Fred MAGER, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
State of Michigan, DEPARTMENT OF STATE POLICE and John L. McCarthy, Defendants-Appellants.
Docket No. 111589.
Supreme Court of Michigan.
June 22, 1999.*143 Daniel Bambery, DeWitt, for plaintiff.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, and Thomas Quasarano, Assistant Attorney General, Lansing, for defendants-appellants.
Opinion
PER CURIAM.
Plaintiff requested that the State Police provide the names and addresses of persons who own registered handguns. The State Police denied the request on the ground that plaintiff was seeking private information that could be withheld under an exemption found in the Freedom of Information Act. When plaintiff sued, the circuit court granted summary disposition in favor of the State Police. The Court of Appeals reversed, but we reinstate the judgment of the circuit court.
I
As indicated, this case arises under the Michigan Freedom of Information Act.[1] The issue is whether the Department of State Police is required by the FOIA to disclose the names and addresses of persons who have complied with the statutory[2] requirement that handguns be registered.
Plaintiff assertedly has a legitimate political interest in the informationhe is said to advocate a change in Michigan law regarding the carrying of firearms, and he wants to recruit other gun owners to his cause.
In February 1996, plaintiff made his request to the State Police:
Please provide the names addresses and phone numbers[[3]] of the persons who have recently been issued a pistol safety certificate. I understand that only the most recent information is on computer and easily retrievable. Please provide the information as far back as your computer records go, on 3.5" diskette, comma delimited, ASCII format.
The State Police denied the request in early March 1996. In doing so, the department cited the privacy exemption found in M.C.L. § 15.243(1)(a); MSA 4.1801(13)(1)(a).[4] That provision allows a public body to exempt from disclosure as a public record
[i]nformation of a personal nature where the public disclosure of the information would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of an individual's privacy.
A revised request from plaintiff in May 1996 was denied by the State Police several days after it was received.
In June 1996, plaintiff filed this FOIA action in circuit court. He also moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10).[5] Defendant responded to *144 that motion by requesting summary disposition under MCR 2.116(I)(2).[6]
In August 1996, the circuit court denied plaintiff's motion for summary disposition, but granted summary disposition in favor of the State Police. The court ruled that the requested names and addresses are "information of a personal nature," and that disclosure in these circumstances would constitute "a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy."
On appeal, plaintiff persuaded the Court of Appeals to reverse the grant of summary disposition to the State Police.[7] The Court of Appeals disagreed with the circuit court's conclusions, holding that the requested information was not "of a personal nature" and that disclosure would not be "a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy." The Court of Appeals remanded the case to the circuit court with the instruction that the court enter summary disposition in favor of plaintiff.
The Department of State Police has applied to this Court for leave to appeal.
II
The privacy exemption of the FOIA has provided this Court with a number of challenging cases involving persons who sought lists of names and addresses.
The plaintiff in Kestenbaum v. Michigan State Univ., 414 Mich. 510, 327 N.W.2d 783 (1982), wanted a copy of the computer tape used to produce the MSU student directory. The case was decided shortly after the death of Justice BLAIR MOODY, JR., and the remaining six justices split three to three with regard to whether disclosure was required.
Tobin v. Civil Service Comm., 416 Mich. 661, 331 N.W.2d 184 (1982), was a "reverse FOIA" case in which an agency was sued by persons who sought to prevent the disclosure of information.[8] The plaintiffs were five state employees who wanted the court to order the Civil Service Commission not to provide several labor organizations with the names and addresses of classified civil service employees. Since the privacy exemption does not require a public body to withhold information and the commission was willing to disclose, this Court did not reach the question whether the information sought falls within the exemption.
The Evening News Ass'n v. City of Troy, 417 Mich. 481, 339 N.W.2d 421 (1983), concerned a different exemption (relating to law enforcement proceedings). Evening News is generally helpful for its instruction that exemptions in the Michigan FOIA can be understood with reference to parallel exemptions in the federal FOIA.[9] 417 Mich. at 494-495, 339 N.W.2d 421. With regard to the present case, however, we observe that the state privacy exemption[10] and the federal privacy exemption[11] have significant differences in wording.
*145 In Int'l Union, United Plant Guard Workers of America v. Dep't of State Police, 422 Mich. 432, 373 N.W.2d 713 (1985), the plaintiff union filed an FOIA request for the names and addresses of guards employed by certain security guard agencies. The justices of this Court divided two-two-two-one on the proper analysis, with a majority finding that the privacy exemption did not authorize the State Police to withhold the requested information.
Home addresses of government employees were again at issue in State Employees Ass'n v. Dep't of Management & Budget, 428 Mich. 104, 404 N.W.2d 606 (1987). Dividing three-one-one-one (with one justice not participating), this Court determined that the privacy exemption did not authorize nondisclosure of the information.
