Timothy D. PIPPIN, as Conservator for Joshua L. Pippin, a Protected Person, and Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
Pierre ATALLAH, Ruthmarie Shea, and Atallah Development Company & Associates, Inc, d/b/a Adco Associates, Defendants/Cross-defendants/ Cross-plaintiffs-Appellees, and
The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, Defendant/Cross-plaintiff/Cross-defendant.
Docket No. 219428.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted February 14, 2001, at Detroit. Decided March 20, 2001, at 9:00 a.m. Released for Publication May 7, 2001.*912 Hall & Doran, P.L.C. (by Terrence L. Hall), Waterford, for the plaintiffs.
Michael F. Skinner, Lansing, co-attorney, Lansing, for plaintiff Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan.
James J. Raftery and Lisa M. Neddo, Southfield, for Pierre Atallah, Ruthmarie Shea, and Atallah Development Company & Associates, Inc.
Before SMOLENSKI, P.J., and JANSEN and FITZGERALD, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
This premises liability action was filed by Timothy Pippin on behalf of his son, Joshua. After the action was filed, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan was joined as a plaintiff to recover sums paid on Joshua's behalf for health care services related to a diagnosis of traumatic brain injury. The trial court granted a motion for summary disposition brought by defendants-appellees Pierre Atallah, Ruthmarie Shea, and Atallah Development Company & Associates, Inc. (the Atallah defendants). Subsequently, plaintiffs' claims against defendant the Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company (A & P) were voluntarily dismissed with prejudice, and the defendants' cross-claims were voluntarily dismissed on the condition that they could be reinstated if the summary disposition *913 was reversed on appeal. Plaintiffs appeal as of right, arguing that the trial court erred in granting summary disposition for the Atallah defendants. We reverse and remand.
This case involves an incident that occurred in the city of Rochester on June 2, 1992, when then twelve-year-old Joshua collided with a four-foot-high chain while riding a bicycle, causing Joshua to be lifted from his bicycle by the neck, resulting in injuries to his neck, head, and brain. The chain had been strung that same morning in a blacktop parking lot that surrounded what was formerly a grocery store operated by A & P. There is no dispute that the Atallah defendants were the owners and landlord of the property, nor is there any dispute that it was their employee who hung the chain. It is also undisputed that, at the time of the incident, a leasehold in the property was held by A & P and that the lease had been in effect, in one form or another, since 1952. Further, there is no dispute that at the relevant time and since October 1990 A & P had ceased operating a grocery store at that location but was continuing to make payments on its lease.
The record reveals that the eastern edge of the A & P parking lot fronts Main Street, while part of the western edge of the lot abuts Rochester Municipal Park and a hike/bike path known as The Paint Creek Trail. At the back of the lot was a maintained path leading into the park and trail that, for at least ten years before this incident, had been routinely used by members of the public to enter the park or trail without apparent objection from A & P. The record also reveals that the Atallah defendants had concerns about the unrestricted use of the parking lot and premises by the public after A & P stopped operating the grocery store. Customers of neighboring businesses routinely parked their vehicles in the A & P lot, and, according to the Atallah defendants, the property was suffering from the consequences attendant with the frequent presence of unsupervised juveniles. However, representatives from A & P, who had been expressly permitting charitable and civic organizations to use the lot for particular functions, did not view the public's use of the lot as a problem of any significance and declined the Atallah defendants' suggestion that they chain off the parking lot. Consequently, the Atallah defendants took it upon themselves to install two chains. Within hours, and following a series of collisions and near collisions with the chains, the Rochester Police Department removed the chains.
With regard to the Atallah defendants, plaintiffs first alleged that Joshua's injuries were the result of their breach of a duty of care owed to Joshua, and then pleaded a more specific claim under Michigan's attractive nuisance doctrine. Ultimately, the trial court granted summary disposition to the Atallah defendants on the grounds that (1) Joshua was a trespasser, (2) while Joshua was present in the parking lot, the chains represented a condition on the property rather than active negligence on the Atallah defendants' part, and (3) plaintiffs' attractive nuisance theory failed because the dangerous condition stemmed from Joshua's use of the lot as a thoroughfare to the park, rather than from the chains and their placement.
