F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
PUBLISH
AUG 25 2003
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
TENTH CIRCUIT
KAW NATION, a federally recognized
Indian Tribe,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v.
No. 02-6169
MARYLN SPRINGER; MARCIE
MEYER; JULIA LOGSDON; and
WANDA STONE,
Defendants - Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Oklahoma
(D.C. No. CIV-02-0332-R)
Submitted on the briefs: *
Michael Minnis and David McCullough, Michael Minnis & Associates, P.C.,
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma for Plaintiff-Appellant.
Dena L. Silliman, Attorney at Law, Denver, Colorado for Defendants-Appellees.
Before EBEL, Circuit Judge, BRORBY, Senior Circuit Judge, and MURPHY,
Circuit Judge.
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case
therefore is ordered submitted without oral argument.
EBEL, Circuit Judge.
Plaintiff-Appellant, Kaw Nation, appeals the dismissal of its complaint
from federal district court for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The tribe
attempted to bring suit in district court against its former officials and other
individuals under a federal criminal statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1163, but failed to
establish that a private cause of action existed under the statute. On appeal, the
tribe reasserts its argument for a private civil cause of action in the criminal
statute, and proffers for the first time an alternate basis of jurisdiction in the
Native American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act
(“NAHASDA”), which appropriates money to Indian tribes for affordable
housing. NAHASDA, codified at 25 U.S.C. § 4101 et seq. The former officials
of the tribe defending suit assert that they should be entitled to qualified
immunity because they acted on behalf of the tribe over the course of events at
issue.
We AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of the tribe’s suit for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction, and do not reach the remaining issues raised. We do
not consider whether the NAHASDA might provide an alternate basis of
jurisdiction because the tribe failed to raise the argument below. See Walker v.
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Mather, 959 F.2d 894, 896 (10th Cir. 1992) (holding that this court will not
consider an issue not properly raised below). We do not consider the merits of
the former tribal officials’ defense of qualified immunity because we affirm the
district court’s dismissal of the tribe’s suit on the ground that § 1163 does not
provide for a private cause of action, and the defense of qualified immunity is
therefore moot. See Griffin v. Davies, 929 F.2d 550, 554 (10th Cir. 1991)
(holding that this court will not “undertake to decide issues that do not affect the
outcome of a dispute”).
BACKGROUND
Because we dismiss the tribe’s suit for lack of subject matter jurisdiction,
we describe the facts of its claim only briefly.
Under the Native American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act
(“NAHASDA”), 25 U.S.C. § 4101 et seq., Congress appropriated monies to
provide affordable housing in Indian areas for low-income Indian families. Block
grants under the Act were to be controlled by the Secretary of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD), see, e.g., 25 U.S.C. § 4111(a), and paid directly to a
recipient for the tribe, see, e.g., id.; 24 C.F.R. § 1000.56. During the events
relevant to this case, the Kaw Nation’s tribally designated housing entity (TDHE)
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eligible to disburse funds under the Act was the Housing Authority of the Kaw
Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma (the Housing Authority).
Defendant Maryln Springer was Executive Director of the Housing
Authority; Defendants Marcie Meyer and Julia Logsdon were recipients of
housing funds through the Housing Authority. The former Chairman of the Kaw
Nation tribe, defendant Wanda Stone, was also allegedly implicated in the misuse
of NAHASDA federal housing monies.
In its complaint, the tribe alleged that these individuals violated clear rules
regarding the use of the federal housing monies. Under NAHASDA, HUD
established maximum spending limits for dwelling construction and equipment
costs for each Indian area. See 24 C.F.R. § 1000.156 (requiring moderate design
for affordable housing, considering factors such as size, cost and amenities). For
the Kaw housing area, the HUD-established maximum amount of federal money
that could be expended on a three-bedroom house for an eligible low-income
Indian family was $74,908. 1 According to the tribe’s complaint, Executive
Director Springer authorized the expenditure of $108,000 in federal monies to
build a three-bedroom house for her daughter Marcie Meyer. Meyer allegedly
knowingly received and retained the benefit of these misapplied federal housing
1
The tribe does not cite the government source from which it draws these
figures. Defendants, however, do not contest the accuracy of the numbers.
