MAZDA MOTORS OF AMERICA, INC.
v.
SOUTHWESTERN MOTORS, INC., d/b/a Mazda of Raleigh.
No. 51.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
January 4, 1979.*252 Poyner, Geraghty, Hartsfield & Townsend by John J. Geraghty, David W. Long and Cecil W. Harrison, Jr., Raleigh, for plaintiff-appellant.
Newsom, Graham, Strayhorn, Hedrick, Murray, Bryson & Kennon by Josiah S. Murray, III, and Lewis A. Cheek, Durham, for defendant-appellee.
HUSKINS, Justice:
Plaintiff presents two questions which determine this appeal: (1) Does the 10 July 1974 mutual termination agreement between plaintiff and defendant effectively terminate the automobile dealership between the parties? (2) Does defendant owe plaintiff on account the sum of $8,795.09?
Resolution of the first question requires consideration of G.S. 20-305(6) which provides:
"It shall be unlawful for any manufacturer, factory branch, distributor, or distributor branch, or any field representative, officer, agent, or any representative whatsoever of any of them:
* * * * * *
(6) Notwithstanding the terms of any franchise agreement to terminate, cancel, or refuse to renew the franchise of any dealer, without good cause, and unless (i) the dealer and the Commissioner have received written notice of the franchisor's intentions at least 60 days prior to the effective date of such termination, cancellation, or the expiration date of the franchise, setting forth the specific grounds for such action, and (ii) the Commissioner has determined, if requested in writing by the dealer within such 60-day period, and after a hearing on the matter, that there is good cause for the termination, cancellation, or nonrenewal of the franchise, except in the event of fraud, insolvency, closed doors, or failure to function in the ordinary course of business, 15 days' notice shall suffice; provided that in any case where a petition is made to the Commissioner for a determination as to good cause for the termination, cancellation, or nonrenewal of a franchise, the franchise in question shall continue in effect pending the Commissioner's decision . . . ."
Plaintiff contends this statute is not applicable to the voluntary mutual termination agreement under attack by defendant in this case.
Defendant contends the 10 July 1974 mutual termination agreement did not effectively terminate the dealership agreement between the parties. Defendant relies on G.S. 20-305(6) which, "notwithstanding the terms of any franchise agreement," makes it unlawful for a manufacturer to "terminate, cancel, or refuse to renew the franchise of any dealer without good cause" and without giving sixty days' written notice of intention to terminate. Subsection (6) entitles dealers who have received the statutory termination notice to make a written request within the sixty-day notice period for a hearing before the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles on the question whether there was good cause for the termination. In the event of "fraud, insolvency, closed doors, or failure to function in the ordinary course of business," the notice period is reduced to fifteen days. Defendant argues that the notice and hearing provisions of G.S. 20-305(6) are applicable even when manufacturer and dealer enter into a mutual agreement to terminate the franchise. According to defendant, the mutual termination agreement of 10 July 1974 could not *253 lawfully terminate the earlier franchise agreement between plaintiff and defendant on account of plaintiff's failure to give the required statutory notice of termination to both defendant and the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles.
Do the notice and hearing provisions of G.S. 20-305(6) apply to a mutual agreement between dealer and manufacturer to terminate an earlier franchise agreement? In order to answer this question we must interpret the language of G.S. 20-305(6).
The intent of the legislature controls the interpretation of a statute. In re Banks, 295 N.C. 236, 244 S.E.2d 386 (1978); 12 N.C. Index 3d, Statutes, § 5.1. If the language of a statute is free from ambiguity and expresses a single, definite, and sensible meaning, judicial interpretation is unnecessary and the plain meaning of the statute controls. Food House, Inc. v. Coble, Sec. of Revenue, 289 N.C. 123, 221 S.E.2d 297 (1976); Commissioners v. Henderson, 163 N.C. 114, 79 S.E. 442 (1913). Conversely, "where a literal interpretation of the language of a statute will lead to absurd results, or contravene the manifest purpose of the Legislature, as otherwise expressed, the reason and purpose of the law shall control and the strict letter thereof shall be disregarded." State v. Barksdale, 181 N.C. 621, 107 S.E. 505 (1921). See also In re Hardy, 294 N.C. 90, 240 S.E.2d 367 (1978).
