Archuleta v. Wagner

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit

April 29, 2008
PUBLISH Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

MERCEDES ARCHULETA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,
No. 07-1108
v.

MICHELLE WAGNER, a detective
with the Lakewood Police Department,
in her individual capacity; SHAYNE
BUTLER, an officer with the Colorado
Highway Patrol, in his individual
capacity; TED MINK, Jefferson
County Sheriff, in his official
capacity,

Defendants,

and

D.L. MANDELKO, a jailer with the
Jefferson County Jail, in her
individual capacity,

Defendant - Appellant.

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
(D.C. No. 06-cv-02061-LTB-MJW)

Timothy MacDonald (Andrew S. Kelley, on the brief), Arnold & Porter, L.L.P.,
Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff - Appellee.

Writer Mott, Assistant County Attorney (Ellen G. Wakeman, Acting County
Attorney and Patricia W. Gilbert, Assistant County Attorney, on the briefs),
Jefferson County Attorney’s Office, Golden, Colorado, for Defendant - Appellant.

Before KELLY, LUCERO, and HARTZ, Circuit Judges.

KELLY, Circuit Judge.

Defendant-Appellant D.L. Mandelko appeals from the district court’s order

denying her qualified immunity. In this civil-rights action, Plaintiff-Appellee

Mercedes Archuleta alleged in pertinent part that Deputy Mandelko violated her

Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights by strip searching her. See 42 U.S.C.

§ 1983. Ms. Archuleta was strip searched pursuant to an incorrect arrest warrant.

We have jurisdiction because the district court’s order rejecting Deputy

Mandelko’s assertion of a qualified-immunity defense on a motion to dismiss is a

“final decision” under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, Johnson v. Fankell, 520 U.S. 911, 915

(1997), and affirm.

Background

The correct standard for reviewing a motion to dismiss in a qualified-

immunity case is the same as for dismissals generally. Moya v. Schollenbarger,

465 F.3d 444, 455 (10th Cir. 2006). The court of appeals is “limited to assessing

the legal sufficiency of the allegations contained within the four corners of the

complaint” and therefore all of the facts recounted below are taken directly from

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that document. Jojola v. Chavez, 55 F.3d 488, 494 (10th Cir. 1995); see Aplt.

App., tab 1 (Complaint).

On April 18, 2005, police from Lakewood, Colorado responded to a call

regarding an altercation between two women at a Walgreens store. Upon their

arrival, the alleged victim, Alexandria Silvas, told the police that she had a fight

with her girlfriend who was no longer at the scene. Ms. Silvas told the authorities

that she did not suffer any injuries, she did not wish to press charges, she had

been involved in an intimate relationship with her girlfriend for the past three

months, her girlfriend’s name was Mercedes Archuleta, her girlfriend was

approximately 42 to 43 years old, and she and her girlfriend both had outstanding

arrest warrants. Ms. Silvas did not provide any other information. Police later

found that there were no outstanding warrants for either Ms. Silvas or “Mercedes

Archuleta.”

According to a Colorado Bureau of Investigations database, a woman

named Phyllis Rivera used the name “Mercedes Archuleta” as an alias. Based

only upon the information supplied by Ms. Silvas and upon a call to Ms. Silvas’s

foster mother who had not heard from Ms. Silvas since November 2004, Detective

Michelle Wagner of the Lakewood Police Department swore out an affidavit and

obtained an arrest warrant for a “Mercedes Archuleta.” This affidavit contained

identifying information Detective Wagner found in motor-vehicle records for

Plaintiff and Ms. Rivera’s criminal history. The Lakewood Municipal Court then

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issued an arrest warrant for “Mercedes Archuleta” for allegedly violating a

municipal ordinance prohibiting “harassment,” although it appears from the briefs

that the arrest warrant listed “DV–Harassment” as the alleged crime pursuant to

Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-6-801.6. 1 Aplt. Br. at 15; Aplee. Br. at 5.

On June 12, 2005, Ms. Archuleta—a 46-year-old mother of nine—and some

of her children were riding in the family van driven by Ms. Archuleta’s husband.

They were stopped by Officer Shane Butler because there was an extra child in

the back seat. Although Ms. Archuleta’s husband was the driver, Officer Butler

requested Ms. Archuleta’s driver’s license in addition to her husband’s. Officer

Butler took the licenses to his patrol car and, upon returning, told Ms. Archuleta

to get out of the car, handcuffed her, and frisked her. Officer Butler told her that

she was under arrest pursuant to an arrest warrant for domestic violence and took

her to the Jefferson County, Colorado Detention Facility.