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funds. The complaint also alleged that Springer authorized the expenditure of
$121,000 in federal funds to build a three-bedroom house for her niece Julia
Logsdon. Similarly, Logsdon allegedly knowingly received and retained the
benefit of these misapplied federal housing funds.
The tribe’s complaint additionally alleged that Springer violated HUD
maximums on the amount of money that could be used to build a third house, but
the complaint did not name the recipients of those monies as defendants. The
HUD cap for a four-bedroom house was $85,846. The complaint alleged that
Springer authorized $131,000 to build a four-bedroom house for Chris and Debbie
Vap.
The tribe’s complaint further alleged that Springer misused federal housing
funds in other ways. NAHASDA funds were only to be expended on affordable
housing or on the reasonable administrative and planning expenses of the tribe
related to affordable housing projects. 25 U.S.C. § 4111 (g)-(h). On or about
February 15, 2002, Springer allegedly used a Housing Authority credit card to
purchase airline tickets costing $937 for herself and her daughter Brandy Springer
to attend a wedding in Seattle, Washington that was unrelated to official business.
The tribe asserted that additional investigation of Springer’s misuse of small
amounts would uncover improper expenditures totaling more than $10,000.
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Finally, the tribe alleged that Springer and Chairman Stone misused
$10,000 in federal monies to hire Jess Green, an attorney and agent for Ram Jack
of Oklahoma, Inc., a vendor to the Housing Authority, for the purpose of “suing
the Kaw Nation to keep Defendant Springer employed and to harass . . .
Defendant Stone’s political opposition.” Chairman Stone, however, characterized
her action in signing this check for Springer’s expenditure as entirely within her
official capacity as an alternate signer of checks for the Housing Authority.
Procedural History
The district court below dismissed the tribe’s suit for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction. In its complaint, the tribe attempted to invoke federal jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1362. Section 1331 grants federal courts original
jurisdiction over “civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of
the United States.” Section 1362 grants federal district courts jurisdiction over
“all civil actions, brought by any Indian tribe . . ., wherein the matter in
controversy arises under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States.”
Both statutes are thus restricted to conveying jurisdiction over civil actions.
The tribe, however, attempted to bring its civil claims pursuant to a
criminal statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1163. Under 18 U.S.C. § 1163, it is a violation of
federal law to “embezzle[], steal[], knowingly convert[] to his use or the use of
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another, willfully misappl[y], or willfully permit[] to be misapplied, any of the
moneys, funds, credits, goods, assets, or other property belonging to any Indian
tribal organization or intrusted to the custody or care of any officer, employee, or
agent of an Indian tribal organization.” The penalty under 18 U.S.C. § 1163 is a
fine, imprisonment for a term not more than five years, or both. 2 Id. In reaching
its decision, the district court found no private civil right of action in this criminal
statute.
The district court refused to follow the case of Cheyenne-Arapahoe Tribes
of Oklahoma v. Beard, 554 F. Supp. 1, 4 (W.D. Okla. 1980), in which the Western
District of Oklahoma had held that 18 U.S.C. § 1163 could confer a private right
of action for damages upon an Indian tribe. Cheyenne-Arapahoe had been
decided on the basis of the Supreme Court’s 1975 decision in Cort v. Ash, 422
U.S. 66, 79-80 (1975). But Cort’s original multiple-factor test for the presence of
a private right of action has since been consolidated into a single inquiry: whether
Congress, expressly or by implication, intended to create a private right of action
for civil parties in the statute. Schmeling v. Nordam, 97 F.3d 1336, 1343-44
(10th Cir. 1996); Transamerica Mortgage Advisors, Inc. v. Lewis, 444 U.S. 11,
15-16 (1979); see also Sonnenfeld v. City and County of Denver, 100 F.3d 744,
2
If the value of the property misused was less than $1,000, the penalty is a
fine, imprisonment for not more than one year, or both. 18 U.S.C. § 1163.
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747 (10th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1228 (1997) (“Cort 's four factors
have been effectively condensed into one--whether Congress, expressly or by
implication, intended to create a private cause of action.”) (citations omitted).
