United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
________________
No. 09-2850
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John Leslie Nicholas Graves, *
*
Appellant, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* Southern District of Iowa.
John Ault, Warden Iowa State *
Penitentiary, * [PUBLISHED]
*
Appellee. *
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Submitted: April 13, 2010
Filed: July 29, 2010
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Before LOKEN, HANSEN, and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.
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HANSEN, Circuit Judge.
John Graves was convicted of first degree murder in January 2001. His
conviction was affirmed by the Iowa Court of Appeals. He was later denied
postconviction relief, and that decision was also affirmed by the Iowa Court of
Appeals. Graves then petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus in federal district court,
arguing that his counsel was ineffective for (1) failing to obtain a toxicology expert
to test and explicate the results of a blood sample Graves submitted hours after the
murder, (2) failing to object to prosecutorial misconduct that occurred during the
State's closing argument, (3) failing to preserve error on an unlawful felony-murder
jury instruction, and (4) failing to present a blood-spatter expert at trial. The district
court1 denied the writ, and Graves appealed. We affirm.
I.
Graves was released early from work on July 15, 2000. Once home, Graves
drank most of a bottle of red wine. He then went to a bar where he drank more. Later,
in the early morning hours of July 16, two police officers observed Graves at a
convenience store with a known prostitute, Darlene Avant. Graves purchased food
for himself and Avant at the convenience store, and he also made cash withdrawals
from automated teller machines that night.
Avant accompanied Graves to his home. The two began to engage in sexual
activity until Graves, who had a girlfriend at the time, was stricken with remorse.
Graves contends that when he asked Avant to leave, she lunged at him with a knife.
He acknowledges that she was naked and seated on the floor at that time. In self-
defense, he claims, Graves struck her in the head with a dumbbell. After striking
Avant in the head multiple times, Graves believed she could not breathe. He took the
knife Avant employed in her alleged attack and he used it to cut a hole in her
throat—ostensibly attempting an emergency tracheotomy. The knife wound was 2½
inches deep; it missed Avant's trachea, cut her jugular vein, and impacted her vertebra.
Graves then loaded Avant's naked body into the trunk of his car, drove to a
relatively secluded location, and discarded the body near the road. At some point, he
also tried to use bleach to remove Avant's blood from the carpet in his home. When
1
The Honorable Ronald E. Longstaff, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of Iowa.
-2-
Graves' girlfriend inquired about the stains on the carpet later that day, he told her he
had spilled red wine.
Later on July 16, passersby found Avant's naked body where Graves had
discarded it. Graves was questioned by police the same day, and he initially denied
knowing Avant. Later, Graves admitted to meeting Avant and causing her death.
Graves was charged with first degree murder. He asserted defenses of
justification and diminished capacity due to alcohol intoxication. At trial, defense
counsel marshaled evidence of Graves' intoxication on the night of the murder, but did
not introduce scientific evidence of Graves' blood alcohol content. The court provided
the jury with a general verdict form, allowing the jury to convict Graves of first degree
murder on either of two theories. The instruction allowed the jury to convict Graves
if he (a) willfully, deliberately, and with premeditation killed Avant or (b) caused
Avant's death while participating in the forcible felony of willful injury. The jury
found Graves guilty of murder in the first degree, and the district court sentenced
Graves to a mandatory term of life in prison.
Graves appealed. Along with other arguments, Graves contended that his trial
counsel was ineffective for failing to call an expert to testify regarding Graves' blood
alcohol level following his arrest. The Iowa Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction,
and the Supreme Court of Iowa denied further review.
Subsequently, Graves filed an application for postconviction relief in Iowa
district court. In support of his claim for postconviction relief, Graves argued that his
trial counsel was ineffective by, inter alia, failing to object to prosecutorial
misconduct that occurred during closing argument when the prosecutor referred to
Graves as having lied at trial. Graves also asserted that his counsel on direct appeal
was ineffective for the same reasons. The postconviction trial court rejected Graves'
claims, and Graves appealed. Of the claims argued to the postconviction trial court,
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Graves pursued only the prosecutorial-misconduct-based claim on appeal. In addition,
Graves asserted for the first time that his counsel at trial, direct appeal, and
postconviction relief proceedings were each ineffective for failing to object to parts
of the State's closing argument. The Iowa Court of Appeals affirmed the state district
court's denial of postconviction relief. The Supreme Court of Iowa denied further
review.
