Grace MADEJSKI, Individually, and as Personal Representative of the Estate of Anna Madejski, Deceased, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
KOTMAR LIMITED, d/b/a Tycoons Lounge, Defendant-Appellee, and
G.W. Talent International, Inc., and Rose Talent Agency, Defendants.
Docket No. 220432.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted May 16, 2001, at Detroit. Decided June 15, 2001, at 9:15 a.m. Released for Publication September 6, 2001.*431 O'Bryan Baun Cohen (by Dennis M. O'Bryan), Birmingham, for the plaintiff.
Coticchio & Associates, P.C. (by Stephen A. Coticchio), Grosse Pointe Woods, for the defendant.
Before NEFF, P.J., and FITZGERALD and MARKEY, JJ.
*430 NEFF, P.J.
Plaintiff Grace Madejski, for herself and as personal representative of the estate of Anna Madejski, appeals as of right an amended order granting summary disposition for defendant Kotmar Limited (herein "defendant")[1] and an order denying plaintiff's motion for leave to file a second amended complaint in this wrongful death action. We reverse and remand.
I
This case arises from the death of plaintiff's nineteen-year-old daughter, Anna, who was an exotic dancer at defendant's topless bar. After leaving work at defendant's establishment, Anna was killed when the vehicle she was driving struck a tree. The autopsy indicated that Anna's blood alcohol level was 0.26, more than twice the legal limit. Plaintiff filed this wrongful death action alleging that Anna's intoxication and subsequent death resulted from defendant's practice of allowing customers to furnish underage dancers with alcoholic beverages to diminish the dancers' inhibitions.
*432 Plaintiff's complaint set forth a number of claims, including negligence, gross negligence, inherently dangerous work activity, breach of contract, and, in the alternative, dramshop liability. Plaintiff contends that the trial court erred in concluding that her claims were barred by the exclusivity provision of the dramshop act, M.C.L. § 436.22(11),[2] and in granting summary disposition on that basis. We agree.
II
This Court reviews de novo a trial court's decision on a motion for summary disposition. Spiek v. Dep't of Transportation, 456 Mich. 331, 337, 572 N.W.2d 201 (1998). A motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) (failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim on the basis of the pleadings alone. Simko v. Blake, 448 Mich. 648, 654, 532 N.W.2d 842 (1995). All well-pleaded facts are accepted as true and are construed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Maiden v. Rozwood, 461 Mich. 109, 119, 597 N.W.2d 817 (1999).
III
The dramshop act, M.C.L. § 436.22, created a cause of action where no cause of action existed at common law, to allow innocent third parties to recover for injuries resulting from the negligent furnishing of intoxicating liquor by liquor licensees. Jackson v. PKM Corp., 430 Mich. 262, 266-267, 422 N.W.2d 657 (1988); Millross v. Plum Hollow Golf Club, 429 Mich. 178, 183-184, 185, n. 1, 413 N.W.2d 17 (1987); Manuel v. Weitzman, 386 Mich. 157, 163, 191 N.W.2d 474 (1971). The act permits recovery for injuries proximately caused by the selling, giving, or furnishing of alcoholic beverages to a minor or visibly intoxicated person. MCL 436.22(4);[3]Millross, supra at 184, 413 N.W.2d 17. However, an imbibing minor and the minor's estate have no cause of action under the dramshop act. MCL 436.22(10);[4]LaGuire v. Kain, 440 Mich. 367, 377, 487 N.W.2d 389 (1992); Jackson, supra at 267-268, 422 N.W.2d 657.
A
With regard to claims premised on the wrongful furnishing of alcohol by licensees, the dramshop act "provides the exclusive remedy for money damages against a licensee arising out of the selling, giving, or furnishing of alcoholic liquor." MCL 436.22(11). Nonetheless, "Michigan courts have long recognized that liquor licensees remain liable for the breach of independent common-law duties." Millross, *433 supra at 186, 413 N.W.2d 17. "[T]he dramshop act neither abrogates nor controls the common-law action." Jackson, supra at 276-277, 422 N.W.2d 657, quoting Millross, supra at 187, 413 N.W.2d 17 (citing Manuel, supra). In addressing these circumstances, our courts have repeatedly stated that the exclusive remedy provision precludes any claim against a licensee that "`arise[s] out of an unlawful sale, giving away, or furnishing of intoxicants,'" but a claim is not precluded if it "`arises out of conduct other than selling, giving away, or furnishing of intoxicants,'" and "`the common law recognize[s] a cause of action for the negligent conduct.'" Jackson, supra at 276-277, 422 N.W.2d 657, quoting Millross, supra at 187, 413 N.W.2d 17.
In deciding whether the exclusive remedy provision applies in a particular case, a court must "determine whether (1) the cause of action arises under the dramshop act, or (2) as the result of the breach of a common-law duty, or (3) presents a situation in which both causes of action arise out of the same incident." Manuel, supra at 165, 191 N.W.2d 474. The Manuel Court recognized that in the second and third situations, the dramshop act does not preempt common-law actions merely because they involve the unlawful furnishing of alcohol. Id. at 163-164, 191 N.W.2d 474. Thus, in Manuel, the plaintiff could maintain a premises liability claim against a tavern where the plaintiff bar patron suffered serious injury as a result of an attack by another bar patron who allegedly was served drinks after he was already intoxicated. Id. at 160, 164-165, 191 N.W.2d 474; see also Jackson, supra at 269, 422 N.W.2d 657.