At the facility, Ms. Archuleta was frisked two more times in the waiting

area. She pleaded mistaken identity with Deputy Mandelko, a booking officer on

duty. After Deputy Mandelko found the correct file on her computer, it was

apparent to her that Ms. Archuleta did not have the moles or tattoos that the

computer file stated she was supposed to have because Ms. Archuleta was

1
Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-6-801.6 states that “[a]ny person completing or
preparing a[n] . . . application for an arrest warrant shall indicate on the face of
such document whether the facts forming the basis of the alleged criminal act, if
proven, could constitute domestic violence as defined in section 18-6-800.3(1).”

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wearing shorts and a sleeveless blouse. Deputy Mandelko asked Ms. Archuleta

“where are your moles and tattoos?” and told a receptionist “this isn’t her.”

Deputy Mandelko continued to process and strip search Ms. Archuleta

nonetheless, knowing Ms. Archuleta was the wrong person, was not to be placed

in the general prison population, and had not been charged with a crime involving

weapons or drugs.

As she was standing naked, Ms. Archuleta began to lactate. Ms. Archuleta

tried to cover herself but was told by Deputy Mandelko to put her arms down.

Deputy Mandelko told a male jailer to cut a maxi-pad in half for Ms. Archuleta to

use. He did so, although neither the male officer nor Deputy Mandelko were

wearing gloves while handling the pad. Ms. Archuleta was continually mocked

by Deputy Mandelko and the male officer during this incident and Deputy

Mandelko told Ms. Archuleta that she knew she was innocent.

Ms. Archuleta was then taken to a holding room before being placed in a

cell by herself for several hours. Her husband posted bail and she was released.

The charges against her were eventually dismissed.

Ms. Archuleta filed a complaint on October 17, 2006 against Detective

Wagner, Deputy Mandelko, Officer Butler, and Sheriff Ted Mink, the Jefferson

County Sheriff, seeking a declaratory judgment, compensatory and punitive

damages, and attorney fees and costs. On motions to dismiss, the district court

dismissed some claims based upon assertions of qualified immunity. Archuleta v.

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Wagner, No. 06-2061, 2007 WL 646317 (D. Colo. Feb. 27, 2007). The district

court dismissed a claim against Deputy Mandelko for unlawful seizure and

deprivation of liberty without due process but allowed the claim against her for an

unreasonable search arising out of the strip search to survive. First, the district

court reasoned that Deputy Mandelko had no duty to investigate Ms. Archuleta’s

claims of innocence and did not deprive Ms. Archuleta of due process by

detaining her. With respect to the strip-search claim, based upon the allegations

in the complaint, the district court held that Deputy Mandelko could have violated

Ms. Archuleta’s clearly established constitutional rights because Ms. Archuleta

had been patted down before the strip search, she was held alone in a cell while

awaiting bail, and Deputy Mandelko had a subjective belief in Ms. Archuleta’s

innocence. Deputy Mandelko appeals the district court’s denial of qualified

immunity on the strip-search claim.

Discussion

We review the denial of qualified immunity de novo. Eidson v. Owens,

515 F.3d 1139, 1145 (10th Cir. 2008). “[G]overnment officials performing

discretionary functions generally are granted a qualified immunity and are

shielded from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate

clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person

would have known.” Wilson v. Layne, 526 U.S. 603, 609 (1999) (quotation

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omitted). “[W]e accept as true all well-pleaded facts, as distinguished from

conclusory allegations, and view those facts in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party.” Moya, 465 F.3d at 455 (quotation omitted). “The court must

view all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff, and the pleadings must be

liberally construed.” Ruiz v. McDonnell, 299 F.3d 1173, 1181 (10th Cir. 2002).

The complaint must plead sufficient facts, taken as true, to provide “plausible

grounds” that discovery will reveal evidence to support the plaintiff’s allegations.

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1965 (2007).

Once the qualified-immunity defense is asserted, “the plaintiff initially

bears a heavy two-part burden. First, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the

defendant’s actions violated a constitutional or statutory right. Second, the

plaintiff must show that the constitutional or statutory rights the defendant

allegedly violated were clearly established at the time of the conduct at issue.”

Albright v. Rodriguez, 51 F.3d 1531, 1534 (10th Cir. 1995) (citations omitted).

“A plaintiff can demonstrate that a constitutional right is clearly established by

reference to cases from the Supreme Court, the Tenth Circuit, or the weight of

authority from other circuits.” Anderson v. Blake, 469 F.3d 910, 914 (10th Cir.