Graves filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. He argued that his trial
counsel was ineffective when counsel failed (1) to object to prosecutorial misconduct
that occurred during closing argument when the prosecutor referred to Graves as
having lied, (2) to object to the felony-murder instruction using willful injury as the
predicate felony, (3) to present an intoxication defense at trial, and (4) to present a
blood-spatter expert at trial.
Before resolution of the petition for a writ of habeas corpus, Graves moved the
federal district court to provide for expert witness fees and to allow an evidentiary
hearing. He requested fees for toxicology and blood spatter experts. The district court
denied both requests. The court held that an intoxication expert would not have
changed the outcome of the trial. The court also held that the claim based on the
failure to obtain a blood spatter expert was procedurally defaulted.
After a hearing on the petition, the district court rejected each of Graves' claims
of ineffective assistance of counsel. Graves appeals to this court.
II.
"'In an appeal of a habeas application, we review the district court's findings of
fact for clear error and its conclusions of law de novo.'" Garcia v. Mathes, 474 F.3d
1014, 1017 (8th Cir. 2007) (alteration omitted) (quoting Engessen v. Dooley, 457 F.3d
731, 735 (8th Cir. 2006), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 1223 (2007)).
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III.
Graves argues that the Iowa Court of Appeals' rejection of his direct appeal was
based upon an unreasonable determination of a material fact, entitling him to relief
under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2). Specifically, Graves points out that the Iowa Court of
Appeals rejected his claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to have an
expert test and explicate the results of blood samples taken hours after the murder,
based on the court's mistaken belief that a state criminalist had testified "that Graves
had alcohol in his system totaling .333 grams per milliliter." Iowa v. Graves, No. 01-
0269, 2002 WL 987844, *2 (Iowa Ct. App. May 15, 2002). Graves also continues to
argue that he should be allowed to acquire and introduce expert testimony supporting
his intoxication defense. The State argues that the first argument is procedurally
barred and the second is meritless. We agree.
The authority of federal courts to entertain an application for a writ of habeas
corpus on behalf of a person in state custody is limited by 28 U.S.C. § 2254. One
limitation currently codified in § 2254 prescribes that "[a]n application for a writ of
habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State
court shall not be granted unless it appears that . . . the applicant has exhausted the
remedies available in the courts of the State.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A). "Comity
. . . dictates that when a prisoner alleges that his continued confinement for a state
court conviction violates federal law, the state courts should have the first opportunity
to review this claim and provide any necessary relief." O'Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526
U.S. 838, 844 (1999).
Graves did not give the state courts an opportunity to review his claim that the
Iowa Court of Appeals' decision was based upon an unreasonable determination of the
facts in violation of § 2254(d)(2). On direct appeal, he argued that his trial counsel
was ineffective in failing to retain an expert to test a sample of blood taken hours after
the murder. In the course of rejecting Graves' argument, the appellate court made the
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statement about Graves' blood alcohol content. Graves subsequently applied to the
Iowa Supreme Court for further (discretionary) review of the Iowa Court of Appeals'
decision but did not mention his counsel's performance with respect to his diminished
capacity defense—clearly failing to take issue with the blood alcohol content
statement. Subsequently, Graves applied for postconviction relief but again failed to
take issue with the Iowa Court of Appeals' statement regarding his blood alcohol
content. Similarly, Graves again overlooked the issue on appeal of the denial of
postconviction relief. Plainly, the Iowa state courts did not have a fair opportunity to
review the claim centered on the Iowa Court of Appeals' factual statement regarding
Graves' blood alcohol content.2 Consequently, Graves is barred from bringing the
claim in this court.
Graves also continues to argue that he should be allowed to acquire and
introduce expert testimony supporting his intoxication defense. Graves raised
arguably comparable issues in Iowa state court, arguing that his trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to test blood samples allegedly taken from him hours after the
murder and for failing to retain an expert to explicate the results of any such test. We
assume, without deciding, that his requests to develop expert testimony are sufficient
to advance that ineffective assistance of counsel claim in this court, but we conclude
that the state court adjudication of that issue is not contrary to clearly established
federal law.