Likewise, in Millross, the Court recognized that the defendant licensee could conceivably be liable on a theory of negligent supervision where its employee attended a dinner at the defendant golf club as part of his job, consumed alcohol, and on the way home struck plaintiff's husband's automobile, killing her husband. Millross, supra at 181-182, 196-197, 413 N.W.2d 17. The Millross Court expressed no opinion on the viability of the plaintiff's negligent supervision claim, finding that her claim failed because she had not "alleged that the defendant knew or should have known of the existence of any special circumstances regarding [the employee] that could establish a duty of care to third persons." Id. at 196-197, 413 N.W.2d 17.
These holdings leave no doubt that a claim is not precluded under the dramshop act merely because it involves the unlawful furnishing of alcohol. In determining whether a plaintiff has stated a valid independent cause of action under the common law, a court must examine "whether the situation is one in which there is a recognized duty at common law, that is, `whether the actor was under any obligation to exercise reasonable care under the circumstances....'" Id. at 193, 413 N.W.2d 17, quoting Lowe v. Estate Motors, 428 Mich. 439, 463, 410 N.W.2d 706 (1987). The distinction is that the duty breached, but not necessarily the claim's factual basis, must arise from something other than the unlawful furnishing of alcohol. See Millross, supra at 190, 193-196, 413 N.W.2d 17 (applying this distinction).
B
"To determine whether a common-law claim has been validly pled, reference must be made to the common-law obligation which would expose the defendant to liability." Id. at 197, 413 N.W.2d 17. If plaintiff has set forth a proper claim based on a duty under the common law, e.g., premises liability, negligent supervision or entrustment, inherently dangerous work activity, retention of incompetent contractor, failure to provide a safe place to work, then summary disposition is *434 improper even though the factual basis of the claim involves the unlawful furnishing of alcohol.
Our review of the record indicates that the trial court incorrectly applied the test for determining whether plaintiff had established a valid, independent cause of action under the common law, and merely determined that because the situation involved the unlawful furnishing of alcohol, plaintiff's claims were precluded by the exclusive remedy provision of the dramshop act. Such a determination fails to recognize the full analysis set forth in Manuel, supra at 164-165, 191 N.W.2d 474, and our courts' repeated recognition that the dramshop act does not abrogate actions arising out of other unlawful or negligent conduct of a tavern owner under the common law. Millross, supra at 191-192, 197, 413 N.W.2d 17. The dramshop act did not confer on liquor retailers additional protections not accorded to others. Id. at 192, 413 N.W.2d 17.[5]
Thus, defendant is not absolved of its liability for breach of a separate common-law duty as an employer, as a retainer of an independent contractor, or as a premises owner. Because the trial court did not address the viability of each of plaintiff's separate common-law claims, we remand for consideration of these claims in view of the appropriate legal standards and the facts of the case.
IV
In light of our finding that the trial court erred in applying the exclusive remedy provision of the dramshop act, we do not address plaintiff's further contention that the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to grant plaintiff's motion for leave to file a second amended complaint. On remand, the trial court is directed to reconsider whether the circumstances warrant granting plaintiff's motion to amend her complaint in view of plaintiff's claims. Ordinarily, a trial court should grant leave to amend a complaint unless "there is undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendment previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposite party created by the allowance of the amendment, or futility of amendment." Gardner v. Stodgel, 175 Mich.App. 241, 248, 437 N.W.2d 276 (1989).
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
NOTES
[1] Codefendants, G.W. Talent International, Inc., and Rose Talent Agency, are not parties to this appeal.
[2] MCL 436.22 was repealed and replaced by M.C.L. § 436.1801 effective April 14, 1998. Because this action occurred before the repeal, it is governed by M.C.L. § 436.22.
[3] MCL 436.22(4) stated in pertinent part:
Except as otherwise provided in this section, an individual who suffers damage or is personally injured by a minor or visibly intoxicated person by reason of the unlawful selling, giving, or furnishing of alcoholic liquor to the minor or visibly intoxicated person, if the unlawful sale is proven to be a proximate cause of the damage, injury, or death, or the spouse, child, parent, or guardian of that individual, shall have a right of action in his or her name against the person who by selling, giving, or furnishing the alcoholic liquor has caused or contributed to the intoxication of the person or who has caused or contributed to the damage, injury, or death.
[4] MCL 436.22(10) provided:
The alleged visibly intoxicated person shall not have a cause of action pursuant to this section nor shall any person have a cause of action pursuant to this section for the loss of financial support, services, gifts, parental training, guidance, love, society, or companionship of the alleged visibly intoxicated person.
[5] Our decision does not implicate the holdings in cases that have rejected a plaintiff's negligence, gross negligence, or contract claims on the basis that they were premised solely on the unlawful furnishing of alcohol, i.e., they involved no breach of duty under the common law. See Jackson, supra (gross negligence); Browder v. Int'l Fidelity Ins. Co., 413 Mich. 603, 321 N.W.2d 668 (1982) (breach of contract); Rowan v. Southland Corp., 90 Mich.App. 61, 282 N.W.2d 243 (1979) (negligent supervision based on unlawful alcohol sale to a minor customer). Any such claims asserted by plaintiff similarly fail.