The privacy exemption was examined in a different context in Swickard v. Wayne Co. Medical Examiner, 438 Mich. 536, 475 N.W.2d 304 (1991). The Chief Judge of the 36th District Court apparently had committed suicide, and there were reports that drug paraphernalia were found in the home where the death occurred. A reporter for the Detroit Free Press wanted access to the autopsy report and the toxicology test results. The Wayne County Medical Examiner refused.[12] Noting that privacy rights often perish with the individual, 438 Mich. at 556-557, 475 N.W.2d 304 this Court held that disclosure of the autopsy report and toxicology test results would not amount to a clearly unwarranted invasion of the privacy of the deceased judge or his family. 438 Mich. at 556-558, 562, 475 N.W.2d 304. In the course of the analysis, this Court observed that this is "a highly subjective area of the law where the Legislature has provided little statutory guidance on the notion of privacy contained in the FOIA." 438 Mich. at 556, 475 N.W.2d 304.
The privacy exemption was again considered in Booth Newspapers, Inc. v. Univ. of Mich. Bd. of Regents, 444 Mich. 211, 507 N.W.2d 422 (1993). The plaintiff newspapers sought travel records that would shed light on the process by which the University of Michigan selected a president in 1987 and 1988. Building on Swickard, this Court explained that the privacy exemption has two elements:
As evident from the statute, under a plain-meaning analysis of [MCL 15.243(1)(a); MSA 4.1801(13)(1)(a) ], two factors must exist to exempt information from public exposure. First, the information sought must be of a "personal nature," and, second, the disclosure of such information must constitute a "clearly unwarranted" invasion of privacy. Swickard, supra. [444 Mich. at 232, 507 N.W.2d 422.]
This Court concluded that the requested travel records were not information of a "personal nature." 444 Mich. at 231-234, 507 N.W.2d 422. We explained that the exemptions are narrowly construed, 444 Mich. at 232, 507 N.W.2d 422 and, per Swickard, that the sense of the community is applied in determining what is of a personal nature, 444 Mich. at 232-233, 507 N.W.2d 422. In the end, we held that "[t]here exists no custom, mores, or ordinary view of the community that would warrant a finding that the travel expense records of a public body constitute records of a personal nature." 444 Mich. at 233, 507 N.W.2d 422.
Most recently, we decided Bradley v. Saranac Community Schools, Bd. of Ed., 455 Mich. 285, 565 N.W.2d 650 (1997), an opinion resolving two unrelated cases. In one, the father of a public school student sought access to the personnel file of his child's teacher. In the other, a group of parents wanted copies of written performance evaluations for nine principals employed by a school district.[13]
*146 In Bradley, we noted again the two-part nature of the inquiry, and elaborated on the first element of the test:
The privacy exemption consists of two elements, both of which must be present for the exemption to apply. First, the information must be of a "personal nature." Second, the disclosure of such information must be a "clearly unwarranted, invasion of privacy."
In the past, we have used two slightly different formulations to describe "personal nature." The first defines "personal" as "[o]f or pertaining to a particular person; private; one's own.... Concerning a particular individual and his intimate affairs, interests, or activities; intimate...." We have also defined this threshold inquiry in terms of whether the requested information was" personal, intimate, or embarrassing." Combining the salient elements of each description into a more succinct test, we conclude that information is of a personal nature if it reveals intimate or embarrassing details of an individual's private life. We evaluate this standard in terms of "the `customs, mores, or ordinary views of the community'...." [455 Mich. at 294, 565 N.W.2d 650 (bracketed material in original).]
Applying that standard, we determined that the personnel files were not information of a "personal nature":
Significantly, none of the documents contain information of an embarrassing, intimate, private, or confidential nature, such as medical records or information relating to the plaintiffs' private lives. Moreover, the appellants have not alleged specific private matters that would be revealed by the disclosure of their personnel records. Instead, the requested information consists solely of performance appraisals, disciplinary actions, and complaints relating to the plaintiffs' accomplishments in their public jobs. Because the requested information does not disclose intimate or embarrassing details of the plaintiffs' private lives, we hold that the requested records do not satisfy the personal-nature element of the privacy exemption. [455 Mich. at 295, 565 N.W.2d 650.]
Holding the first element of the exemption not applicable, we did not reach the question whether disclosure would be a "clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy." 455 Mich. at 295, 565 N.W.2d 650.
III
Reviewing the decisions outlined above, one can readily observe that disclosure has been the consistent outcome where citizens seek to learn about government employees and their work. In recent years, cases like Booth and Bradley have given access to information regarding the manner in which public employees are fulfilling their public responsibilities. Likewise, Swickard reminds us that "the FOIA is a prodisclosure statute with narrowly construed exemptions," 438 Mich. at 558, 475 N.W.2d 304 under which ordinary public records must remain available.
The case now before us first presents the question whether the fact of gun ownership is "information of a personal nature."[14] Bearing in mind the caution of Swickard that this is "a highly subjective area of the law where the Legislature has provided little statutory guidance," 438 Mich. at 556, 475 N.W.2d 304 we are satisfied that gun ownership is information of a personal nature.
The ownership and use of firearms is a controversial subject, as to which partisans of many stripes hold strong views. Further, *147 knowledge that a household contains firearms may make that house a target of thieves, and thus endanger its occupants. As the State Police warned in the application filed in this Court, "Disclosure under the FOIA to the world at large of the names and addresses of citizens who possess registered handguns would create a virtual shopping list for anyone bent on the theft of handguns, interested, for malicious reasons, in the identities and addresses of citizens who own handguns, and whatever else the criminal mind might evoke."