2
This conclusion is reinforced by the procedural fact that Graves did not even
mention such a claim in his federal petition for writ of habeas corpus. To the contrary,
Graves requested expert witness fees and an evidentiary hearing, and he cited and
relied upon the Iowa Court of Appeals' statement regarding his blood alcohol content
in support of those requests. Graves did not highlight the Iowa Court of Appeals'
obvious factual mistake, nor did he mention 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2) until his federal
trial brief—after the federal district court had already rejected his requests to retain
an expert and for an evidentiary hearing.
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As is well-established, to prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim,
Graves must establish that his counsel failed to perform an essential duty and that the
failure prejudiced Graves. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694 (1984). To
demonstrate prejudice, Graves must show that "there is a reasonable probability that,
but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different." Id. Considering the other evidence presented to the jury, we see no
reasonable probability that the result would have been different had trial counsel
secured an expert to test the blood and opine on the results.
Graves testified that he drank most of a bottle of wine between approximately
8:00 p.m. and 10:00 p.m. and then drank an estimated eight beers and three shots of
whisky at the bar before it closed at 2:00 a.m. Multiple eyewitnesses, including two
police officers and the bartender, testified to Graves' demeanor in the early morning
hours. The jury heard Graves testify about the night in question, and they witnessed
his ability to remember certain details of the evening along with his inability to recall
other details.
The record is unclear as to when authorities obtained the blood sample that
Graves argues should have been independently tested. Nonetheless, the sample could
not have been drawn until after noon on the day following the night of Avant's death.
Thus, at best, any expert would be testifying about the hypothetical effects of Graves'
estimated blood alcohol level. In the face of the record evidence, there is no
reasonable probability that the result of Graves' trial would have been different had
counsel proffered the requested expert testimony.3
3
Graves did not address the blood spatter issue in his brief to this court, so we
deem that issue to be abandoned. Weaver v. Bowersox, 438 F.3d 832, 838 (8th Cir.
2006) (deeming a claim not argued in appellate brief to be abandoned).
-7-
IV.
Graves also argues that his counsel provided ineffective assistance when
counsel failed to object to prosecutorial misconduct that Graves believes occurred
during closing arguments. Graves argues that the prosecution made four improper
statements during closing arguments: (1) "Now, [defense counsel] is going to say it
is too embarrassing to call the police when you've got a prostitute in your house.
Ladies and gentlemen, that's so weak." (Trial Tr. Vol. IV at 550.) (2) "Ladies and
gentlemen, consider what he does after he kills her. Everything he does is an attempt
to cover up. He cleans up so that he doesn't get caught. . . . He lies to his girlfriend.
He lies to the police. And I submit he lies to you, ladies and gentlemen." (Trial Tr.
Vol. IV at 554.) (3) "You know, ladies and gentlemen, and I'm going to tell you right
now, you can't believe a word this defendants [sic] says. He's a convicted felon, and
he's got an interest in this case." (Trial Tr. Vol. IV at 570.) (4) "He comes home and
cleans up, tries to clean up the blood, lies about it, does all those things. And do you
think he is going to come in here and tell you the truth? No. He didn't tell you the
truth." (Trial Tr. Vol. IV at 578.)
Graves first complained of these statements in his postconviction relief
proceedings. The state postconviction relief district court held that two of the
statements were improper, but that the statements were not so prejudicial that Graves
was denied a fair trial. The postconviction appellate court agreed. Graves then filed
his federal petition for a writ of habeas corpus which generates this appeal. The
federal district court held that the record did not show sufficient prejudice to establish
a claim of prosecutorial misconduct under federal law.