Due consideration of the language of G.S. 20-305(6) leads us to conclude that its provisions are free from ambiguity, apply solely to unilateral franchise terminations by the manufacturer, and do not extend to mutual agreements between manufacturer and dealer to terminate a franchise. The language of G.S. 20-305(6) is expressly couched in terms of the unilateral conduct of the franchisor. The franchisor cannot terminate, cancel, or refuse to renew a franchise unless it has good cause for taking such action and unless it gives written notice to dealer and Commissioner of Motor Vehicles of its "intentions" at least sixty days prior to the date of termination. Moreover, upon being notified of "franchisor's intentions" dealer has the option of requesting a hearing before the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles to determine whether there is good cause for the termination. In effect, the express language of G.S. 20-305(6) imposes substantial curbs on the unilateral actions of a manufacturer with respect to franchise termination. The express language does not cover voluntary mutual termination agreements between manufacturer and dealer.
Such a reading of subsection (6) does not lead to absurd results nor does it contravene the manifest purpose of the statute. Literally read, the language adopted by the General Assembly permits an automobile dealer to voluntarily forego the substantial protection of notice and hearing by signing a mutual termination agreement. Rather than enter into such an agreement, a dealer may require the manufacturer to terminate the franchise in accordance with the provisions of G.S. 20-305(6). Such result does not frustrate the protection afforded a dealer by subsection (6); rather, it represents a legislative determination that a dealer may voluntarily forego the safeguards against franchise termination if in his judgment he deems them unnecessary. It is not for us to question the wisdom of this determination. Commissioners v. Henderson, supra. The meaning of the law is plain and we must apply it as written. In re Poindexter's Estate, 221 N.C. 246, 20 S.E.2d 49 (1942). We note parenthetically that a dealer who enters into a mutual termination agreement with a manufacturer still benefits from the protection offered by the common law defense of economic duress and the specific provisions of G.S. 20-305(2) which make it unlawful for a manufacturer to coerce or attempt to coerce a dealer to enter into an agreement with such manufacturer by threatening to cancel any franchise existing between manufacturer and dealer.
In light of the foregoing conclusions, we neither reach nor decide the constitutional question argued in the briefs. See State v. Blackwell, 246 N.C. 642, 99 S.E.2d 867 (1957); State v. Lueders, 214 N.C. 558, 200 S.E. 22 (1938).
*254 Defendant next contends that it executed the mutual termination agreement of 10 July 1974 under duress and coercion imposed by plaintiff. Defendant alleged, in pertinent part, that plaintiff refused to resupply it with replacement parts necessary to the operation of its business unless it entered into a mutual termination agreement. The trial court found as a fact that the mutual termination agreement of 10 July 1974 was not the product of coercion or duress. Such finding is binding on this Court if supported by competent evidence, even though there be evidence to the contrary. Cogdill v. Highway Comm., 279 N.C. 313, 182 S.E.2d 373 (1971). There is competent evidence in the record before us to support the trial court's finding of no duress or coercion. The evidence offered by plaintiff includes a letter dated 21 June 1974 from Jack Carlisle, president of defendant, to plaintiff's branch manager in which Mr. Carlisle expresses gratitude to plaintiff for its past cooperation and indicates defendant's willingness to terminate the franchise 31 August 1974. This letter memorialized the contents of a telephone conversation initiated by Mr. Carlisle on 21 June 1974. Also negating duress and coercion is evidence tending to show that defendant was kept supplied with replacement parts during the summer of 1974; that by the summer of 1974 defendant had lost its floor plan financing and had been padlocked for several days by the Internal Revenue Service for nonpayment of taxes. Defendant's objections to the trial court's findings of no coercion or duress in the execution of the 10 July mutual termination agreement were properly overruled.
