F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
PUBLISH
MAR 6 2001
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
TENTH CIRCUIT
GREGORY DALE ENGLISH,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v. No. 00-5115
R. MICHAEL CODY,
Respondent-Appellee.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA
(D.C. No. 95-CV-753-B)
Submitted on the briefs:
Gregory Dale English, Pro se.
Before BRISCOE , ANDERSON , and MURPHY , Circuit Judges.
MURPHY , Circuit Judge.
Petitioner-appellant Gregory Dale English appeals from the district court’s
order denying his petition for a writ of habeas corpus. This matter comes before
us on English’s request for a certificate of appealability (COA). 1
This case was filed in district court prior to the AEDPA amendments to 28
U.S.C. § 2254. For this reason, we apply the pre-AEDPA version of that statute
to English’s claims. See Lindh v. Murphy , 521 U.S. 320 (1997). English’s
appeal, however, was filed in this court after the effective date of the AEDPA
amendments. Therefore, AEDPA’s COA requirement applies to this appeal. See
Slack v. McDaniel , 529 U.S. 473, 482 (2000).
In order to receive a COA, English must make a “substantial showing of the
denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). A petitioner meets this
standard if he shows that his issues “are debatable among jurists, or that a court
could resolve the issues differently, or that the questions deserve further
proceedings.” United States v. Sistrunk , 111 F.3d 91, 91 (10th Cir. 1997).
In our previous decision in this case, we vacated the district court’s
interlocutory decision refusing to apply a procedural bar to English’s claims of
ineffective assistance of counsel. English v. Cody , 146 F.3d 1257, 1265 (10th
1
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination
of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
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Cir. 1998). We remanded to the district court for a determination of whether
English’s ineffective assistance of counsel claims embraced matters in the trial
record, or whether they required enlargement of the record. Id. at 1264. If the
district court concluded that English’s ineffective assistance claims concerned
matters entirely manifest within the record of his state court appeal, these claims
would be procedurally barred. Id. If, on the other hand, English’s claims
required further supplementation of the record on appeal or additional
fact-finding, the district court was to consider whether Oklahoma’s remand
procedure was adequate for that purpose. Id. at 1264-65. If the remand
procedure was inadequate, we instructed the district court to refuse to apply a
procedural bar and to address English’s ineffective assistance claims on the
merits. Id. at 1265.
On remand, the district court found that:
(1) English’s underlying Confrontation Clause claim had been fairly
presented to the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals on direct appeal and was
not procedurally barred. It found that a Confrontation Clause violation had
occurred, but that the violation was harmless because there was adequate evidence
of English’s guilt;
(2) English’s underlying claim concerning impermissibly suggestive photo
identification procedures was procedurally barred;
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(3) English’s claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel were
procedurally barred. It found that English had separate counsel at trial and on
appeal, and that his ineffective assistance of trial counsel claims embraced
matters within the trial record. In light of this finding, the district court found it
unnecessary to decide whether Oklahoma’s remand procedure was adequate to
provide further factual development;
(4) English’s claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel
pertaining to counsel’s failure to raise his ineffective assistance of trial counsel
claims were meritless. Since these claims failed on their merits, English could
not satisfy the standard for an ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim.
In this appeal, English argues the following: (1) the record was insufficient
to determine his ineffective assistance of counsel claims; (2) the district court
should have held an evidentiary hearing on his claims; (3) all of the evidence
presented to the jury was tainted; and (4) he is actually innocent. To the extent
that English’s issues involve attacks on the district court’s procedural rulings, to
receive a COA, English must show both “that jurists of reason would find it
debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional
right and that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the district court
was correct in its procedural ruling.” Slack , 529 U.S. at 484. In assessing his
claims, “[w]e review the district court’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual
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findings under the clearly erroneous standard.” Ross v. Ward , 165 F.3d 793, 798
(10th Cir. 1999).
1. Application of procedural bar to suggestive photo identification claims
English claims that eyewitnesses Kerry Wilburn and Paul Rusher were
shown unnecessarily suggestive pre-trial photographic lineups. Before they were
shown the lineups, he argues, each witness failed to identify English as the man
who committed the robberies. Afterwards, however, they were persuaded by the
lineups to change their minds and to implicate English. He argues that his
counsel was ineffective in failing to challenge the photo lineups.
The district court concluded that this ineffective assistance claim was
procedurally barred because English failed to raise it on direct appeal in state
court and the claim concerned matters entirely manifest within the state court
record. English argues that the district court should not have applied procedural
bar because the record is insufficient to determine his claim. Alternatively, he
argues that he was entitled to an evidentiary hearing on this claim to further
develop the record.
English identifies four items that he believes are missing from the record
and required for resolution of this claim: (1) evidence that Wilburn and Rusher
initially misidentified him; (2) evidence concerning the unnecessarily suggestive
photo identification procedures; (3) evidence concerning trial counsel’s
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knowledge of the identification procedures; and (4) evidence concerning his
attorney’s efforts put forth in developing the identification procedures issue.