We review decisions on motions for summary disposition de novo. Spiek v. Dep't of Transportation, 456 Mich. 331, 337, 572 N.W.2d 201 (1998). Where, as here, the trial court grants such a motion pursuant to both MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10), and it is clear that the court looked beyond the pleadings, this Court "will treat the motions as having been granted pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10)," which "tests whether there is factual support for *914 a claim." Kefgen v. Davidson, 241 Mich. App. 611, 616, 617 N.W.2d 351 (2000). On a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10), the court considers the affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions, and other documentary evidence to determine whether a genuine issue of material fact exists to warrant a trial. Kefgen, supra at 616, 617 N.W.2d 351. All reasonable inferences are resolved in the nonmoving party's favor. Bertrand v. Alan Ford, Inc., 449 Mich. 606, 617-618, 537 N.W.2d 185 (1995).
Plaintiffs first contend that a question of fact existed with regard to whether Joshua was a trespasser and, therefore, summary disposition was improperly granted. With regard to premises liability actions, persons who enter upon the land or premises of another are either trespassers, licensees, or invitees, with each category having a corresponding standard of care owed by the possessor of real property. Stitt v. Holland Abundant Life Fellowship, 462 Mich. 591, 596, 614 N.W.2d 88 (2000). Generally, if there is evidence from which one could infer a particular person's status on land, then the question is one for the jury. Id. at 595, 614 N.W.2d 88.
"A `licensee' is a person who is privileged to enter the land of another by virtue of the possessor's consent." Id. at 596, 614 N.W.2d 88. Such consent may be either express or implied. Permission may be implied where the owner, or person in control of the property, "acquiesces in the known, customary use of property by the public." Alvin v. Simpson, 195 Mich.App. 418, 420, 491 N.W.2d 604 (1992). Here, plaintiffs presented substantial evidence that traversing the A & P parking lot to get to Rochester Municipal Park and The Paint Creek Trail was a known and customary use of the property by the public. A Rochester Police detective provided a statement to that effect. Moreover, the very fact that there was a maintained pathway running from the park to the A & P lot, with an official sign posted directly at that entrance, supports an inference that, for years, there had been acquiescence by A & P in this use of their lot. That A & P continued to acquiesce in such use is supported by the deposition of the A & P property manager who opined that, in his opinion, the public's use of the lot was "no serious problem." The fact that the Atallah defendants had previously posted "No Parking" signs does not refute this inference, inasmuch as forbidding people to park their vehicles in a particular place does not necessarily convey the message that they may not walk or ride through that same place. Because a rational factfinder could determine that Joshua was a licensee by virtue of A & P's implied permission, the court erred in determining that Joshua was a trespasser.[1]
The Atallah defendants nevertheless contend that, regardless of Joshua's status, the open and obvious doctrine would insulate them from liability. A possessor of land has no duty to give warning of dangers that are open and obvious, inasmuch as such dangers come with their own warning. Where there is a duty to a visitor to make a condition safe (i.e., the duty to an invitee), potential liability will remain for harm from conditions that are still unreasonably dangerous despite their open and obvious nature. Bertrand, supra at 611, 537 N.W.2d 185. However, with regard to licensees, no liability arises if the licensee knows or has reason to know of the danger, or if the possessor should expect *915 that the licensee will discover the danger. Wymer v. Holmes, 429 Mich. 66, 71, 412 N.W.2d 213 (1987). Hence, a possessor of land has no obligation to take any steps to safeguard licensees from conditions that are open and obvious. See Haas v. Ionia, 214 Mich.App. 361, 362, 543 N.W.2d 21 (1995) (the "open and obvious" danger principle establishes awareness and thus ability to avoid the danger).