-8-
We lack authority to grant the writ based on a reexamination of the Iowa Court
of Appeals' determination that no prosecutorial misconduct occurred under state law.4
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1); Middleton v. Roper, 455 F.3d 838, 852 (8th Cir. 2006), cert.
denied, 549 U.S. 1134 (2007). Consequently, trial counsel could not have been
ineffective for failing to raise a state law claim with no merit, see Dyer v. United
States, 23 F.3d 1424, 1426 (8th Cir. 1994) (holding claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel fails when underlying claim "rejected as meritless"), and our analysis is
limited to a resolution of whether trial counsel was ineffective in failing to raise a
prosecutorial misconduct claim based on federal constitutional law.
"[A] two-part test determines whether prosecutorial misconduct has occurred:
first, the prosecutor's conduct or remarks must have been improper, and second, the
remarks or conduct must have prejudicially affected the defendant's substantial rights
by depriving the defendant of a fair trial." United States v. White, 241 F.3d 1015,
1023 (8th Cir. 2001). Even if one or more of the comments was improper, reversal
"is appropriate only when we determine that the jury verdict reasonably could have
been affected by the improper comment." United States v. Peyro, 786 F.2d 826, 831
(8th Cir. 1986). Thus, if Graves cannot show the comments deprived him of a fair
trial, we need not decide whether they were improper.5 We have looked to three
4
The Iowa Court of Appeals held that Graves' prosecutorial misconduct claim
failed to satisfy the Iowa courts' test for prosecutorial misconduct. That test requires
"proof the misconduct resulted in prejudice to such an extent that the defendant was
denied a fair trial." Graves v. State, 668 N.W.2d 860, 869 (Iowa 2003). The Iowa
Court of Appeals held that no such prejudice existed.
5
While we need not, and do not, decide whether the comments were improper,
we observe that most of the prosecutor's comments were made in the context of
reviewing the evidence. See United States v. Littrell, 439 F.3d 875, 882-83 (8th Cir.)
(holding facially improper comments nonetheless proper because made as part of a
review of the evidence, demonstrating that the comment did not amount to personal
vouching by the prosecutor), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 939 (2006). Of the four
comments, the only statement obviously lacking redeeming context and record support
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factors to determine whether prosecutorial misconduct deprived the defendant of a fair
trial. United States v. Beeks, 224 F.3d 741, 745 (8th Cir. 2000). "First, we consider
the cumulative effect of the misconduct. Second, we examine the strength of the
properly admitted evidence of the defendant's guilt. Last, we review the curative
actions taken by the district court." Id.
The cumulative effect of the alleged misconduct could not have been great.
First, defense counsel had himself pointed out in his opening statement that Graves
lied in an attempt to conceal his role in Avant's death. Additionally, before closing
arguments, the evidence at trial had already destroyed Graves' credibility. The
evidence showed that Graves initially told police that he did not know about Avant's
death, then changed his story. The jury also already knew that Graves falsely told his
girlfriend that he spilled red wine on the carpet. And Graves' testimony regarding
how many times he struck Avant with the dumbbell was directly contradicted by a
government evidence technician and demonstrative evidence addressing blood spatter.
Finally, there are only four challenged statements, and each took place during closing
arguments. Thus, there was no improper prosecutorial theme pervading the entire
trial. See Anderson v. Goeke, 44 F.3d 675, 679 (8th Cir. 1995) (noting particular
importance of considering the frequency and pervasiveness of improper comments).
The cumulative effect of any misconduct is also outweighed by the strength of
the properly admitted evidence of Graves' guilt. Graves admitted that he caused
Avant's death, and his defense focused on theories of diminished capacity and
justification. Graves' principal argument that the prosecutorial misconduct prejudiced
is the third: "I'm going to tell you right now, you can't believe a word this defendant[]
says." (Trial Tr. Vol. IV at 570.) Certainly, the prosecutor believed Graves'
admissions that he killed Avant and discarded her body, and he wanted the jury to
believe those admissions. The record supports the admissions. Thus, to say Graves
did not speak one word of truth is, technically, not a reasonable inference from the
record.
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his defense is that the success of his defenses turned on the jury's favorable evaluation
of his credibility, and the misconduct was directly aimed at destroying that credibility.
With regard to Graves' diminished capacity defense (and inversely, with regard to
proof of Graves' specific intent to assault and murder Avant), numerous witnesses
testified as to what alcoholic beverages Graves consumed and his resulting demeanor.
