United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 09-3306
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United States of America, *
*
Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* District of South Dakota.
Robert Schiradelly, *
* [PUBLISHED]
Appellant. *
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Submitted: June 15, 2010
Filed: August 10, 2010
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Before LOKEN, ARNOLD and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
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PER CURIAM.
On the night of July 19, 2008, Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Police Officer
Gordon Runs After, Jr., spotted Robert Schiradelly driving a Pontiac Grand Am in the
town of Eagle Butte, South Dakota. Officer Runs After received information that the
Grand Am might have been stolen from a car dealership in nearby Sioux Falls. He
activated his emergency lights and attempted to stop Schiradelly. Schiradelly fled,
and Officer Runs After gave chase.
A dramatic high-speed chase through Indian country ensued, lasting more than
an hour. Schiradelly drove through Eagle Butte ignoring stop signs, driving in excess
of 60 miles per hour in areas where the speed limit was 20 miles per hour, and
swerving around other police cars that were attempting to stop him. As Schiradelly
left the town limits at 90 miles per hour, he nearly lost control of the car, sliding into
a roadside ditch before recovering. Beyond the town limits, the chase reached speeds
of 110 miles per hour. Approximately 50 miles outside of Eagle Butte, Schiradelly
turned around and headed back toward town.
Tribal officers made several unsuccessful attempts to prevent Schiradelly from
re-entering Eagle Butte. They deployed spike strips across the highway, which
deflated Schiradelly’s front-left tire, but Schiradelly continued fleeing, driving on the
tire rim at 65 miles per hour. When officers drove alongside Schiradelly and
attempted to box him in, Schiradelly swerved and avoided them. In a further attempt
to stop Schiradelly, Officers Robert Woods and Erik Twite used their patrol car to
block the highway. When Schiradelly tried to drive around the patrol car, Officer
Woods drove forward in an attempt to block Schiradelly’s path. Schiradelly then
crashed into the front driver’s side of the patrol car, and both vehicles fell into the
roadside ditch. Schiradelly continued to drive toward Eagle Butte in the ditch, and
Officer Woods struck Schiradelly’s car with his patrol car. Schiradelly nonetheless
continued, returning to the highway.
Schiradelly re-entered Eagle Butte, where he drove across backyards and fields
in a residential area. He stopped briefly at one house to drop off his passenger, but
then continued through the residential area. Schiradelly was finally arrested in front
of another residence in the area. While no officers were injured in the chase, Officer
Woods’s patrol car sustained $3,682.16 in damage.
A federal grand jury returned an indictment against Schiradelly, charging him
with larceny for stealing the Grand Am, assault against Officer Woods, and assault
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against Officer Merrill Bruguier, another officer involved in the chase.1 Schiradelly
pled guilty to assaulting Officer Woods, and the remaining charges were dismissed
as part of a plea agreement. In the plea agreement, the Government also agreed to
recommend a sentence within the advisory guidelines range. A Presentence
Investigation Report (“PSR”) calculated Schiradelly’s offense level to be 13 and his
criminal history category to be IV, yielding an advisory guidelines range of 24 to 30
months. At sentencing, the Government recommended a sentence within that range.
The district court2 departed upward to criminal history category VI and offense level
16, which resulted in a new guidelines range of 46 to 57 months, and sentenced
Schiradelly to 57 months’ imprisonment. The court noted that, in the alternative, it
would vary from the original guidelines range under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) to the same
sentence. Schiradelly appeals his sentence.
Schiradelly first argues that the district court violated the plea agreement by
sentencing him above the guidelines range calculated in the PSR. Schiradelly argues
that, by stating, “I do accept the Plea Agreement,” the district court bound itself to
sentence him within the guidelines range that the Government agreed to recommend.
“Issues concerning the interpretation and enforcement of a plea agreement are
reviewed de novo.” United States v. Paton, 535 F.3d 829, 835 (8th Cir. 2008)
(quoting United States v. Borer, 412 F.3d 987, 994 (8th Cir. 2005)).
Schiradelly’s argument is meritless. The plea agreement specifically stated that
“[t]he United States and the defendant agree that this Plea Agreement . . . [is]
presented to the Court pursuant to Rules 11(c)(1)(A) and 11(c)(1)(B).” Rule
1
More precisely, Schiradelly was charged with assault on a federal officer, see
18 U.S.C. § 111, as Officers Woods and Bruguier were tribal officers employed
through a contract with the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
2
The Honorable Charles B. Kornmann, United States District Judge for the
District of South Dakota.