Although the evidence conflicts regarding whether the chains were marked with caution tape, the occurrence of multiple incidents, and the statements from multiple witnesses, suggest that they were not. Drawing every inference in favor of plaintiffs, we must presume that the chains were not marked with caution tape. Also, the record reveals that these chains were not installed parallel to the sidewalk at the immediate entrances to the parking lot, nor did they surround or chain off access to the parking lot in any significant way so that they could have been easily avoided by anyone who noticed them. Instead they were stretched between light poles at an oblique angle in such a manner that Joshua did not strike the chain until he had traveled some thirty feet into the lot, and would not have struck it at all had he made a sharper right turn from Main Street. Two small signs were hung from each chain, but over the sixty-four-foot length of the chain that Joshua struck, such signs necessarily left significant gaps. One witness stated that, under the reflection of the sun, these silver chains were "not visible straight on." Plaintiffs also tendered the affidavit of an expert in human perception and performance, who stressed two points. First, the chains were inherently difficult to see because they were silver, relatively small in width, and were stretched across an open setting where one's visual attention would be necessarily fixed on objects further in the distance. Second, human perception of objects is based largely on expectations regarding whether such objects would be present. According to the expert, there was nothing, besides the chains themselves, "to create the expectation of such an obstacle." On these bases, the expert opined that the chains represented an extreme hazard. We conclude that the question whether the chains were open and obvious was one for the jury, and, consequently, the court's error in holding that Joshua was a trespasser requires reversal and remand to the trial court.
Because, on remand, the factfinder may ultimately conclude that Joshua was a trespasser, we will address the balance of the issues raised by plaintiffs on appeal. We find it unassailable that, if Joshua was a trespasser, the Atallah defendants should have anticipated his presence because they admittedly were aware that juveniles and others were habitually in the parking lot. Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred in determining that hanging the chains was not "active negligence." Plaintiff's also argue that even if the hanging of the chains was not active negligence, the court erred in failing to acknowledge that the Atallah defendants had a duty to warn known or constant trespassers of a highly dangerous condition pursuant to the rationale of 2 Restatement Torts, 2d, §§ 335, 337. However, the rationale of those Restatement sections has never been adopted in Michigan. In Michigan, the general rule with regard to trespassers is that "[t]he landowner owes no duty to the trespasser except to refrain from injuring him by `wilful and wanton' misconduct." Stitt, supra at 596, 614 N.W.2d 88. This general rule has long been subject to the interpretation that, "after the owner of premises is aware of the presence of a trespasser or licensee, or if in the exercise of ordinary care he should know of their presence, he is bound *916 to use ordinary care to prevent injury to them arising from active negligence." Schmidt v. Michigan Coal & Mining Co., 159 Mich. 308, 311-312, 123 N.W. 1122 (1909). "Active negligence," in this context, involves action or conduct. See Preston v. Austin, 206 Mich. 194, 201, 172 N.W. 377 (1919) ("before the principle of active negligence can apply, some duty must rest upon the defendant which is violated by his conduct or act"). Because the duty to refrain from active negligence only arises after the premises owner becomes aware, or should be aware, of the trespasser's presence, it follows that it does not encompass conduct that occurred before the trespasser arrived.[2]
Plaintiffs also argue that, if Joshua was a trespasser, he was a child trespasser and the court erroneously dismissed their claim that the Atallah defendants breached their duty to him under Michigan's doctrine of "attractive nuisance," which applies to reasonably foreseeable trespassing children.[3] In this regard, Michigan has expressly adopted 2 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 339, which addresses itself to conditions on the property.[4]Rand v. Knapp Shoe Stores, 178 Mich.App. 735, 444 N.W.2d 156 (1989); Murday v. Bales Trucking, Inc., 165 Mich.App. 747, 751-752, 419 N.W.2d 451 (1988); Gilbert v. Sabin, 76 Mich.App. 137, 141-142, 256 N.W.2d 54 (1977).