Finally, defendant contends the trial court erred in finding that defendant Mazda of Raleigh owed plaintiff on account the sum of $8,795.09. The record contains the following evidence pertinent to this question: Mr. Jack J. Carlisle, president of defendant Mazda of Raleigh, was also a principal in Sentry Mazda, a Mazda dealership in Greensboro, North Carolina. Sentry Mazda was given notice of termination the same day as Mazda of Raleigh. Sentry Mazda was closed in June of 1974 and its parts inventory was transferred to Mazda of Raleigh. Mr. Carlisle testified that "after the termination [plaintiff] had sent us, I realized that I could not fight [plaintiff] on two fronts. We moved twenty-some hundred dollars worth of parts from Greensboro, closed up, and moved the parts to Raleigh." Thereafter, on 15 August 1974, plaintiff's controller stated the following in a letter directed to Carlisle:
"This letter is to inform you that because, upon termination of Sentry Mazda, parts and tools were taken to your Mazda of Raleigh dealership and, at least partially, integrated into the Mazda of Raleigh inventory, Mazda Motors of America will transfer the indebtedness for these parts and tools from the account of Sentry Mazda to the account of Mazda of Raleigh.
Accordingly, we will this month credit the outstanding Sentry parts balance to Sentry's parts account and will debit a like amount to the Mazda of Raleigh account.
When Mazda of Raleigh terminates at the end of this month, all parts and tools returned will be netted against the Mazda of Raleigh parts account."
Mr. Carlisle received this letter but never responded to it.
Is the above evidence sufficient to establish an account stated between defendant Mazda of Raleigh and plaintiff for $8,795.09, representing the value of parts transferred to defendant from Sentry Mazda? We think not.
"`An account stated may be defined, broadly, as an agreement between the parties to an account based upon prior transactions between them, with respect to the correctness of the separate items composing the account, and the balance, if any, in favor of the one or the other. The amount or balance so agreed upon constitutes a new and independent cause of action, superseding and merging the antecedent causes of action represented by the particular constituent items; it is a liquidated debt, as binding as if evidenced by a note, bill or bond.' *255 1 Am.Jur. 272, Accounts and Accounting, Section 16." Teer Co. v. Dickerson, Inc., 257 N.C. 522, 126 S.E.2d 500 (1962). Thus, for an account stated to arise it is essential that there be "an agreement between parties that an account rendered by one of them to the other is correct." Mahaffey v. Sodero, 38 N.C.App. 349, 247 S.E.2d 772 (1978). See also, Little v. Shores, 220 N.C. 429, 17 S.E.2d 503 (1941).
Due consideration of the record reveals no competent evidence to support a finding that plaintiff and defendant ever agreed on the balance due as a result of the transfer of parts between Sentry Mazda and defendant. There is sufficient evidence to establish that a transfer of parts did take place and that the parties agreed to reflect this transfer as a credit on the Sentry account and a debit on defendant's account. However, there is no evidence in the record that plaintiff ever submitted to defendant an account reflecting debits attributable to the transfer of parts from Sentry Mazda to defendant. Nor is there any evidence which establishes the value of the inventory transferred from Sentry Mazda to defendant. Plaintiff contends that an account it submitted to Sentry Mazda dated 30 June 1975 in the amount of $8,795.09 establishes the value of the transferred inventory. This contention is unsound. The 1975 Sentry account of $8,795.09 is not probative of the value of inventory transferred from Sentry to defendant in June of 1974 since such indebtedness does not necessarily reflect the inventory on hand at the time of the transfer. In sum, plaintiff has established its right to debit defendant's account to reflect parts transferred from Sentry Mazda but has failed to establish the amount to be debited.
The judgment of the trial court debiting defendant's account in the amount of $8,795.09 is unsupported by the evidence. Let the case be remanded to the trial court for a determination of the amount of defendant's indebtedness to plaintiff for inventory received by defendant from Sentry Mazda. We note that the calculations contained in the judgment of the trial court are seemingly a few dollars in error, but neither party has objected to the minimal discrepancies in the calculations.
For the reasons stated the decision of the Court of Appeals is reversed with respect to question (1), affirmed with respect to question (2), and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Reversed in part; affirmed in part; and remanded.
BRITT and BROCK, JJ., did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.