Applying this modern test, the district court here found that, although the
language and legislative history of § 1163 showed that Congress intended
generally to protect Indian tribal organizations through its enactment, the statute
did not contain a private civil right of action because there is no indication that
Congress intended to provide the tribes with such an enforcement mechanism.
For this analysis, the district court relied on the decision in Chilkat Indian Village
v. Johnson, 643 F. Supp. 535 (D. Alaska 1986), aff’d, 870 F.2d 1469 (9th Cir.
1989). As the district court here observed, Chilkat explained that “[n]othing in
the language or structure of § 1163 suggests that Congress intended to create
anything more than criminal liability.” 643 F. Supp. at 536. The statute’s
legislative history was instead “quite brief, and states that its purpose was ‘to
provide a [federal] criminal penalty’ for theft or conversion of Indian property,
owing to difficulties that had been encountered in bringing criminal prosecutions
for such offenses in tribal courts.” (Slip op. at 4 (citing Chilkat, 643 F. Supp. at
536).)
Accordingly, the district court concluded that it had no subject matter
jurisdiction over the suit brought by the Kaw Nation, and it dismissed
the case.
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(Id. at 4-5.) We affirm the district’s court’s decision.
DISCUSSION
We review questions of law de novo. Elder v. Holloway, 510 U.S. 510, 516
(1994); Dang v. UNUM Life Ins. Co. of Am., 175 F.3d 1186, 1189 (10th Cir.
1999).
We agree that no private right of action for civil parties exists under 18
U.S.C. § 1163. In reaching this conclusion, we find the Ninth Circuit’s reasoning
in rejecting a similar attempt to bring a civil claim under 18 U.S.C. § 1163 to be
persuasive. In Chilkat Indian Village v. Johnson, 870 F.2d 1469 (9th Cir. 1989),
the defendants removed from an Indian village carved wooden posts and a
wooden partition described as “the finest example of Native art, either Tlingit or
Tsimshian, in Alaska.” Id. at 1471 (citation omitted). The State of Alaska began
a criminal investigation, located the artifacts in a warehouse in Seattle, and took
custody of them. Id. The village filed suit, seeking return of the artifacts as well
as monetary damages for their removal under § 1163. Id. The Alaskan federal
district court found that the tribe had no private right of action under the criminal
statute and dismissed for lack of federal subject matter jurisdiction. Id.
The Ninth Circuit affirmed, agreeing that § 1163 provided no private right
of action. Id. at 1472. Quoting the Supreme Court, the Ninth Circuit emphasized
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that the “central inquiry remain[ed] whether Congress intended to create, either
expressly or by implication, a private cause of action.” Id. (quoting Touche Ross
& Co. v. Redington, 442 U.S. 560, 575 (1979)). Turning first to the statute’s
language and structure, the appellate court found it devoid of inference that
Congress intended to create a private right of action. Id. (“Nothing in the
language or statutory structure of § 1163 gives rise to an inference that Congress
intended to create a private right of action.”). An analysis of the brief history of
the statute also revealed no suggestion that Congress intended a private right of
action. 3 The decision examined a letter from an Assistant Secretary of the
3
The full text of the appellate court’s analysis of § 1163’s legislative
history is as follows:
The legislative history suggests that Congress was wholly concerned
with criminal, rather than civil, objectives. The Senate Report
accompanying section 1163 consists primarily of a letter from
Assistant Secretary of the Interior Andaahl, who described problems
attending the expansion of fiduciary responsibilities of tribal
officials:
“[I]n most instances the creation of fiduciary positions has not been
paralleled by corresponding safeguards in the law and order codes
under which the tribes operate. Even in those instances where
criminal sanctions are provided in the tribal codes, the tribal
members have been extremely reluctant to bring actions in the tribal
courts against apparently faithless tribal officials. . . . In these
circumstances, it is important that adequtae [sic] penal safeguards be
established to protect the tribal members from actions of dishonest or
corrupt tribal officials and other types of peculation.”
(continued...)