If the trial court's statement of the law were correct (i.e., that it was Joshua's use of the property, rather than the chains, that created the hazardous condition), there could never be recovery under an *917 attractive nuisance theory. It is apparent to us that the trial court misapplied the reasoning of Rand and Murday. In Rand, a child was struck and injured by a car while on his bicycle. The accident occurred behind the defendant shoe store, where children apparently used the sidewalk as a ramp to jump their bicycles into the alley. The plaintiff lost on appeal because, although the defendant shoe store may have been aware of the condition of the alley, there was no evidence that it was aware that children were using the sidewalk as a bicycle jump. The danger stemmed from the specific way in which the children used the alley, and the defendant lacked knowledge of that use. Rand, supra at 737-742, 444 N.W.2d 156. Similarly, in Murday, the defendants used property for excavation and to dump salvage from buildings. Three children came onto the property and dug a cave into a hill that had been created by the defendants. About five feet in, the cave collapsed on the children. This Court held that it was the children who created the dangerous condition, and further stated: "in order to hold defendants liable in this instance, they had to have notice that children were digging caves or tunnels and thereby subjecting themselves to a dangerous condition." Murday, supra at 753, 419 N.W.2d 451.
The instant case is factually distinguishable from Rand and Murday. First, Joshua did not string the chains, so he cannot be compared to the children in Murday who dug the cave. Second, Joshua did not use the A & P parking lot in a manner that was unknown to the Atallah defendants, so he cannot be compared to the children who used the shoe store alley in a way not known to its owners. Shifting the blame for the hazard from the chains to Joshua's use does not help the Atallah defendants because they were aware, or should have been aware, of both the chains and the use of the lot made by children like Joshua. Therefore, the trial court erred in granting summary disposition to defendants on plaintiffs' attractive nuisance claim.
Reversed and remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. Jurisdiction is not retained.
NOTES
[1] If Joshua was A & P's licensee, the Atallah defendants, as A & P's landlord, may have owed him an even higher duty of care. See Petraszewsky v. Keeth (On Remand), 201 Mich. App. 535, 540-541, 506 N.W.2d 890 (1993).
[2] Plaintiffs' contrary assertion regarding "active negligence" erroneously relies on cases involving licensees and invitees where a possessor's knowledge of a dangerous condition was at issue. That is, where a possessor does have a duty to guard against dangerous conditions, there is a difference between the failure to discover a dangerous condition created by another, and the creation of a dangerous condition by the possessor. Where the possessor is the one who created the condition, knowledge of the condition is imputed to the possessor, but where the condition is created by a third person, there is a factual question regarding whether the possessor should have reasonably discovered the condition. See Williams v. Borman's Foods, Inc., 191 Mich. App. 320, 321, 477 N.W.2d 425 (1991) (proof of notice is not necessary where the defendant's agents created the condition). This concept is applicable in the instant case to demonstrate that the Atallah defendants were aware of the chains because their agent erected them. However, plaintiffs' authority does nothing to contradict the rule that "active negligence," in the context of the duty to known trespassers, means negligent acts or conduct occurring after the trespasser is present.
[3] The term "attractive nuisance" is a misnomer (or historical leftover) because it is not necessary, in order to maintain such an action, that the hazardous condition be the reason that the children came onto the property.
[4] That Restatement section provides:
Artificial Conditions Highly Dangerous to Trespassing Children
A possessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm to children trespassing thereon caused by an artificial condition upon the land if
(a) the place where the condition exists is one upon which the possessor knows or has reason to know that children are likely to trespass, and
(b) the condition is one of which the possessor knows or has reason to know and which he realizes or should realize will involve an unreasonable risk of death or serious bodily harm to such children, and
(c) the children because of their youth do not discover the condition or realize the risk involved in intermeddling with it or in coming within the area made dangerous by it, and
(d) the utility to the possessor of maintaining the condition and the burden of eliminating the danger are slight as compared with the risk to children involved, and
(e) the possessor fails to exercise reasonable care to eliminate the danger or otherwise to protect the children. [2 Restatement Torts, 2d § 339.]