ACADEMY OF DANCE ARTS, INC.
v.
J. T. BATES, L. A. Reynolds Company, Inc., J. A. Cutrell, t/a J. Ray Paving Company, and Independent Investors, Inc.
No. 68SC107.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
June 12, 1968.*764 Womble, Carlyle, Sandridge & Rice, by Allan R. Gitter, Winston-Salem, for plaintiff appellee.
Hayes & Hayes, by W. Warren Sparrow, Winston-Salem, for defendant appellant Bates.
BRITT, Judge.
Although appellant noted more than fifty exceptions in the trial of this case, his counsel has appropriately brought forward in his brief only the assignments of error on which he relies in this Court. "Exceptions in the record not set out in appellant's brief, or in support of which no reason or argument is stated or authority cited, will be taken as abandoned by him." Court of Appeals Rule 28.
In his brief, appellant's counsel presents his assignments of error in the form of six questions. We will discuss each of them.
(1) "In a trespass action, is evidence of plans to construct a building at some unspecified future date competent to prove damages to land?"
Well-recognized principles of law in trespass cases are succinctly set forth by Barnhill, J. (later C. J.), in Lee v. Stewart, 218 N.C. 287, 10 S.E.2d 804. "An invasion of the close of another * * * constitutes a trespass. * * * Where a trespass is shown the party aggrieved is entitled at least to nominal damages. * *" In an action in trespass, "the defendant is liable for all damages which proximately resulted from his illegal act. In law he is required to contemplate all damages which proximately resulted from his wrongful act whether or not produced intentionally or through negligence. `It is wholly immaterial whether the defendant in committing *765 the trespass actually contemplated this, or any other species of damage, to the plaintiff.' Johnson v. Atlantic Coast Line R. R., 140 N.C. 574, 53 S.E. 362, 363." The evidence complained of in the assignments of error under this question related primarily to the testimony of Mrs. Vinni Frederick, president of plaintiff corporation, and of R. B. Deal, president of R. B. Deal Construction Company.
Through their testimony, plaintiff sought to prove that in 1963 and about the time appellant began his alleged trespassing on plaintiff's property, plaintiff had plans to construct a building on its lot as a home for its dance school but delayed its plans because of the trespassing. Plaintiff had submitted the plans for the building to several contractors, and Deal was the low bidder.
Appellant's counsel objected to several questions asked Mrs. Frederick and Mr. Deal relating to the plans and Mr. Deal's low bid. However, the record discloses that without objection Mrs. Frederick testified that she accepted a low bid from Deal; and Deal testified without objection that on 11 June 1963, he submitted a bid to plaintiff for the proposed building, that he was ready to begin work, that his bid was $50,987, and that due to the increase in cost of labor and materials, the same building on the date of the trial would cost $10,710 more.
The well-established rule is that when evidence is admitted over objection, but the same evidence has been theretofore or is thereafter admitted without objection, the benefit of the objection is ordinarily lost. Stansbury, N.C. Evidence 2d, § 30, citing Shelton v. Southern R. Co., 193 N.C. 670, 139 S.E. 232. See also Smith v. Simpson, 260 N.C. 601, 133 S.E.2d 474.
The assignments of error relating to the first question are overruled.
(2) "Is the testimony concerning a telephone conversation between plaintiff and defendant incompetent and prejudicial to defendant where the statement of plaintiff's witness is: `He (defendant) spoke of it in such a manner as to be insulting to me personally?'"
We have carefully considered the transcript of testimony relative to the statement complained of and the context in which it was used. The statement was not responsive to a question submitted to Mrs. Frederick but was a voluntary addition to an answer given by her. We do not consider the statement sufficiently prejudicial to warrant a new trial; therefore, the assignment of error relating to it is overruled.
(3) "Is a statement by plaintiff, `at the time my husband was alive, and he said that he did not want me to talk to Mr. Bates again,' incompetent and prejudicial to defendant?"