Those witnesses included two police officers and a bartender. Graves was able to
drive, engage in commercial transactions, and operate an ATM. He also chose right
over wrong when he ended the sexual encounter with Avant due to feelings of guilt.
Finally, the nature of the weapons and the "'reckless character and manner of the
assault'" suggested his intent. See United States v. Warbonnet, 750 F.2d 698, 700 (8th
Cir. 1984) (quoting People v. Nickolopoulos, 185 N.E.2d 209, 210 (1962)).
The evidence likewise strongly discounted Graves' justification defense. Avant
was naked and seated on the floor when she was repeatedly struck in the head with a
dumbbell, an unlikely time for the smaller woman to attempt to stab Graves with a
knife. Avant also suffered a two-and-one-half inch stab wound to her neck. While
Graves contends it was his attempt at an emergency medical procedure he had seen
on television, the incision sliced through Avant's jugular vein and impacted her
vertebra. Additionally, Graves failed to act as someone with an honest belief that he
had previously acted in self defense—he removed Avant's body and disposed of the
body in a ditch along with other evidence of the killing, he attempted to clean up his
house, he never called police, and then he lied about the killing. See United States v.
Littlewind, 595 F.3d 876, 883 (8th Cir. 2010) (holding attempt to dispose of gun in
nearby wetland probative of guilt); United States v. Kuehne, 547 F.3d 667, 691-92
(6th Cir. 2008) (holding "attempt to tamper with evidence is probative of guilt"), cert.
denied, 130 S. Ct. 342 (2009); State v. Thornton, 498 N.W.2d 670, 673-74 (Iowa
1993) (holding that a jury could rationally believe that fleeing from crime scene and
not reporting incident to police are "not the actions of someone who honestly believed
he acted in self-defense").
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Finally, the jury was instructed that closing arguments are not evidence and that
its verdict must be based on the evidence. See Littrell, 439 F.3d at 883 (noting that
"[t]he district court also instructed the jury that closing arguments are just that,
argument, and are not evidence of anything," in support of a holding that improper
prosecutorial comments in closing did not justify new trial). Based on the foregoing,
we hold the jury verdict could not have been affected by the allegedly improper
comments and Graves was not deprived of a fair trial. Thus, defense counsel did not
fail to object to a valid claim of prosecutorial misconduct under federal law and
counsel did not render ineffective assistance of counsel for failing to object.6
V.
Finally, Graves contends that due process requires that he benefit from the
Supreme Court of Iowa's decision in State v. Heemstra, 721 N.W.2d 549 (Iowa 2006).
Heemstra, filed after Graves' direct appeal process was complete, held that an assault
causing willful injury cannot serve as the predicate felony for felony-murder purposes
"if the act causing willful injury is the same act that causes the victim's death." 721
N.W.2d at 558. A jury found Graves guilty of first degree murder on a general verdict
form that included premeditated murder and felony murder as alternative grounds, and
Graves contends that Heemstra should apply to his case to require merger of the act
constituting the willful-injury predicate felony and the act causing Avant's death.
In the procedural context of this case, Graves claims that the Iowa Court of
Appeals unreasonably applied established United States Supreme Court precedent
6
While we have refrained from determining the propriety vel non of the
prosecutor's statements, we have serious doubt that when the evidence clearly shows
that a defendant has admittedly lied about his involvement in the crime, that it is
prosecutorial misconduct to point out in argument that the defendant did so and to ask
the jury to consider whether such dissembling also occurred during the defendant's
courtroom testimony.
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when it affirmed the rejection of Graves' application for postconviction relief, holding
that due process did not mandate application of Heemstra to his collateral attack. In
that state postconviction appeal, Graves posited that Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288
(1989), required the Iowa Court of Appeals to apply Heemstra to his collateral attack.
The Iowa Court of Appeals held that Teague is inapposite to Graves' case, Graves v.
State, No. 06-0369, 2007 WL 1484512, *3 (Iowa Ct. App. May 23, 2007), and Graves
has not relied upon Teague in this court.7 Instead, Graves now relies on Fiore v.
White, 531 U.S. 225 (2001), and Bunkley v. Florida, 538 U.S. 835 (2003).
