IN RE ALLSTATE TEXAS LLOYDS AND DAVID RADIGAN, Relators.
No. 13-06-00245-CV.Court of Appeals of Texas, Thirteenth District, Corpus Christi.
Opinion delivered and filed September 14, 2006.Before Justices HINOJOSA, RODRIGUEZ, and GARZA.
OPINION
Opinion by Justice HINOJOSA
The underlying civil action is a suit for damages based on an alleged breach of a homeowner's policy. The real party in interest, Minerva Martinez, filed suit against relators, Allstate Texas Lloyd's and David Radigan ("Allstate"),[1] for breach of contract and extra-contractual "bad faith" claims under the common law, the Texas Insurance Code, and the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act. The real party in interest rejected Allstate's offer to settle the disputed part of the contract claim. Allstate moved to sever and abate the extra-contractual claims from the contract action on grounds its offer to settle the contract claims would be prejudicial in the breach of contract case.[2]
The Honorable Bobby Flores, sitting temporarily in the 93rd District Court of Hidalgo County, denied the motion, but ordered that "any admissible evidence regarding Plaintiff's extra-contractual claims that is prejudicial to Plaintiff's contract claim will be bifurcated from the other evidence in this case." This original proceeding ensued. After due consideration of the petition for writ of mandamus and the response thereto, we deny relators' petition for writ of mandamus as discussed herein.
A. Mandamus
The alleged wrongful denial of the motion to sever and abate may be reviewed by petition for writ of mandamus. See In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d 124, 136 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding).
B. Severance
A separate trial of any claim or issue may be ordered by the trial court in furtherance of convenience or to avoid prejudice. Tex. R. Civ. P. 174(b). Under the rules of civil procedure, any claim against a party may be severed and proceeded with separately. Tex. R. Civ. P. 41. We review the trial court's decision to deny a motion to sever for an abuse of discretion. See Liberty Nat'l Fire Ins. Co. v. Akin, 927 S.W.2d 627, 629 (Tex. 1996). A claim is properly severable if (1) the controversy involves more than one cause of action, (2) the severed claim is one that would be the proper subject of a lawsuit if independently asserted, and (3) the severed claim is not so interwoven with the remaining action that they involve the same facts and issues. See Guar. Fed. Sav. Bank v. Horseshoe Operating Co., 793 S.W.2d 652, 658 (Tex. 1990) (op. on reh'g); see also Tex. R. Civ. P. 41 (providing that "actions which have been improperly joined may be severed . . . on such terms as are just. Any claim against a party may be severed and proceeded with separately.").
The controlling reasons for a severance are to do justice, avoid prejudice, and further convenience. Guar. Fed. Sav. Bank, 793 S.W2d at 658. The trial court abuses its discretion if it fails to order a severance when "all of the facts and circumstances of the case unquestionably require a separate trial to prevent manifest injustice, and there is no fact or circumstance supporting or tending to support a contrary conclusion, and the legal rights of the parties will not be prejudiced thereby." Womack v. Berry, 156 Tex. 44, 291 S.W.2d 677, 682-83 (1956) (orig. proceeding).
C. Contractual and Extra-Contractual Claims
In the instant case, relators contend that severance and abatement are mandatory. According to relators, "Texas courts mandate that claims must be severed and abated when an insurer has made a settlement offer on a disputed contract claim in cases involving both contractual and extra-contractual claims." In fact, relators contend that the "trial court had no discretion in determining whether severance and abatement of extra-contractual claims were proper."
In contrast, the real party in interest argues that the trial court retains discretion to determine the necessity for severance, even in the context of bad-faith cases. The real party in interest further attacks the alleged settlement offer at issue in terms of its timing, its amount, and its authorization with regard to whether or not the settlement offer constituted a bona fide effort to settle the contractual claims. Finally, the real party in interest asserts that the bifurcation order will prevent any prejudice to Allstate.
There are a multitude of cases examining the propriety of, or necessity for, severance in the context of insurance litigation involving contractual and extra-contractual claims. In 1996, the Texas Supreme Court rejected "an inflexible rule that would deny the trial court all discretion and . . . require severance in every case [involving bad-faith insurance claims], regardless of the likelihood of prejudice." Liberty Nat. Fire Ins. Co. v. Akin, 927 S.W.2d 627, 630 (Tex. 1996) (orig. proceeding). Thus, the question of whether to sever lies within the discretion of the trial judge. Id. In Akin, the Texas Supreme Court directly addressed the propriety of severance in the context of bad faith claims.