2006). “[T]here need not be precise factual correspondence between earlier cases

and the case at hand, because general statements of the law are not inherently

incapable of giving fair and clear warning.” Id. at 913-14 (quotation and ellipsis

omitted). The right must only be “sufficiently clear that a reasonable official

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would understand that what he is doing violates that right.” Id. at 913 (quotation

omitted).

We proceed in two steps. First, we consider whether the conduct alleged

constitutes a constitutional violation; only if we conclude that it does do we

address whether the constitutional right violated was clearly established. Eidson,

515 F.3d at 1145. Deputy Mandelko argues that it was reasonable under the

Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to strip search Ms. Archuleta because Ms.

Archuleta was charged with a violent crime (“domestic violence–harassment”),

Aplt. Br. at 15-17, and because she could rely on the facially valid warrant for

Ms. Archuleta’s arrest, id. at 21-28. Tenth Circuit law is far more nuanced,

however, and makes clear that the circumstances alleged in this case do not

provide justification for a strip search. See Foote v. Spiegel, 118 F.3d 1416, 1425

(10th Cir. 1997); Cottrell v. Kaysville City, Utah, 994 F.2d 730, 734-35 (10th Cir.

1993); Hill v. Bogans, 735 F.2d 391, 394 (10th Cir. 1984).

The Fourth Amendment “requires a balancing of the need for the particular

search against the invasion of personal rights that the search entails.” Bell v.

Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 559 (1979). 2 “Courts must consider the scope of the

particular intrusion, the manner in which it is conducted, the justification for

2
Bell concerned strip searches of “pretrial detainees—those persons who
have been charged with a crime but who have not yet been tried on the
charge”—and not individuals like Ms. Archuleta who were strip searched during
the booking process. 441 U.S. at 523. We do not comment today on strip
searches of detainees after they have been booked.

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initiating it, and the place in which it is conducted.” Id. With respect to the

scope of the search, “[t]here can be no doubt that a strip search is an invasion of

personal rights of the first magnitude.” Chapman v. Nichols, 989 F.2d 393, 395

(10th Cir. 1993). In addition, there are no allegations in the complaint regarding

the place in which Deputy Mandelko strip searched Ms. Archuleta. We therefore

focus on the justification for the search and, because we hold Deputy Mandelko

had no legally sufficient justification for the search based on Ms. Archuleta’s

allegations, decline to address whether the alleged manner in which the search

was conducted supports Ms. Archuleta’s claim.

We have articulated two primary concerns in determining whether a strip

search is reasonable for the purposes of the Fourth Amendment: whether a

detainee is to be placed in the general prison population and whether there is

reasonable suspicion that the detainee has concealed weapons, drugs, or

contraband. See Warner v. Grand County, 57 F.3d 962, 964 (10th Cir. 1995);

Hill, 735 F.2d at 394. “Courts have consistently recognized a distinction between

detainees awaiting bail and those entering the jail population when evaluating the

necessity of a strip search under constitutional standards.” Cottrell, 994 F.2d at

735. In this case, Ms. Archuleta alleges that she never intermingled with the

general prison population but rather was “confined in a cell by herself for several

hours” before her husband posted bail. Complaint ¶ 84. The obvious security

concerns inherent in a situation where the detainee will be placed in the general

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prison population are simply not apparent here.

Deputy Mandelko also could not have had reasonable suspicion that Ms.

Archuleta had a weapon under these circumstances. Reasonable suspicion for a

search is a minimum level of objective justification “based on the totality of the

circumstances, taking into account an officer’s reasonable inferences based on

training, experience, and common sense.” United States v. Rice, 483 F.3d 1079,

1083 (10th Cir. 2007). “The officer need not be absolutely certain that the

individual is armed; the issue is whether a reasonably prudent [person] in the

circumstances would be warranted in the belief that [her] safety or that of others

was in danger.” Id. at 1082-83 (quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27 (1968)). In

this case, based upon the clothing Ms. Archuleta was wearing, the three “pat

downs” she endured prior to being booked, 3 and the absence of any tattoos or

moles indicating she was the culprit, Deputy Mandelko could not reasonably

suspect the Ms. Archuleta had a weapon on her person. See Foote, 118 F.3d at

3
Although there are no specific allegations in the complaint that Deputy
Mandelko knew about these previous pat downs (or any of the circumstances
surrounding Ms. Archuleta’s arrest), drawing inferences in the light most
favorable to Ms. Archuleta, see Ruiz, 299 F.3d at 1181, we can assume that a
reasonable officer in Deputy Mandelko’s position would know that Ms. Archuleta
was frisked—at her arrest and in the waiting area—before being booked. “When
an arrest is made, it is reasonable for the arresting officer to search the person
arrested in order to remove any weapons that the latter might seek to use in order
to resist arrest or effect [her] escape.” Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752, 762-
63 (1969). Such searches at an arrest are routine, and Deputy Mandelko, as a
booking officer, had to have known that other officers would have frisked Ms.
Archuleta in the waiting area as well.

