FARMERS INSURANCE GROUP of Oregon, an Oregon Corporation, Appellant,
v.
Donald S. NELSEN and Isabelle E. Nelsen and John Michael Welch, Respondents.
31204; CA A34650.
Court of Appeals of Oregon.
Argued and Submitted January 15, 1986. Decided March 12, 1986.*493 Jas. Jeffrey Adams, Portland, argued the cause for appellant. With him on brief was Mitchell, Lang & Smith, Portland.
Frederic P. Roehr, Portland, argued the cause for respondents Donald S. Nelsen and Isabelle E. Nelsen. With him on brief was Vergeer, Roehr & Sweek, Portland.
Robert K. Udziela, Portland, argued the cause for respondent John Michael Welch. With him on brief were John S. Stone and Pozzi, Wilson, Atchison, O'Leary & Conboy, Portland.
Before BUTTLER, P.J., and WARREN and ROSSMAN, J.
WARREN, Judge.
Plaintiff began this declaratory judgment action to determine whether a homeowner's insurance policy it had issued covers the liability of the insureds, the Nelsens, in an action against them. The trial court granted defendants' motions for summary judgment, ruling that the policy does cover the Nelsens' potential liability in the action and that plaintiff has a duty to defend under the policy. Plaintiff appeals, contending that there is no coverage because of a motor vehicle exclusion in the policy.
Welch allegedly was injured when the Nelsens' minor son, Robert, collided with him while operating an off-road vehicle, a dirt bike, on a public road in Columbia County. Welch alleged that the Nelsens were negligent in entrusting the vehicle to Robert to operate when they should have known that it would create an unreasonable risk of harm to third persons and in failing to exercise reasonable control and supervision over Robert in his operation of the vehicle. Welch did not state a claim directly against Robert.
The policy provides, in pertinent part:
"If a claim is made or a suit is brought against any insured for damages because of bodily injury or property damage to which this coverage applies, we will:
"a. pay up to our limit of liability for the damages for which the insured is legally liable; and
"b. provide a defense at our expense by counsel of our choice. * * *
"* * *
"Section II Exclusions:
"1. Coverage E Personal Liability and Coverage F Medical Payments to Others do not apply to bodily injury or property damage:
"* * *
"e. arising out of the ownership, maintenance, use, loading or unloading of:
"* * *
"(2) a motor vehicle owned or operated by, or rented or loaned to any insured * * *."
The policy defines "insured" to include all resident relatives of the Nelsens. "Motor vehicle" includes a "motorized land vehicle owned by any insured and designed for recreational use off public roads, while off an insured location." The parties do not dispute that Robert is an insured under the policy and that the dirt bike he was operating is a motor vehicle within the policy's definition.
Plaintiff moved for summary judgment on the ground that coverage for Welch's injury is excluded by the motor vehicle exclusion clause. Defendants Welch and Nelsens also moved for summary judgment, contending that the policy provided coverage for Welch's claim against the Nelsens, because the claim rests on legal theories, negligent entrustment and negligent supervision, under which the Nelsens could be liable for their own negligence, apart from any negligence of Robert. Defendants asserted that the claims of negligent entrustment and negligent supervision do not arise out of the ownership, maintenance, use or operation of a motor vehicle, but instead out of the Nelsens' separate negligent conduct.
The trial court agreed with defendants that the motor vehicle exclusion of the policy does not exclude coverage for the tort of negligent entrustment, no matter what instrumentality *494 is alleged to have been negligently entrusted. The trial court stated:
"* * * Obviously, if instead of a dirt bike, it was an electric egg beater like I suggested before, the homeowner's policy is going to cover because egg beaters aren't excluded.
"* * *
"* * * I just can't believe that the insurance industry excludes the automobile from the negligent entrustment theory and not egg beaters and clubs and fish hooks * * *."
