidy, 415 Ill. 422, 114 N.E.2d 412; Jasinsky v. Potts, 153 Ohio St. 529, 92 N.E.2d 809.
This is said in 69 Dickinson Law Review, supra, p. 259 et seq.:
"A survey of the various jurisdictions does not disclose a satisfactory explanation for the allowance of prenatal wrongful death recovery. Although ten jurisdictions have permitted actions for prenatal wrongful death, none of the cases offer a compelling argument in favor of recovery. The leading case, Verkennes v. Corniea [229 Minn. 265 [365], 38 N.W.2d 838, 10 A.L.R. 2d 634], recognized a cause of action for the stillbirth of a viable foetus. However, the opinion dwelt almost exclusively on the subject of prenatal injury. Since no distinction was made between prenatal death and prenatal injury, the implication is that the court equated the two. Five of the ten jurisdictions permitting the action for wrongful death cite Verkennes as controlling. Moreover, none of these jurisdictions had previously recognized a right of recovery for prenatal injury. It is submitted that this propensity to discuss the death issue in terms of prenatal injury may reflect the court's desire to disassociate themselves from the unpopular and crumbling rule of Dietrich v. [Inhabitants of] Northampton [138 Mass. 14, 52 Am.Rep. 242 (1884)]. The courts may have merely utilized the factual situation of prenatal death as a vehicle to join the growing trend in support of recovery for prenatal injuries.
"Three of the four remaining jurisdictions which had previously permitted actions for prenatal injury, also followed the general rationale of Verkennes v. Corniea. These courts, however, relied primarily on prenatal injury cases *431 which had been decided within their respective jurisdictions. The tenth jurisdiction, Connecticut, in Gorke v. Le Clerc [23 Conn. Super. Ct. 256, 181 A.2d 448], recognized the death action on the theory that it was unjust to permit recovery where the infant survives for only a few minutes and deny recovery where the infant dies just before birth. In essence, Gorke ruled that birth is an arbitrary and inappropriate limitation upon the right to recovery."
In Dietrich, Adm. v. Inhabitants of Northampton, 138 Mass. 14, 52 Am.Rep. 242 (1884), the Court in an opinion written by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., afterwards a most distinguished member of the United States Supreme Court, held:
"If a woman, between four and five months advanced in pregnancy, by reason of falling upon a defective highway, is delivered of a child, who survives his premature birth only a few minutes, such child is not a `person,' within the meaning of the Pub.Sts. c. 52, § 17, for the loss of whose life an action may be maintained against the town by his administrator."
G.S. § 28-173 reads in part: "When the death of a person is caused by a wrongful act, neglect or default of another * * *." (Emphasis ours.) We have based our decision on the ground there can be no evidence from which to infer "pecuniary injury resulting from" the wrongful prenatal death of a viable child en ventre sa mere; it is all sheer speculation. Consequently, it is not necessary for us to decide in this case the debatable question as to whether a viable child en ventre sa mere, who is born dead, is a person within the meaning of our wrongful death act. See Graf v. Taggert, supra, at p. 143 of 204 A.2d 140.
The learned judge below erred in overruling defendant's demurrer to the complaint. He should have sustained it, and dismissed the action. The judgment below is
Reversed.