A severance may nevertheless be necessary in some bad faith cases. A trial court will undoubtedly confront instances in which evidence admissible only on the bad faith claim would prejudice the insurer to such an extent that a fair trial on the contract claim would become unlikely. One example would be when the insurer has made a settlement offer on the disputed contract claim. See Scurlock Oil Co. v. Smithwick, 724 S.W.2d 1, 4 (Tex. 1986) (holding that settlement offers are inadmissible to prove or disprove liability on a claim). As we have noted, some courts have concluded that the insurer would be unfairly prejudiced by having to defend the contract claim at the same time and before the same jury that would consider evidence that the insurer had offered to settle the entire dispute. See, e.g., Lerner, 901 S.W.2d at 753; Northwestern Nat'l, 862 S.W.2d at 46; F.A. Richard, 856 S.W.2d at 767; United States Fire Ins. Co., 847 S.W.2d at 673; Wilborn, 835 S.W.2d at 262. While we concur with these decisions, we hasten to add that evidence of this sort simply does not exist in this case. In the absence of a settlement offer on the entire contract claim, or other compelling circumstances, severance is not required. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Hunter, 865 S.W.2d 189, 194 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1993, orig. proceeding); Progressive County Mut. Ins. Co. v. Parks, 856 S.W.2d 776, 777 (Tex. App.-El Paso 1993, orig. proceeding).
Id.
Several post-Akin original proceedings grant mandamus and compel severance in insurance cases involving breach of contract claims and bad faith claims where there are settlement offers. See, e.g., In re Trinity Universal Ins. Co., 64 S.W.3d 463, 468 (Tex. App.-Amarillo 2001, orig. proceeding) (trial court abused its discretion by denying severance since the insurer had a substantial right to exclude evidence of its settlement offers and negotiations in the trial of the UIM claim).[3] The language utilized in some of these opinions would seem to suggest that severance is mandatory if there is a settlement offer on the disputed part of the contract case. See, e.g., In re Republic Lloyds, 104 S.W.3d 354, 358 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, orig. proceeding) ("Thus, pursuant to Akin, a severance is required when the insurer has made a settlement offer on the entire breach of contract claim.").[4]
We reject any contention that Akin mandates severance in all bad faith cases as a matter of course. It is clear that, as a fundamental matter, the Texas Supreme Court has directed us that the standard of review on severance is abuse of discretion, even in the instant context, that is, when an insurer has made a settlement offer on a disputed contract claim in a case involving both contractual and extra-contractual claims. Akin, 927 S.W.2d at 630. Prejudice is not simply presumed merely because contract and bad faith claims are joined in the same action. See Allstate Ins. Co. v. Hunter, 865 S.W.2d 189, 194 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1993, orig. proceeding) (relators failed to carry their burden of proof in showing prejudice, as there was no presumption that the mere joining of contract and bad faith claims created a conflict requiring severance and relators made only generalized allegations of prejudice). Therefore, severance is not always required. See Akin, 927 S.W.2d at 630 (rejecting inflexible rule that would deny trial court all discretion and require severance whenever contractual and bad faith claims are asserted in the same action); see also Hunter, 865 S.W.2d at 193 (no general prohibition against trying contract claims and bad faith claims together nor is severance of such claims always required); Progressive County Mut. Ins. Co. v. Parks, 856 S.W.2d 776, 778 (Tex. App.-El Paso 1993, orig. proceeding) (mandamus will not automatically issue to require severance or separate trial of contractual and bad faith claims). Rather, the burden is on the party seeking severance to show how it will be prejudiced if the claims are tried together and to present the evidence to the trial court, in camera if necessary, that forms the basis of its claims. See Hunter, 865 S.W.2d at 194. In other words, relators must still carry the burden of proof to show that severance is required. See, e.g., In re Republic Lloyds, 104 S.W.3d 354, 359-60 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, orig. proceeding) (where homeowner's proof of loss statement was adequately explained by homeowner, and given inconclusive nature of proof regarding relators' offer to settle, relators did not conclusively prove they offered to settle entire breach of contract claim); see also In re Allstate Ins. Co., No. 06-05-051-CV, 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 3610, *6 (Tex. App.-Texarkana May 11, 2005, orig. proceeding) (memorandum opinion) ("Allstate has not provided this Court with evidence of what settlement offer was tendered, if any"); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Evins, 894 S.W.2d 847, 850 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1995, orig. proceeding) (denial of insurers' motion to sever contractual and extra-contractual claims was proper because it was assumed that jury would follow limiting instruction to limit their consideration of settlement offers to determination of bad faith claims).