The insurance policy in this case covers the insured's liability for "bodily injury or property damage to which this coverage applies." The policy covers liability for bodily injury, unless the injury is caused in a manner or by an instrumentality for which the policy excludes coverage. The error of the trial court is that coverage under the policy does not vary depending on the theory of tort liability which is asserted. In this case, Welch's injury arose out of Robert's operation and use of the vehicle off the premises of the insured, and the policy specifically and unambiguously excludes liability for that, no matter against whom a claim is stated or under what theory of liability Welch seeks to recover.
Defendants cite several cases from other jurisdictions which have reached a result contrary to ours. See, e.g., Douglass v. Hartford Ins. Co., 602 F.2d 934 (10th Cir.1979); Upland Mutual Insurance, Inc. v. Noel, 214 Kan. 145, 519 P.2d 737 (1974); Republic Vanguard Insurance Co. v. Buehl, 295 Minn. 327, 204 N.W.2d 426 (1973); McDonald v. Home Ins. Co., 97 N.J. Super. 501, 235 A.2d 480 (1967); Lalomia v. Bankers and Shippers Ins., 35 App.Div.2d 114, 312 N.Y.S.2d 1018 (1970), aff'd, 31 N.Y.2d 830 830, 339 N.Y.S.2d 680, 291 N.E.2d 724 (1972). These cases hold that the theories of negligent entrustment and negligent supervision do not relate to the ownership, operation or use of a motor vehicle in a direct sense so as to exclude claims from coverage under a motor vehicle exclusion. The opinions, except Douglass v. Hartford Ins. Co., supra, are based on different policy language which is less precise than in this case and are not persuasive. Douglass relies on the reasoning of a case with different policy language and held the exclusion clause to be ambiguous. We are not persuaded by the reasoning of that case either. In addition, the continued vitality of the decision in McDonald v. Home Ins. Co., supra, and its applicability to a case with facts similar to this, is placed in doubt by Bartels v. Romano, 171 N.J. Super. 23, 407 A.2d 1248 (1979).
We are persuaded by the numerous cases which plaintiff cites which hold that the policy insures, not against theories of liability, but against liability for certain injuries or damage and that injuries caused by motor vehicles off the premises of the insured are not covered by a homeowner's policy. See e.g., Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co. v. Kosies, 124 Ariz. 136, 602 P.2d 517 (1979); State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. McGlawn, 84 Ill. App. 3d 107, 39 Ill. Dec. 531, 404 N.E.2d 1122 (1980); Barnstable County Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Lally, 374 Mass. 602, 373 N.E.2d 966 (1978); Great Central Ins. Co. v. Roemmich, 291 N.W.2d 772 (S.Dak. 1980); Bankert v. Threshermen's Mut. Ins. Co., 110 Wis. 2d 469, 329 N.W.2d 150 (1983). For example, the Wisconsin Supreme Court stated, in Bankert v. Threshermen's Mut. Ins. Co., supra, 110 Wis.2d at 478-481, 329 N.W.2d 150:
"The insurance policy * * * does not insure against theories of liability. It insures against `occurrences' which cause injuries.
"* * *
"* * * We think that the effect of the exclusion is to unambiguously exclude all coverage for liability for an automobile accident when the occurrence the event insured against takes place away from the premises."
Likewise, the policy in this case insures against liability for bodily injury to which the coverage applies. Coverage does not turn on the legal theory under which liability is asserted, but on the cause of the injury.
*495 Whether or not Welch has a claim against the Nelsens on the theories of negligent entrustment or negligent supervision has nothing to do with whether there is coverage under the policy. Because any liability the Nelsens may have is due to bodily injury arising out of Robert's use and operation of a motor vehicle, plaintiff has no duty under its homeowner's policy to defend or pay a judgment. The trial court erred in denying plaintiff's motion for summary judgment and in granting defendants' motions for summary judgment. Because plaintiff was entitled to the declaration which it sought, we reverse the judgment for defendants and direct entry of judgment for plaintiff. State Bd. of Higher Ed. v. NW Pac. Indemnity Co., 69 Or. App. 456, 685 P.2d 1026 (1984).
Reversed and remanded with instructions to enter judgment for plaintiff.