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Interior, which described the need for the law solely in terms of providing “penal
safeguards,” as opposed to a civil remedy, and noted that § 1163 was modeled
after other criminal statutes (18 U.S.C. §§ 641, 656, and 660), none of which have
been found to give rise to private civil rights of action. Id. The Ninth Circuit
thus concluded that, “[i]n the absence . . . of any basis for inferring an intent on
the part of Congress to create a private remedy, we are not free to fashion one.”
Id. (citing Thompson v. Thompson, 484 U.S. 174, 108 S. Ct. 513, 520; Touche
Ross, 442 U.S. at 576).
3
(...continued)
Sen. Rep. No. 2723 (1956), reprinted at 1956 U.S. Code Cong. &
Admin. News 3841, 3842. In light of these difficulties in “obtaining
the prosecution of persons who misused tribal property [,]” the
Committee recommended passage. Id. The clear congressional
emphasis seems to have been upon replacing a defective tribal
criminal penalty with an effective federal one; a civil remedy cannot
be fit easily into the picture.
Finally, the same legislative history recites that section 1163 is
modeled after 18 U.S.C. §§ 641, 656 and 660. Id. As the district
court noted, Chilkat, 643 F. Supp. at 536-37, none of those sections
has been held to give rise to a private right of action. In the absence,
then, of any basis for inferring an intent on the part of Congress to
create a private remedy, we are not free to fashion one. See
Thompson v. Thompson, 484 U.S. 174, 108 S. Ct. 513 at 520 (1988);
Touche Ross, 442 U.S. at 576, 99 S. Ct. at 2489. We therefore
affirm the district court's dismissal of the Village's section 1163
claim.
Chilkat, 870 F.2d at 1472.
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On appeal, the tribe, nevertheless, makes three arguments that it should
have a private right of action under § 1163 despite the Ninth Circuit’s analysis.
None of the tribe’s arguments have merit.
First, the tribe contends that Chilkat should be distinguished on its facts
because that decision concerned a suit against individuals who had removed
artifacts from a tribe’s control, rather than officials who had misused funds
entrusted to a tribe. We reject this argument because this distinction does not
affect the legal reasoning of Chilkat.
Second, the tribe argues that the Ninth Circuit in Chilkat gave insufficient
weight to language in the Supreme Court case of Thompson v. Thompson, 484
U.S. 174 (1988), which acknowledged that a private right of action could be
inferred from congressional language, as well as explicitly stated. The sentence
the tribe refers to in Thompson was “Our focus on congressional intent does not
mean that we require evidence that Members of Congress, in enacting the statute,
actually had in mind the creation of a private right of action.” 484 U.S. at 179.
The rest of the paragraph in Thompson, however, puts the sentence in context.
The Thompson Court concluded that “[t]he intent of Congress remains the
ultimate issue, . . . and ‘unless this congressional intent can be inferred from the
language of the statute, the statutory structure, or some other source, the essential
predicate for implication of a private remedy simply does not exist.’” Thompson,
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484 U.S. at 179 (quoting Northwest Airlines, Inc. v. Transport Workers, 451 U.S.
77, 94 (1981)). The Chilkat court then correctly focused on whether the language
or history of § 1163 explicitly or implicitly demonstrated that Congress intended
to create a private right of action. It properly concluded that they did not.
Third, the tribe makes a policy argument that it should not be at the mercy
of the U.S. Attorney’s Office to prosecute cases of criminal wrongdoing, but cites
no new law or legislative history to suggest that Congress has recognized, or
sought to remedy, reliance on the services of the U.S. Attorney’s Office as a
problem in the implementation of § 1163. Whatever the merits may be of creating
a mechanism for tribes to enforce laws against the misuse of federal funds, § 1163
does not provide such a federal mechanism and we are not free to rewrite the
statute to include one. 4
Accordingly, we find the Ninth Circuit’s analysis of the question in Chilkat
to be persuasive, and we AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of the Kaw
Nation’s case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
4
Presumably the tribe may have state or tribal remedies available against
these defendants.
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CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we find no private civil cause of action in 18
U.S.C. § 1163. We AFFIRM the dismissal of the Kaw Nation’s suit under the
statute for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
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