Case: 10-20389 Document: 00511227627 Page: 1 Date Filed: 09/08/2010
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
September 8, 2010
No. 10-20389 Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
ECUADORIAN PLAINTIFFS,
Plaintiff-Appellant
v.
CHEVRON CORPORATION,
Petitioner-Appellee
v.
3TM INTERNATIONAL, INC.; 3TM CONSULTING, L.L.C.,
Respondents-Appellees
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Southern District of Texas (Houston Division)
Before GARZA and BENAVIDES, Circuit Judges, and CRONE * , District Judge.
FORTUNATO P. BENAVIDES, Circuit Judge:
A group of Ecuadorian citizens (the “plaintiffs”) who have sued Chevron
Corporation in Ecuador appeal from the district court’s order allowing Chevron
to depose their consultant, 3TM. We affirm the district court’s order directing
3TM to submit to a foundational deposition, subject to the limitation described
*
District Judge of the Eastern District of Texas, sitting by designation.
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below.
I.
In 2003, the plaintiffs sued Chevron in Ecuador, seeking to hold Chevron
liable as the successor to Texaco Petroleum Company.1 The plaintiffs allege that
Texaco polluted the Ecuadorian Amazon Rainforest over the course of several
decades while engaging in oil extraction in the region. This appeal arises out of
the plaintiffs’ Ecuadorian lawsuit against Chevron. Specifically, it concerns
Richard Stalin Cabrera Vega (“Cabrera”), an individual appointed by the
Ecuadorian court to serve as a neutral expert in the Ecuadorian proceedings.
The Ecuadorian court ordered Cabrera to draft a report describing the effect of
Texaco’s operations on Ecuador’s environment, accompanied by “all the
documents that serve as support or a source of information” for the report. The
court also ordered that these supporting documents “be provided to the parties”
upon the report’s release. In 2008, Cabrera released a report recommending that
Chevron be held liable for $27.3 billion in damages, but the Ecuadorian court
has yet to render a judgment against Chevron.
Despite Cabrera’s professed impartiality, Chevron claims that Cabrera
actually worked closely with the plaintiffs to produce his report, much of which
Chevron alleges was secretly ghostwritten by the plaintiffs’ U.S. consultants.
Consequently, Chevron has initiated a series of discovery proceedings in the
United States under 28 U.S.C. § 1782(a), seeking evidence of collusion between
Cabrera and the plaintiffs’ U.S. consultants. Section 1782(a) allows district
courts to order discovery in the United States for use in foreign proceedings in
certain circumstances. See, e.g., In re Clerici, 481 F.3d 1324, 1331-32 (11th Cir.
2007).
1
Chevron and Texaco merged in 2001. We note that the nature of the relationship
between Chevron and the former Texaco appears to be disputed in the Ecuadorian
proceedings.
2
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In the proceedings below, Chevron filed a § 1782(a) application seeking
discovery from 3TM, an environmental consultancy firm in Houston. The
plaintiffs’ consultant Stratus retained 3TM to assist the plaintiffs in mediation
and settlement discussions with Chevron in 2007, and Chevron alleges that 3TM
and Stratus produced a report that Cabrera integrated into his report, without
disclosing his reliance on it. After the plaintiffs intervened to quash Chevron’s
subpoena of 3TM, the district court ordered 3TM to submit to limited discovery.
The court concluded that discovery was appropriate based on the Intel factors
that the Supreme Court has directed courts to consider in reviewing requests for
discovery in aid of foreign proceedings. See Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro
Devices, Inc., 542 U.S. 241 (2004). The court also found that although some of
the documents and information sought by Chevron could be protected under
various privileges, this protection would have been waived by the provision of
any documents to Cabrera. Initially, the district court ordered the plaintiffs to
produce a list of documents “that were turned over, directly or indirectly, to
Cabrera,” but after the plaintiffs represented that they believed no documents
were given to Cabrera, the court ordered 3TM to submit to a foundational
deposition, limited to “whether 3TM collaborated with Cabrera” and “the extent
to which 3TM recognizes its work in the Cabrera report.” The plaintiffs then
filed this appeal.
II.