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1425.

In Foote, this court held that officers could not have had reasonable

suspicion that a detainee had drugs to justify a strip search after a previous pat

down of the detainee through her “light summer clothing” did not reveal anything.

Id. at 1425. “Almost anything the strip search could have revealed would already

have been discovered in the pat-down search.” Id. The complaint alleges that

Ms. Archuleta was wearing shorts and a sleeveless blouse when she was booked

by Deputy Mandelko and that she had been patted down once by Officer Butler at

her arrest and twice by unidentified officers in the waiting area at the detention

facility. Complaint ¶ 64, 73. None of the frisks uncovered any weapons or

contraband. Id. In addition, Deputy Mandelko was privy to the fact that Ms.

Archuleta did not have Ms. Rivera’s identifying marks. Id. ¶ 75. These facts

indicate that a reasonable officer could not have had suspicion that Ms. Archuleta

had a concealed weapon. See Rice, 483 F.3d at 1082-83; Foote, 118 F.3d at 1425.

Although the district court (in ruling on the due-process claim) and Deputy

Mandelko are correct in stating that Deputy Mandelko was in no position to

investigate whether Ms. Archuleta was guilty or innocent once she was brought to

the Jefferson County Detention Facility under arrest, Aplt. App. at 172; Aplt. Br.

at 22; see Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 145-46 (1979), this has little bearing

on whether Deputy Mandelko was justified in conducting a strip search. The

arrest warrant gave Deputy Mandelko cause for processing and detaining Ms.

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Archuleta, but whether a strip search is permissible is a separate inquiry based on

whether a detainee will be placed in the general prison population and whether

the officer has reasonable suspicion that a detainee has hidden drugs, contraband,

or weapons. See Foote, 118 F.3d at 1425; Cottrell, 994 F.2d at 734-35; Hill, 735

F.2d at 394. In this case, Ms. Archuleta was not placed in the general prison

population and a reasonable officer could not have suspected Ms. Archuleta of

harboring a weapon. The arrest warrant itself could not provide Deputy

Mandelko with reasonable suspicion for a strip search.

The crime for which Ms. Archuleta was charged can provide some cause

for suspicion, but it must be one “commonly associated by its very nature with the

possession of weapons or contraband” to help provide reasonable suspicion for a

strip search. Hill, 735 F.2d at 394 (quoting Logan v. Shealy, 660 F.2d 1007, 1013

(4th Cir. 1981)). The complaint alleges that the arrest warrant was for a

municipal “harassment” violation, Complaint ¶ 46, but “DV–Harassment”

appeared on the warrant, apparently in an effort to comply with Colo. Rev. Stat. §

18-6-801.6. 4 Deputy Mandelko insists that the “DV” notation indicates it is a

violent crime sufficient to justify a strip search because “domestic violence” is

defined in Colorado as “an act or threatened act of violence upon a person with

whom the actor is or has been involved in an intimate relationship” or “any

4
We need not reach the issue of whether the notation “DV-Harassment” is
sufficient to comply with Colo. Rev. Stat § 18-6-801.6.

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municipal ordinance violation against a person or against property, when used as

a method of coercion, punishment, intimidation, or revenge directed against a

person with whom the actor is or has been involved in an intimate relationship.”

Aplt. Reply Br. at 6 (quoting Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-6-800.3). We disagree.

The actual harassment violation for which Ms. Archuleta was charged

prohibits nothing more “violent” than when a person “strikes, shoves, kicks, or

otherwise touches a person or subjects him to physical contact” “with intent to

harass, annoy, or alarm another person.” Lakewood, Co. Municipal Code

§ 9.50.040(A)(1). This is hardly an offense “commonly associated by its very

nature with the possession of weapons,” Hill, 735 F.2d at 394 (quoting Logan,

660 F.2d at 1013), and likely was classified as potential “domestic violence”

because it was a “municipal ordinance violation” against an intimate under the

Colorado statute rather than an actual violent crime, Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-6-

800.3. Thus, although the district court addressed several cases from other

circuits ostensibly for the proposition that it is objectively reasonable to strip

search someone charged with a crime of violence, Aplt. App. 175-76, and Deputy

Mandelko contends that these cases support her search, Aplt. Br. at 14-19, we do

not agree. 5 As the district court recognized, such a categorical rule is not the law