Appellant’s Opening Br. at 16B. Even assuming that the record is incomplete and
procedural bar inappropriate, we cannot grant English a COA because he has
failed to make a debatable showing that his suggestive identification claim, or any
of his claims, for that matter, states “a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional
right.” Slack , 529 U.S. at 484.
In order to prevail on a claim of an unduly suggestive photographic lineup,
a defendant has the initial burden of proving that the identification procedure was
impermissibly suggestive. See United States v. Wade , 388 U.S. 218, 240 n.31
(1967). It is only after the defendant meets this burden that the burden shifts to
the government to prove that the identification was reliable independent of the
suggestive procedure. Id. It is only necessary to reach the second element of the
inquiry if the court first determines that the array was impermissibly suggestive.
See United States v. Sanchez , 24 F.3d 1259, 1261-62 (10th Cir. 1994).
Although he argues about the reliability of the eyewitnesses’ testimony,
English has never advanced any facts that show the identification procedures used
in his case were impermissibly suggestive. English complains about the use of a
second lineup containing his picture, after a witness chose the wrong picture from
the first lineup, but he fails to show that this is itself impermissibly suggestive.
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Moreover, there was abundant evidence that the lineups were not
suggestive. Before any evidence was presented to the jury, witness Kerry Wilburn
took the stand in response to counsel’s motion to suppress identification. With
regard to the lineup, he testified that the officers did nothing to suggest which of
the men in the photos was in custody, or which he should identify. Trial Tr. at
128-29. The trial court viewed the photographs from the lineup and stated that
they “appear to be an excellent lineup. I don’t see any problems or any
discrepancies that would focus in on any one individual.” Id. at 129. The state
court’s factual findings as to this issue are binding on this court. 2
English does not identify anything suggestive about the photographs or
suggest anything that his attorney might have presented that would have met his
evidentiary burden of showing they were suggestive. Thus, even if there is a
controversy about the district court’s determination that this issue was
procedurally barred, English fails to meet his burden of showing that jurists of
reason could find that the underlying issue states a valid claim of a denial of a
constitutional right. For this reason, he is not entitled to a COA as to this issue.
2
The pre-AEDPA version of § 2254(d) requires us to presume the
correctness of state court findings of fact unless the appellant has made a showing
that those findings fell within one of the eight enumerated categories of
unreliability. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) (1994); see Brecheen v. Reynolds , 41 F.3d
1343, 1348 n.1 (10th Cir. 1994). English has not made such a showing.
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It follows that English’s ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim
based on the photographic lineup also fails to earn him a COA. If the underlying
issue was not valid, his counsel was not ineffective for failing to raise it on direct
appeal. Nor is English entitled to an evidentiary hearing, since he has identified
no dispute about whether the photographic lineup was suggestive which would
require further factual development of the record. See Steele v. Young , 11 F.3d
1518, 1524 (10th Cir. 1993) (stating, in pre-AEDPA case, that evidentiary hearing
is not required where there is no factual dispute). Finally, as will be seen,
English’s claim of actual innocence is unsupported by the record and also fails to
support his application for a COA.
2. Application of harmless error to Confrontation Clause claim
Confrontation Clause violations . . . are constitutional trial
errors subject to harmless error analysis. A federal court reviewing a
state court determination in a habeas proceeding should not grant
relief unless the court finds the trial error had substantial and
injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict. To
obtain relief for the error, the habeas petitioner must establish that it
resulted in actual prejudice. Where a court is in grave doubt as to the
harmlessness of the error . . . the habeas petitioner must win. We
examine [the challenged] statement in light of the entire record to
determine the error’s possible effect on the jury.
Crespin v. New Mexico , 144 F.3d 641, 649 (10th Cir. 1998) (citations and
quotations omitted).
English contends that the district court improperly relied on a harmless
error analysis in deciding his Confrontation Clause claim against him, because all
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of the evidence against him is tainted. He reasons that all the eyewitness
identification is tainted because it was developed through a suggestive lineup. He
further argues that the transcript of his alleged accomplice’s plea hearing cannot
be used against him, because of the Confrontation Clause problem. Once these
items of evidence have been excluded, English contends there is no remaining
evidence that can form the basis of a finding of harmless error.
As we have just discussed, English’s claim of a suggestive lineup is
unsupported and cannot be used to exclude the eyewitness evidence from
consideration. Construing English’s pro se brief broadly, however, we perceive
another facet to his claim. English appears to be arguing that because of
problems with the photographic lineup, the eyewitness testimony was not
sufficiently reliable to support the harmless error determination. To address this
argument, and to evaluate the district court’s determination of harmless error, we
summarize the evidence presented at trial.
A. Wilburn testimony
Kerry Wilburn testified that on August 2, 1985, at approximately 11:00
p.m., he was working at the Safeway store at 61st and Lewis in Tulsa. James
Longley, a fellow employee, unlocked the front door. As Wilburn was walking
out, English came up to Wilburn and told him to get back into the store and to lie
down in front of the booth. English had a gun at his side.