The State argues that Graves has not presented a due process claim based on
Fiore and Bunkley to a state court and that his claim is consequently procedurally
barred. In the alternative, the State argues that federal due process does not require
a subsequent court to apply Heemstra to a collateral attack. Although we doubt that
Graves fairly presented this issue to the state courts,8 we will address Graves' reliance
on Fiore and Bunkley because it is plain to us that the due process claim he presses
lacks merit.
7
Teague addressed the retroactive effect of new rules of criminal procedure
dictated by the court's interpretation of the Constitution. See Teague, 489 U.S. at 299-
305. Heemstra interpreted the substantive elements of a state statute and thus
prescribed neither a new rule of criminal procedure nor a rule dictated by the
Constitution. See Goosman v. State, 764 N.W.2d 539, 542 (Iowa 2009) (applying
"[f]ederal precedent concerning the application of substantive law in collateral
proceedings"). As such, Teague would not control the application of Heemstra to the
facts of this case, even if Graves did continue to urge it in this court.
8
Graves did not cite Fiore or Bunkley during his Iowa postconviction relief
proceedings, nor did he argue that he was convicted of that which is not a crime or
without proof beyond a reasonable doubt of each of element of that which is a crime.
Instead, he merely argued that due process requires that Heemstra be applied
retroactively on his collateral attack. By its own terms, Fiore "presents no issue of
retroactivity." 531 U.S. at 228.
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Fiore addressed the constitutionality of a conviction for violating a state statute
prohibiting the operation of a waste facility without a permit. 531 U.S. at 226.
Although Fiore actually possessed a permit, the prosecution succeeded in securing a
conviction by arguing that his activities exceeded the scope of the permit. Id. at 227.
After Fiore's conviction was final, the state supreme court reviewed the conviction of
Fiore's codefendant and held that the applicable statute did not criminalize deviation
from a permit. Id. Based on that decision, Fiore collaterally challenged his conviction
in state court. Id. His state challenges were denied, and he filed a federal petition for
a writ of habeas corpus. Id. The district court granted the writ, the circuit court
reversed, and the Supreme Court granted certiorari. Id. at 227-28.
In order to resolve the case, the United States Supreme Court certified a
question to the Pennsylvania state supreme court. Id. at 228. It asked whether the
state court's decision in Fiore's codefendant's case, interpreting the applicable statute,
was a new interpretation of the law or was "the correct interpretation of the law . . .
at the date Fiore's conviction became final." Id. The state court answered that its
ruling merely furnished a proper statement of the law at the time Fiore was convicted.
Id. Based on that answer, the Supreme Court held that Fiore's conviction violated
federal due process because Fiore was convicted of a crime without proof beyond a
reasonable doubt of each element of that crime. Id. at 228-29. The statute required
a failure to possess a permit; Fiore possessed such a permit, so the state could not have
not proved a required element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 229.
In Bunkley, the defendant challenged his conviction and relied on Fiore.
Bunkley, 538 U.S. at 836. Bunkley burglarized a restaurant while possessing a knife
with a blade no longer than three inches. Id. Bunkley was convicted in state court of
burglary in the first degree, under a state statute providing increased penalties for
burglary while armed with a dangerous weapon. Id. at 836-37. The statutory
definition of dangerous weapon, however, specifically exempted the "common
pocketknife." Id. at 837. In a subsequent unrelated case, the state supreme court held
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that a pocketknife with a blade of 3.75 inches fell within the common pocketknife
exception. Id. Bunkley challenged his previous conviction collaterally in state court,
and he cited the new case law. Id. at 838. In the collateral proceedings, the state
supreme court held that its previous case was merely an "evolutionary refinement,"
and so did not demand retroactive application according to the federal due process
dictates expounded in Fiore. Id. Bunkley then petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus,
which the Supreme Court eventually considered on certiorari. Id. at 836. The United
States Supreme Court held that, ordinarily, the state supreme court's holding that an
intervening case "constitutes a change in—rather than a clarification of—the law
would be sufficient to dispose of the Fiore question," because "[b]y holding that a
change in the law occurred, the [state supreme court] would thereby likewise have
signaled that the common pocketknife exception was narrower at the time Bunkley
was convicted." Id. at 841. The United States Supreme Court held that the Fiore
question was not answered, however, because the state supreme court had held that
the common pocketknife exception was undergoing an evolutionary process through
decisional law during the relevant time period. Id. at 842. Consequently, the United
States Supreme Court remanded the case to the state supreme court for a
determination of what the law was at the exact time of Bunkley's conviction (i.e., to
pinpoint where the pocketknife exception was in its "evolutionary process" at the time
of Bunkley's conviction). Id. Only by knowing what the law was at the time of
Bunkley's conviction could the Supreme Court answer the Fiore question of whether
he was convicted with proof beyond a reasonable doubt of each element of the crime.