5
We require a more fact-intensive inquiry and have not adopted a per se
rule for when a strip search is permissible. See, e.g., Foote, 118 F.3d at 1425.
Thus, the published cases Deputy Mandelko discusses are distinguishable from
this case because the detainee was placed or would come in contact with other
inmates, see Hicks v. Moore, 422 F.3d 1246, 1251-52 (11th Cir. 2005); Thompson

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of this circuit and, in any event, the “harassment” violation at issue here is not a

“violent” crime. The crime charged simply was not an offense that would give a

reasonable officer suspicion that Ms. Archuleta was “armed and dangerous.” See

Rice, 483 F.3d at 1082-83.

Ms. Archuleta thus has satisfied the first step of the two-step qualified-

immunity inquiry by demonstrating that her constitutional rights were violated.

We now consider whether those rights were clearly established at the time of the

search. “On [January 24, 1991], it was clearly established in this circuit that a

brief intermingling with the general jail population does not justify a strip search

absent reasonable suspicion of drugs or contraband.” Warner, 57 F.3d at 964

v. City of Los Angeles, 885 F.2d 1439, 1447 (9th Cir. 1989); Dobrowolskyj v.
Jefferson County, Ky., 823 F.2d 955, 959 (6th Cir. 1987); Dufrin v. Spreen, 712
F.2d 1084, 1087 (6th Cir. 1983), because of the severity of the crime charged, see
George v. City of Wichita, 348 F. Supp. 2d 1232, 1235, 1241 (D. Kan. 2004)
(aggravated battery, which by definition could involve weapons), or because it is
consistent with our law, see Masters v. Crouch, 872 F.2d 1248, 1255 (6th Cir.
1989) (holding that “strip search of a person arrested for a traffic violation or
other minor offense not normally associated with violence and concerning whom
there is no individualized reasonable suspicion that the arrestee is carrying or
concealing a weapon or other contraband, is unreasonable” and “[t]he single fact
that Mrs. Masters, for some reason, would come into contact with other prisoners
was not sufficient justification for the search in this case”).
Deputy Mandelko also relies upon Powell v. Barrett, 496 F.3d 1288 (11th
Cir. 2007). That case held that where “the elements of the offense demonstrate
that it is a crime of violence or a crime that involves weapons or drugs, the
offense itself gives rise to reasonable suspicion to justify a strip search.” Id. at
1311. As discussed above, we do not believe that the offense in this case, a
violation of a municipal ordinance prohibiting harassment, is a crime of violence
or can be said to involve weapons or drugs. In addition, this is not a case where
the charge was the only information known to the officer and our precedent
requires consideration of other known factors.

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(citing Hill, 735 F.2d at 394). Warner’s citation to Hill further indicates it is also

clearly established that an officer’s reasonable suspicion that a detainee possesses

weapons can justify a strip search as well, provided there is some intermingling

with the general prison population. See id. By implication, then, a detainee who

is not placed in the general prison population cannot be strip searched if the

searching officer does not at least have reasonable suspicion that the detainee

possesses concealed weapons, drugs, or contraband. As Ms. Archuleta alleges she

never intermingled with the general prison population and we have held Deputy

Mandelko could not have had reasonable suspicion that Ms. Archuleta possessed a

weapon based upon the allegations in the complaint, we hold that the law in these

circumstances was clearly established. See Foote, 118 F.3d at 1425; Cottrell, 994

F.2d at 734-35; Hill, 735 F.2d at 394. Deputy Mandelko violated this law by strip

searching Ms. Archuleta and is not entitled to qualified immunity on these facts.

AFFIRMED.

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07-1108 - Archuleta v. Wagner

HARTZ, Circuit Judge, concurring:

I agree that Deputy Mandelko is not entitled to qualified immunity at this

stage of the proceeding. According to the complaint, Deputy Mandelko, after

noting that Ms. Archuleta did not have tattoos or moles, told the receptionist that

“this isn’t her.” Although Deputy Mandelko’s subjective state of mind is

irrelevant to whether she had grounds to strip search Ms. Archuleta, the quoted

comment could imply that she had objective evidence showing that Ms. Archuleta

was not the person named in the warrant. To strip search Ms. Archuleta in that

circumstance, particularly given what she was wearing and that she had already

been frisked, would be a clear violation of established Fourth Amendment

principles. There may well be grounds for strip searching arrestees at a jail

without individualized reasonable suspicion, but not in this circumstance.