We review de novo whether the statutory prerequisites for granting
§ 1782(a) relief are satisfied.2 See Republic of Kazakhstan v. Biedermann Int’l,
2
One of these statutory prerequisites is that evidence sought in a § 1782(a) application
must be “for use” in a foreign proceeding. Clerici, 481 F.3d at 1332. On this appeal, the
plaintiffs argue that Chevron is not requesting evidence “for use” in the Ecuadorian
proceedings, as its ultimate goal is to undermine the Ecuadorian proceedings. However, as
Chevron notes, the plaintiffs did not advance this argument before the district court, and thus
it is waived. See Keelan v. Majesco Software, Inc., 407 F.3d 332, 340 (5th Cir. 2005) (“If a
party wishes to preserve an argument for appeal, the party ‘must press and not merely
3
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168 F.3d 880, 881-82 (5th Cir. 1999). However, we review a district court’s
weighing of the Intel factors for abuse of discretion. Intel, 542 U.S. at 255;
Clerici, 481 F.3d at 1334. The plaintiffs raise a number of challenges to the
district court’s analysis of the Intel factors.3 First, they argue that allowing
Chevron to seek discovery from 3TM in the United States is inappropriate, since
Cabrera is subject to the jurisdiction of the Ecuadorian court and Chevron could
ask him to turn over any 3TM documents he reviewed. Second, the plaintiffs
assert that Chevron is attempting to evade restrictions on discovery in Ecuador.
They claim that the Ecuadorian court has allegedly not granted Chevron’s
requests for copies of documents that the plaintiffs provided to Cabrera. See In
re Microsoft Corp., 428 F. Supp. 2d 188, 195 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (denying § 1782(a)
request because applicant had demanded same documents before foreign
tribunal).
In our view, the district court did not abuse its discretion. First, we find
it senseless to require Chevron to seek 3TM documents from Cabrera, given the
plaintiffs’ denial that they provided any such documents to Cabrera and
Cabrera’s interest in denying receipt of 3TM material. As noted above, the
Ecuadorian court ordered Cabrera to disclose all of the source material for his
report. Consequently, if Cabrera relied on 3TM documents but did not disclose
intimate the argument during the proceedings before the district court.’” (quoting New York
Life Ins. Co. v. Brown, 84 F.3d 137, 141 n. 4 (5th Cir. 1996)).
3
The Supreme Court has suggested that district courts should consider (i) whether “the
person from whom discovery is sought is a participant in the foreign proceeding,” since
“nonparticipants in the foreign proceeding may be outside the foreign tribunal’s jurisdictional
reach” and therefore their evidence may be “unobtainable absent § 1782(a) aid,” (ii) “the nature
of the foreign tribunal, the character of the proceedings underway abroad, and the receptivity
of the foreign government or the court or agency abroad to U.S. federal-court judicial
assistance,” (iii) “whether the § 1782(a) request conceals an attempt to circumvent foreign
proof-gathering restrictions or other policies of a foreign country or the United States,” and
(iv) whether the § 1782(a) request is “unduly intrusive or burdensome.” Intel, 542 U.S. at 264-
65.
4
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them, he is unlikely to turn them over now, as doing so would reveal he violated
the Ecuadorian court’s order. Second, the record does not clearly demonstrate
that Chevron is attempting to evade restrictions on discovery in Ecuador. It is
not clear that Chevron ever sought 3TM documents from Cabrera in Ecuador.4
In any event, even if a request for 3TM documents were pending before the
Ecuadorian court, the district court’s decision to grant § 1782(a) relief would not
be an abuse of discretion. The plaintiffs have not argued that Chevron’s request
is unduly burdensome, and furthermore, there has been no “clear directive” from
the Ecuadorian court that it “would reject evidence” produced in the United
States. Euromepa S.A. v. R. Esmerian, Inc., 51 F.3d 1095, 1100 (2d Cir. 1995).
The parties have informed the Ecuadorian court of the present § 1782(a)
proceedings in the United States, but the court has apparently been passive in
response, neither lauding nor condemning Chevron’s actions. In these
circumstances, the district court did not abuse its discretion in granting
Chevron’s § 1782(a) request.
III.
Even if it is proper to allow discovery under § 1782(a), Chevron may not
discover information that is immune from discovery. Section 1782(a) provides
that “[a] person may not be compelled to give his testimony or statement or to
produce a document or other thing in violation of any legally applicable
privilege.” 28 U.S.C. § 1782(a) (2006). Furthermore, the provision’s legislative
history suggests that this protection extends to “ privileges recognized by foreign
law.” S. Rep. No. 88-1580 (1964), reprinted in 1964 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3782, 3790.
4
In February 2008, Chevron did request that the Ecuadorian court provide it with
copies of documents that the plaintiffs had filed with the court for submission to Cabrera and
that the plaintiffs had alleged came from “various Ecuadorian public institutions.” The
Ecuadorian court has apparently not yet ruled on this request. However, Chevron’s February
2008 request does not appear to have included a demand for documents created by the
plaintiffs’ U.S. consultants.