Again, we have carefully considered the transcript of evidence as it relates to this statement made by Mrs. Frederick on redirect examination. Considering the context in which it was made, we do not consider it sufficiently prejudicial to warrant a new trial.
(4) "May letters exchanged between counsel for plaintiff and counsel for co-defendant be read to the jury by plaintiff's counsel without foundation for their introduction or without any witnesses testifying as to their genuineness or as to the context in which they were exchanged?"
The copies of letters complained of were introduced by plaintiff against Investors and related entirely to plaintiff's action against Investors. Appellant's counsel objected to their introduction, and the trial judge sustained the objection as to Bates and instructed the jury not to consider the letters as against Bates. Because of the clear instruction by the trial judge, we hold that this assignment of error on the part of Bates is without merit.
(5) "Where the evidence is: (a) dirt and debris were dumped by mistake on *766 plaintiff's land; and (b) plaintiff would not permit it to be removed immediately after the mistake had been discovered; is a judgment for punitive damages improper?"
Plaintiff instituted this action on 10 May 1965. The evidence complained of under this question was given by Mr. Sutcliffe to the effect that some time in June, 1967, appellant saw him at the American Oil Station at the corner of Miller and Cloverdale Streets (obviously in sight of the alleyway in question) and asked Mr. Sutcliffe to dump some surface dirt and broken pieces of concrete "on his property." The witness testified: "We were standing down at the American Station and we didn't bother to walk up there, but he pointed up the hill, off his pavement." Other testimony was introduced to show that appellant's lot was paved up to the edge of the alleyway, and Mr. Sutcliffe testified that he dumped the dirt and concrete at the place where "I thought he told me to go." While he was dumping the second load, Mrs. Frederick approached him and he did not dump any further dirt or concrete on the alleyway.
Following this occurrence, plaintiff amended its complaint asking for punitive damages. The evidence introduced was sufficient to support the allegation. "In looking into the books we find the rule in this action to be that the jury are not restricted in their assessment of damages to the amount of the mere pecuniary loss sustained by the plaintiff, but may award damages in respect to the malicious conduct of the defendant and the decree (sic) of insult with which the trespass was committed. The plaintiff is at liberty to give in evidence the circumstances which accompany and give character to the trespass." Connor, J., in Brame v. Clark, 148 N.C. 364, 62 S.E. 418, 19 L.R.A.,N.S., 1033.
"If a plaintiff would recover compensatory damages for a trespass to realty, he must allege facts showing actual damage; and if he would recover punitive damages for such a trespass, he must allege circumstances of aggravation authorizing punitive damages." Ervin, J., in Matthews v. Forrest, 235 N.C. 281, 69 S.E.2d 553.
(6) "Is a judgment to compel defendant to remove obstructions from an alley that extends beyond the plaintiff's boundary improper in an action for trespass to land where the evidence discloses that the alley has never been open for vehicular traffic and could not be opened without changing the natural slope of the earth by considerable excavation?"
Section (9) of the judgment provides: "That the defendant J. T. Bates shall remove all dirt, stones, concrete slabs, tree trunks, and other obstructions from the 20-foot alleyway extending from the eastern edge of the plaintiff's property westwardly to Miller Street, said removal to be fully completed within sixty (60) days from the date of this Judgment."
We hold that this section of the judgment is fully warranted under the pleadings, evidence, and issues answered by the jury. Plaintiff's rights in the alleyway extending westwardly from her property to Miller Street were established. We do not construe section (9) of the judgment to require that appellant perform any excavating of the natural earth, only that he remove obstructions therefrom. Under section (12) of the judgment, the Superior Court retained jurisdiction of the cause for such orders as may be necessary to enforce compliance with the judgment; in the event of disagreement as to details of the removal of obstructions, the Superior Court, upon motion in the cause, is available to settle the dispute.
We have carefully considered the assignments of error brought forward in, and the questions raised by, appellant's brief and find no prejudicial error. The judgment of the Superior Court is
Affirmed.
CAMPBELL and MORRIS, JJ., concur.