We conclude that the relators have failed to carry their burden to such an extent that "a fair trial on the contract claim would become unlikely." Akin, 927 S.W.3d at 630. As noted previously, the trial court ordered bifurcation of the trial as to evidence regarding the bad faith claims that is prejudicial to the contract claim. The trial court's order states, in part:
ORDERED that Defendants' Motion for Severance and Abatement is DENIED. The trial of Plaintiff's contractual and extra-contractual claims will be tried to the same jury at the same time. However, any admissible evidence regarding Plaintiff's extra-contractual claims that is prejudicial to Plaintiff's contract claim will be bifurcated from the other evidence in this case.
Given the bifurcation, Allstate has not met its burden to show the court how it would be prejudiced by denial of its motion for severance. In re Republic Lloyds, 104 S.W.3d at 358; see In re Ben E. Keith Co., No. 02-06-071-CV, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 6836, *12-*13 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth Aug. 3, 2006, orig. proceeding) (opinion) (discussing bifurcation as cure for prejudice); see also In re Allstate Ins. Co., 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 3610, at *5. ("Here, bifurcating the issues into two trials allows for the necessary protections for each party within the trial court's discretion.").
D. Conclusion
We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Allstate's motion to sever. Accordingly, we deny relators' petition for writ of mandamus.
NOTES
[1] VIP Insurance was also a defendant in the proceeding below, but is not a party to this original proceeding.
[2] In most instances, an insured may not prevail on a bad faith claim without first showing that the insurer breached the contract. Republic Ins. Co. v. Stoker, 903 S.W.2d 338, 341 (Tex. 1995). When both types of claims are tried together, the insurer could be forced to choose between (1) insisting on its right to exclude evidence of settlement negotiations and coverage determinations, thereby losing the advantage of showing that it was attempting to be reasonable in defense of the bad faith claims, and (2) putting on such evidence and risking a prejudicial inference that it has admitted liability on the contract. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Hunter, 865 S.W.2d 189, 193-94 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1993, no pet.). Thus, depending on the facts of the case, the insurer could be prejudiced to such an extent that a fair trial on the contract claim would become unlikely. See Liberty Nat'l Fire Ins. Co. v. Akin, 927 S.W.2d 627, 631 (Tex. 1996).
[3] See also In re State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., No. 14-06-00161-CV, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 3639, *4 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] April 27, 2006, orig. proceeding) (memorandum opinion) (insurer was entitled to mandamus relief compelling trial court to sever and abate uninsured motorist breach of contract claim from insured's extra-contractual claims because insured had filed a breach of contract claim as well as extra-contractual claims and settlement offer had been made by insurer, which did not have an adequate remedy by appeal); In re Allstate Tex. Lloyd's, No. 14-05-00762-CV, 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 7333, *11 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] Sept. 2, 2005, orig. proceeding) (memorandum opinion) (denial of relator's motion to sever was improper pursuant to Texas Rules of Civil Procedure 41 and 174(b) where the trial of the contractual claims, along with the bad faith claims, would not have afforded the relator an adequate remedy by appeal; the court was unpersuaded by real parties' assertion that the settlement offer was irrelevant under Texas Rule of Evidence 408 to the bad faith claim); In re Allstate Ins. Co., No. 01-02-01235-CV, 2003 Tex. App. LEXIS 4024, *4 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, orig. proceeding) (memorandum opinion) (trial court erred by denying the insurer's motion to sever and abate the extra-contractual claims from the breach of contract claim, so that evidence of the settlement offer would not be admitted in the breach of contract case).
[4] See also In re Trinity Universal Ins. Co., No. 12-03-00314-CV, 2003 Tex. App. LEXIS 10095, *6 (Tex. App.-Tyler Nov. 26, 2003, orig. proceeding) (memorandum opinion) (where no settlement offer, insurer failed to meet its burden to show that it would be prejudiced if the insured's contract and bad faith claims were tried together, therefore, trial court did not err in denying the insurer's motion to sever and abate the bad faith claims).