5
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We review “factual findings underlying a privilege ruling for clear error and the
application of legal principles de novo.” United States v. Auster, 517 F.3d 312,
315 (5th Cir. 2008).
The plaintiffs argue that 3TM is shielded from discovery under the work
product doctrine and the protection accorded non-testifying consultants by
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(4)(B).5 However, the district court ruled
that this protection would be waived for any 3TM documents that were passed
to Cabrera. We agree. Although work product immunity is not automatically
waived by disclosure of protected material to third parties, disclosure does waive
protection if it “has substantially increased the opportunities for potential
adversaries to obtain the information.” 8 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R.
Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2024 (3d ed. 2010).6 In this case, the
disclosure of 3TM documents to Cabrera, a court-appointed expert, would waive
immunity for disclosed documents and possibly others as well. Rule 26(a)(2)(B)
provides that when experts testify before a court, they must submit a report
disclosing “the data or other information” they have considered in reaching their
conclusions. Fed R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B)(ii). Relying on this rule, courts have held
that when the work product of non-testifying consultants is provided to
testifying experts, immunity is waived for disclosed work product. See, e.g., Reg’l
5
See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(4)(B) (providing that in most circumstances, “a party may
not, by interrogatories or deposition, discover facts known or opinions held by an expert who
has been retained or specially employed by another party in anticipation of litigation or to
prepare for trial and who is not expected to be called as a witness at trial”); Shields v. Sturm,
Ruger & Co., 864 F.2d 379, 382 (5th Cir. 1989) (recognizing that reports are protected by work
product doctrine when they are “prepared in anticipation of litigation by a consulting expert
who was specially employed by . . . attorneys in preparation for trial and who was not expected
to be called as a witness”). The plaintiffs also assert that 3TM is protected from discovery
because it was retained to assist in a confidential mediation, but they did not raise this
argument before the district court. It is therefore waived. See Keelan, 407 F.3d at 340.
6
See also Fox v. Taylor Diving & Salvage Co., 694 F.2d 1349, 1356 (5th Cir. 1982) (“A
claim of work product immunity is lost when the attorney discloses the information to the
court voluntarily.”).
6
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Airport Auth. of Louisville v. LFG, LLC, 460 F.3d 697, 717 (6th Cir. 2006).7
Since Cabrera is a testifying expert, the district court correctly determined that
disclosure of documents to Cabrera would waive immunity from discovery under
U.S. law.8
The plaintiffs also contend that 3TM is protected from discovery under
Ecuadorian law. As noted above, the legislative history of § 1782(a) suggests
that parties may rely on foreign privileges to shield information from discovery
in the United States. In our view, however, to avoid “‘speculative foray[s] into
legal territories unfamiliar to federal judges,’” parties must provide
“‘authoritative proof’” that a foreign tribunal would reject evidence “because of
a violation of [an] alleged [foreign] privilege.” In re Application for an Order
Permitting Metallgesellschaft AG to take Discovery, 121 F.3d 77 (2d Cir. 1997)
(quoting Euromepa, 51 F.3d at 1099-100). In this case, although the plaintiffs
have submitted an affidavit from an Ecuadorian attorney suggesting that the
discovery sought by Chevron would not be available in Ecuador, they have not
pointed to any “judicial, executive or legislative declaration” that clearly
demonstrates that allowing discovery in this case would offend Ecuadorian
judicial norms. Euromepa, 51 F.3d at 1101. Indeed, the most applicable
evidence directly contradicts the plaintiffs’ claim that Ecuadorian law
establishes a privilege in these circumstances, as the Ecuadorian court ordered
Cabrera to release to Chevron “all the documents that serve[d] as support or a
7
We note that there is some dispute concerning whether Rule 26 mandates the
disclosure of “attorney work product” that has been “provided to a testifying expert.” In re
Teleglobe Commc’ns Corp., 392 B.R. 561, 575-76 (Bankr. D. Del. 2008). To the extent this
issue arises later in these proceedings, the district court may address it on remand.
8
Chevron has also argued that Cabrera is the equivalent of a court, in that he is similar
to a special master, and that consequently 3TM is itself a testifying expert. If this were
accepted, the provision of 3TM documents to Cabrera would also waive immunity from
discovery, since testifying experts must disclose “the data or other information” they consider
in reaching their conclusions. See Fed R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B)(ii).
7
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source of information” for his report. Consequently, the plaintiffs have not
established that Ecuadorian law shields 3TM from discovery.