Neither Fiore nor Bunkley requires application of Heemstra to Graves' collateral
attack. In Fiore the United States Supreme Court explicitly stated: "[T]his case
presents no issue of retroactivity." 531 U.S. at 228. "Rather, the question [was]
simply whether [a state] can, consistently with the Federal Due Process Clause,
convict [a defendant] for conduct that its criminal statute, as properly interpreted, does
not prohibit." Id. As discussed above, the Court answered that question in the
negative.
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More importantly for our analysis, Fiore relied exclusively on the state supreme
court's determination of what conduct the criminal statute prohibited at the time of the
conviction. In Bunkley, the Court could not answer the Fiore question without
determining what conduct the statute criminalized at the time of the conviction, so the
Court remanded the case to the state supreme court to make that determination. This
court is obviously bound no less than the United States Supreme Court by state
supreme court determinations of state law.
Graves argues that, due to the general verdict, his conviction may represent a
felony-murder conviction wherein the act that caused the predicate felony is the same
act that caused the victim's death. As explained in Goosman v. State, 764 N.W.2d
539, 545 (Iowa 2009), however, such an act did constitute felony-murder at the time
Graves committed the act (as well as at the time of his trial and throughout the direct
appeal process). Until Heemstra was decided in 2006, the Supreme Court of Iowa
held that "merger rules [did] not apply" to bar the use of willful injury as the predicate
felony in felony murder cases. Goosman, 764 N.W.2d at 541. That rule was
"vigorously upheld" in numerous cases. Id. In Graves' trial, the Iowa district court
employed a jury instruction based on that firmly established rule. Then Heesmstra
held that "if the act causing willful injury is the same act that causes the victim's death,
the former is merged into the murder and therefore cannot serve as the predicate
felony for felony-murder purposes." Heemstra, 721 N.W.2d at 558. When Joel
Goosman collaterally attacked his felony-murder conviction and made similar federal
due process arguments to those now made by Graves, the Supreme Court of Iowa held
that Heemstra "clearly involved a change in law and not a mere clarification."
Goosman, 764 N.W.2d at 545. As Fiore and Bunkley demonstrate, we are bound by
the Supreme Court of Iowa's holding that a change, rather than a mere clarification,
occurred.
The key fact in Fiore was that the defendant was convicted of a crime without
proof beyond a reasonable doubt as to each element of the crime, as shown by a
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subsequent judicial clarification. That key fact is not present in Graves' case. The
Supreme Court of Iowa said in Goosman that Heemstra had changed the law. Thus,
unlike the intervening case law at issue in Fiore, Heemstra does not demonstrate that
Graves was convicted of a crime without proof beyond a reasonable doubt of each
element. To the contrary, Goosman demonstrates that Graves' trial court correctly
applied the felony-murder statute as interpreted by the Supreme Court of Iowa at the
time of Graves' trial.
To the extent Graves makes the separate claim that due process requires truly
retroactive application of Heemstra (apart from Fiore)—that is, that he is entitled to
have his conviction scrutinized in light of intervening case law in a collateral
attack—his claim also fails. "The Supreme Court has held that the Constitution does
not require a state's highest court 'to make retroactive its new construction of [a
criminal] statute.'" Henry v. Ricks, 578 F.3d 134, 140 (2d Cir. 2009) (quoting
Wainwright v. Stone, 414 U.S. 21, 23-24 (1973)) (alteration in original).
VI.
Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
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