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11(c)(1)(B) makes clear that although the Government will “recommend . . . that a
particular sentence or sentencing range is appropriate[,] . . . such a recommendation
or request does not bind the court.” (Emphasis added.) The plea agreement also
noted that the sentencing recommendations “are not binding on the Court and that the
defendant may not withdraw his plea of guilty if the Court rejects such
recommendations.” In the plea colloquy, the district court reiterated this, and
Schiradelly confirmed that he understood the non-binding nature of the
recommendations. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(c)(3)(B). Thus, it is clear that the plea
agreement’s sentencing recommendation was just that—a recommendation.3
Schiradelly essentially argues that, by accepting the plea agreement, the district
court somehow converted the agreement’s sentencing recommendation under Rule
11(c)(1)(B) to an agreement under Rule 11(c)(1)(C) that would bind the district court.
See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(c)(1)(C) (noting that a sentencing recommendation under this
section “binds the court once the court accepts the plea agreement”). Schiradelly
relies solely on United States v. Cunavelis, 969 F.2d 1419 (2d Cir. 1992), in which he
suggests “the Second Circuit clearly said a district court is bound by the terms of a
plea agreement it accepts.” However, the plea agreement in Cunavelis explicitly
bound the district court to its terms under Rule 11(c)(1)(C).4 See id. at 1422-23. The
3
In the plea agreement, the Government also agreed to move to dismiss the
charges of larceny and assault against Officer Bruguier under Rule 11(c)(1)(A).
Unlike the Rule 11(c)(1)(B) sentencing recommendation where the court need only
advise the defendant that he “has no right to withdraw the plea if the court does not
follow the recommendation,” Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(c)(3)(B), the Court is required to
accept or reject the Rule 11(c)(1)(A) provisions of a plea agreement, see Fed. R. Crim.
P. 11(c)(3)(A). The district court duly accepted this part of the plea agreement and
was bound to grant the Government’s motion to dismiss the remaining charges, as it
ultimately did.
4
The plea agreement in Cunavelis actually cited Rule 11(e)(1)(C), see
Cunavelis, 969 F.2d at 1422, the predecessor to Rule 11(c)(1)(C), see United States
v. Scurlark, 560 F.3d 839, 841 n.2 (8th Cir. 2009), cert. denied 558 U.S. ---, 130 S.
Ct. 738 (2009).
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Second Circuit did not purport to say anything about a sentencing recommendation
made under Rule 11(c)(1)(B), which Schiradelly’s plea agreement contained. Because
the sentencing recommendation in Schiradelly’s agreement remained non-binding
under Rule 11(c)(1)(B), the district court did not violate the plea agreement.
Next, Schiradelly argues that at sentencing the district court applied the “wrong
standard,” because, after pronouncing its sentence the court described Schiradelly’s
sentence as “a reasonable sentence under all the circumstances,” rather than one it
concluded to be “sufficient, but not greater than necessary” to satisfy the purposes of
sentencing, 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). “We review a district court’s sentence for abuse of
discretion.” United States v. Bryant, 606 F.3d 912, 918 (8th Cir. 2010). As an alleged
error of law, applying the “wrong standard” at sentencing would, by definition be an
abuse of discretion. See United States v. Weiland, 284 F.3d 878, 882 (8th Cir. 2002).