Even if the disclosure of 3TM documents to Cabrera would waive
immunity from discovery, the plaintiffs protest that there is no direct evidence
that such a waiver took place.9 Chevron bears the burden of demonstrating that
a waiver of work product protection occurred,10 and we agree with the plaintiffs
that clear evidence of a waiver is lacking.11 Nevertheless, we believe it was
appropriate for the district court to order a foundational deposition in these
circumstances, as such a deposition may be used to determine whether any
waiver took place. Courts have previously held that “‘foundational’ matters,”
such as “the date, recipients, and the ‘general nature’ of [a] communication” are
9
The district court seems to have concluded that the plaintiffs conceded in their
briefing that Cabrera received documents from 3TM, but this is incorrect. As such, there is
no finding of fact that a waiver took place, to which we would defer absent clear error. See
Auster, 517 F.3d at 315 (“[F]actual findings underlying a privilege ruling [are reviewed] for
clear error . . . .”).
10
See Johnson v. Gmeinder, 191 F.R.D. 638, 643 (D. Kan. 2000) (“In contrast [to the
attorney-client privilege], a party asserting work product immunity is not required to prove
‘non-waiver.’”). Chevron argues that the plaintiffs, as the party claiming work product
protection, bear the burden of demonstrating non-waiver. It cites to MIT v. United States, a
decision of the First Circuit that adopts this view. 129 F.3d 681, 686 (1st Cir. 1997). However,
to support this proposition, the First Circuit only cites authority concerning the attorney-client
privilege. Id. (citing United States v. Wilson, 798 F.2d 509, 512-13 (1st Cir.1986)). The work
product doctrine differs from the attorney-client privilege in that non-waiver need not be
proven to invoke work product immunity. Johnson, 191 F.R.D. at 642-43.
11
Chevron’s motion to supplement the record on appeal is DENIED. Before oral
argument, Chevron filed a motion to supplement the record with newly obtained video
evidence concerning Cabrera’s contacts with the plaintiffs and Stratus, the consulting firm
that retained 3TM. In Gibson v. Blackburn, we indicated that typically we will not “enlarge
the record to include material not before the district court.” 744 F.2d 403, 405 n.3 (5th Cir.
1984). Nevertheless, we have suggested that we will supplement the record when
consideration of particular evidence clearly reveals how a case should be disposed. Id. The
evidence submitted by Chevron is only tangentially related to this case. It does not reveal (i)
whether Cabrera received any 3TM documents, or (ii) whether Cabrera fraudulently concealed
his reliance on these documents, thus possibly triggering the crime-fraud exception to work
product immunity.
8
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not protected by immunity from discovery. Preferred Care Partners Holding
Corp. v. Humana, Inc., 258 F.R.D. 684, 693 (S.D. Fla. 2009).12 Thus, the district
court did not err in ordering a foundational deposition, despite the lack of
definite evidence of a waiver.
Although we approve of the course chosen by the district court, we believe
the terms that the court set for the deposition should be further refined. As
already explained, the court ordered that 3TM’s deposition be limited to
“whether 3TM collaborated with Cabrera” and “the extent to which 3TM
recognizes its work in the Cabrera report.” However, the district court did not
clearly specify the level of similarity between the Cabrera report and 3TM work
product necessary to show that a waiver of immunity from discovery occurred.
Depending on 3TM’s interpretation of the district court’s order, it could
conceivably “recognize” material in the Cabrera report as its own that actually
has another provenance. As such, for remand, we stress that similarities
between the Cabrera report and 3TM work product are only relevant to the
extent that they collectively show that Cabrera more likely than not
incorporated 3TM work product into his report. We also note that if disputes
between the parties persist after the foundational deposition, the district court
may review the Cabrera report and any relevant 3TM work product in camera
to help it determine whether a waiver occurred.13
12
See also Ed Tobergte Assocs. Co. v. Russell Brands, LLC, 259 F.R.D. 550, 561 (D. Kan.
2009) (holding that deponent “may indeed have a duty to answer foundational questions about
[allegedly protected] documents, e.g., their general subject matter, their purpose, dates of
preparation, transmittal and receipt, and identities of persons privy to them”).
13
Chevron has asked us to rule that discovery need not be limited to the specific 3TM
documents that Cabrera received. We leave this issue to be resolved on remand. The district
court has not yet definitively ruled on the scope of discovery; it explained that it would return
to this issue after the foundational deposition. Furthermore, any decision we reach on the
scope of discovery would be mooted if the foundational deposition reveals that no waiver
occurred. The district court can determine the proper scope of discovery once it has
established whether any waiver took place.
9
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IV.
Thus, we AFFIRM the district court’s order requiring 3TM to submit to a
foundational deposition, and REMAND this case for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
10