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At the time English approached him, Wilburn was approximately five feet
away from English. Wilburn was looking at English’s face and what he had in his
hand. Although the only available light came from inside the store through the
glass doors, Wilburn stated he could “see pretty good” and was “pretty much”
able to see English’s face clearly. Trial Tr. at 135. Wilburn specifically
remembered that English was wearing sunglasses, a bandana around his head, a
sweatshirt cut off around mid-bicep, blue pants with a red stripe going around the
side, white tennis shoes, and a baseball cap. None of these items of clothing was
visible in the picture of English Wilburn subsequently viewed in the photographic
lineup. Wilburn testified that he was “100 percent sure” that the robber was
English. Id. at 143.
English told Longley to go into the booth, to open the safe, and to get
nothing but big bills. He told Wilburn to be calm, to be cool, not to be a hero and
to stop looking at him. Wilburn saw English grab the bag with money in it from
Longley. In all, Wilburn estimated that he had three or four minutes to look at
English.
Wilburn also testified to the events of the second robbery, on November 30,
1987. On that day, he was working at Safeway at around 10:50 p.m. when he
heard someone talking. He saw English squatted down saying “‘Hurry up.
Nothing but big bills’” and “‘Don’t try to be a hero.’” Id. at 141. English told
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him to be cool and just stand there. Wilburn recognized English’s voice from the
earlier robbery.
At the time of the November robbery, English was wearing much the same
attire as during the previous robbery: a bandana, sunglasses, a baseball cap, a blue
jean jacket or some other kind of jacket, pants, tennis shoes, but no sweatshirt.
Wilburn was able to look at him for approximately two minutes. He stated he was
certain that English was the man who robbed the Safeway store on November 30,
1987.
Wilburn testified that English displayed particular quirks during the August
and November robberies. During the August robbery, English twitched his eyes
when Wilburn looked at him. During the November robbery, English seemed
jumpy, like he “wasn’t all there.” Wilburn noticed the same mannerisms when he
later saw English after his arrest.
Wilburn was cross-examined concerning the photographic lineups. He
stated that he was first presented with a lineup of five pictures at his home.
English’s picture was not in this lineup. None of the pictures looked familiar,
although he did select one that he thought had the same kind of body structure as
the robber. He did not initial this picture; the police thanked him, and left.
Sometime later, an officer presented him at work with a second photo lineup
containing different photos, including a photograph of English. Wilburn picked
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out English’s picture from this lineup and initialed it on the back at the officer’s
request.
On redirect, Wilburn clarified that he had not actually selected anyone from
the first lineup as the robber. English complains that this testimony is
inconsistent with Wilburn’s previous testimony at the preliminary hearing. At the
preliminary hearing, Wilburn stated flatly that after viewing the first lineup “I
picked out a guy and they said that wasn’t him.” Preliminary Hearing Tr. at 15.
English submits that the inconsistency in Wilburn’s testimony concerning
the photographic lineup makes him inherently unreliable as a witness. We
disagree. Although Wilburn gave a more nuanced version of his prior mis-
identification at trial, stating that he had only identified someone with “the [same]
kind of body structure” as the robber, Trial Tr. at 163, there is no doubt that he
picked out English right away when presented with his picture in the second
lineup. Moreover, Wilburn was unequivocal in identifying English as the robber
at trial. He provided an extremely detailed description of the clothing English
was wearing at the time of each robbery, bolstering the credibility of his
observations. Any alleged inconsistency does not undermine his testimony taken
as a whole.
B. Rusher testimony
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Paul Rusher testified that on the evening of November 30, 1987, at about
10:50, he was pulling the extra checks and cash out of the tills. As he was
walking back to the manager’s booth, a man told him he wanted all his money and
the big bills. The man told him to hurry and not to be a hero. Rusher was
looking straight at the man from about ten feet away; the lighting was “pretty
good.” Id. at 172. Rusher identified English as the robber.
Rusher saw that English appeared to be wearing a gun on his belt. He
described English’s clothing using a description similar to the description
Wilburn gave. Rusher gave English the money he requested, about $1200. He
later picked English’s photo out of a lineup. He testified that he was “100 percent
certain” that English was the robber. Id. at 175.
This eyewitness testimony, coupled with the testimony of officers who
prepared and presented the lineups and testimony about the likelihood that the two
robberies were committed by the same person, overwhelmingly implicated English
in the robberies. English presented two witnesses in his defense in an attempt to
provide an alibi on his behalf. These witnesses, however, were equivocal as to
the date and time they claimed to have seen English. In rebuttal, the state
presented the testimony of an employee of the court clerk’s office. She testified
that when she told English that he had warrants outstanding for robberies of
Safeway stores, he replied “‘Oh, yeah, I remember doing those.’” Id. at 255. In
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light of the overwhelming evidence properly presented to the jury, we are
confident that the constitutional error did not have a substantial and injurious
effect in determining the jury’s verdict.
Since the error was harmless, English fails to show that his trial attorney
was ineffective in failing to raise the Confrontation Clause issue. Furthermore,
his appellate attorney was not ineffective in failing to raise the issue of trial
counsel’s ineffectiveness, because the error was harmless. We conclude that
English has not shown entitlement to a COA with regard to his Confrontation
Clause issues.
English’s request for a COA is DENIED and we DISMISS this appeal.
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