Contrary to Schiradelly’s claim, the record shows that the district court properly
understood and undertook its obligations under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). The court
engaged in a thorough discussion of Schiradelly’s offense and criminal history, and
it concluded that a sentence within the original guidelines range would not be
sufficient under the circumstances. After deciding that an upward departure was
appropriate, the court noted that Schiradelly’s ultimate sentence was imposed pursuant
to 18 U.S.C. § 3553, and the court gave a detailed analysis of the § 3553(a) factors in
crafting its sentence. Schiradelly’s argument suggests that courts must always recite
the words “sufficient, but not greater than necessary” when sentencing a defendant,
but we have consistently refused to impose rote recitation requirements on district
courts at sentencing. See, e.g., Bryant, 606 F.3d at 919. On the whole, the record
reveals that the district court properly fulfilled its obligations under 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a) in sentencing Schiradelly.5
5
To the extent Schiradelly argues that the district court applied an impermissible
presumption of reasonableness to the guidelines range, see United States v. Greene,
513 F.3d 904, 907-08 (8th Cir. 2008), we disagree. The district court acknowledged
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Finally, Schiradelly challenges the district court’s decision to depart. “We
review the district court’s decision to grant an upward departure for abuse of
discretion.” United States v. D’Andrea, 473 F.3d 859, 863 (8th Cir. 2007). The
district court gave several reasons for its decision to depart. First, the court found that
criminal history category IV understated Schiradelly’s criminal history, based on the
seriousness of Schiradelly’s past offenses and the likelihood that Schiradelly will
commit future offenses. See U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3(a)(1). Schiradelly argues that the
criminal history component of the guidelines calculation already captured these
concerns, since he received criminal history points for each of his previous
convictions as well as additional points for committing the current offense while on
probation and within one year of being released from a term of imprisonment. See
U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1. Nonetheless, an upward departure is permissible for the precise
reasons the district court identified here. See U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3(a)(1). As the district
court noted, Schiradelly’s criminal history includes two escapes from custody. During
one escape, he and an accomplice hit an officer in the face with a brick and fractured
another officer’s ribs. Schiradelly was also convicted of another assault as well as
grand theft, for which Schiradelly had not paid the court-ordered restitution.
Schiradelly has committed several serious crimes, some involving violence, and he
has demonstrated a propensity to recidivate. In light of these circumstances, we find
no abuse of discretion in the court’s conclusion that Schiradelly’s criminal history
category did not fully account for either the seriousness of his crimes or his likelihood
of recidivism. See United States v. Jones, 596 F.3d 881, 883 (8th Cir. 2010).
The court also departed upward 3 levels to offense level 16, taking into account
the nature of Schiradelly’s offense, see U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0, and the charges dismissed
it was free to vary from the guidelines range, and the mere conclusion that an ultimate
sentence is reasonable is not equivalent to presuming the guidelines range to be
reasonable. See United States v. Escobar-Quintanilla, --- F.3d ---, 2010 WL 2890270
at *1 n.2 (8th Cir. July 26, 2010); United States v. Deegan, 605 F.3d 625, 631 n.2 (8th
Cir. 2010).
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as part of the plea agreement, see U.S.S.G. § 5K2.21. Schiradelly argues that the
Guidelines’s enhancement for reckless endangerment during flight, see U.S.S.G.
§ 3C1.2, fully accounted for the danger associated with his attempt to escape during
the prolonged high-speed car chase. However, we agree with the district court’s
conclusion that “this is far beyond the normal case of obstruction of justice or where
an adjustment is made for . . . reckless endangerment during flight.” See U.S.S.G.
§ 5K2.0 (permiting a departure where circumstances already considered in the
Guidelines are “present in the offense to a degree substantially in excess of . . . that
which ordinarily is involved in that kind of offense”). Furthermore, Schiradelly
challenges the district court’s departure under § 5K2.21, arguing that the Government
did not sufficiently prove the dismissed charges, and therefore they should not have
been considered. See United States v. Azure, 536 F.3d 922, 933 (8th Cir. 2008) (“In
order to rely upon a dismissed charge for purposes of sentencing, the government
must prove the defendant committed the alleged offense by a preponderance of the
evidence.”). However, fact statements in the PSR, to which Schiradelly did not object,
adequately supported a finding that the dismissed charges were properly proved. See
United States v. Cullen, 432 F.3d 903, 905 (8th Cir. 2006). The PSR noted that
Schiradelly drove at Officer Bruguier, forcing him into a roadside ditch, and that the
Grand Am Schiradelly drove during the chase had recently been stolen. See United
States v. Triplett, 104 F.3d 1074, 1078 (8th Cir. 1997) (“The possession of property
recently stolen ‘is ordinarily a circumstance from which a jury may reasonably . . .
find . . . that the person in possession . . . participated in some way in the theft of the
property.’” (quoting United States v. Nabors, 726 F.2d 642, 653 (8th Cir. 1985)).
Thus, we find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s decision to depart upward
3 levels based on the circumstances of the offense and the dismissed charges.
We therefore affirm Schiradelly’s sentence.
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