We held in Bradley that "information is of a personal nature if it reveals intimate or embarrassing details of an individual's private life." 455 Mich. at 294, 565 N.W.2d 650. A citizen's decision to purchase and maintain firearms is a personal decision of considerable importance. We have no doubt that gun ownership is an intimate or, for some persons, potentially embarrassing detail of one's personal life.
A
Gun ownership being "information of a personal nature," we then move to the second step of the inquirywhether "disclosure of the information would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of an individual's privacy."
As indicated above, the privacy exemption in the federal FOIA is worded differently than the corresponding state provision.[15] For that reason, federal decisions concerning the privacy exemption are of limited applicability in Michigan. Nonetheless, federal law is generally instructive in FOIA cases. Evening News, 417 Mich. at 494-495, 339 N.W.2d 421. Thus we take guidance from the United States Supreme Court's discussion in United States Dep't of Defense v. Federal Labor Relations Authority, 510 U.S. 487, 114 S.Ct. 1006, 127 L.Ed.2d 325 (1994).[16]
Referring to earlier decisions,[17] the U.S. Supreme Court said in Dep't of Defense that "in evaluating whether a request for information lies within the scope of a FOIA exemption, such as [5 USC 552(b)(6) ], that bars disclosure when it would amount to an invasion of privacy that is to some degree unwarranted, a court must balance the public interest in disclosure against the interest Congress intended the exemption to protect."[18] 510 U.S. at 495, 114 S.Ct. 1006. The Court added that "the only relevant public interest in disclosure to be weighed in this balance is the extent to which disclosure would serve the core purpose of the FOIA, which is contributing significantly to public understanding of the operations or activities of the government."[19] 510 U.S. at 495, 114 S.Ct. 1006. From there, the Court continued by noting this language from Dep't of Justice v. Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. 749, 773, 109 S.Ct. 1468, 103 L.Ed.2d 774 (1989):[20]
*148 The basic [FOIA] policy of "`full agency disclosure unless information is exempted under clearly delineated statutory language,'" [Dep't of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 360-361, 96 S.Ct. 1592, 48 L.Ed.2d 11 (1976) ],[[21]] indeed focuses on the citizens' right to be informed about" what their government is up to." Official information that sheds light on an agency's performance of its statutory duties falls squarely within that statutory purpose. That purpose, however, is not fostered by disclosure of information about private citizens that is accumulated in various governmental files but that reveals little or nothing about an agency's own conduct. In this caseand presumably in the typical case in which one private citizen is seeking information about anotherthe requester does not intend to discover anything about the conduct of the agency that has possession of the requested records. Indeed, response to this request would not shed any light on the conduct of any Government agency or official.
Applying that analysis to the present case, it is certain that any reasonable balancing would find disclosure to be unwarranted. The Legislature has stated the purpose of the Michigan FOIA[22] in terms similar to those enunciated by the U.S. Supreme Court. As the U.S. Supreme Court explained in Reporters Committee, fulfilling a request for information on private citizensa request entirely unrelated to any inquiry regarding the inner working of government, or how well the Department of State Police is fulfilling its statutory functionswould be an unwarranted invasion of the privacy of those citizens.[23]
IV
For the reasons stated in this opinion, we hold that gun ownership is information "of a personal nature" and that "disclosure of the information would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of an individual's privacy." Thus the statutory exemption stated in M.C.L. § 15.243(1)(a); MSA 4.1801(13)(1)(a) is applicable in this case, and the Department of State Police did not violate the law when it refused to provide the gun-registration information requested by plaintiff.
Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and reinstate the judgment of the circuit court. MCR 7.302(F)(1).
WEAVER, C.J., and BRICKLEY, MARILYN J. KELLY, TAYLOR, CORRIGAN, and YOUNG, JJ., concur.
MICHAEL F. CAVANAGH, J., concurs in the result only.
NOTES
[1] MCL 15.231 et seq.; MSA 4.1801(1) et seq.
[2] MCL 28.429, 750.228; MSA 28.97, 28.425. This case does not concern the permit that one can obtain under M.C.L. § 28.426; MSA 28.93 for carrying a concealed weapon.
[3] Responding to this request, the State Police said that department records do not include telephone numbers. The present case thus concerns only names and addresses.
[4] In denying plaintiff's request, the State Police also cited subparagraphs concerning the need of law enforcement personnel for confidentiality. MCL 15.243(1)(t)(ii)-(iv), (vii), (viii); MSA 4.1801(13)(1)(t)(ii)-(iv), (vii), (viii). Those provisions are no longer part of this appeal.
[5] This paragraph of the court rule allows a motion for summary disposition on the ground that
[e]xcept as to the amount of damages, there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment or partial judgment as a matter of law.
[6] This paragraph of the court rule states:
If it appears to the court that the opposing party, rather than the moving party, is entitled to judgment, the court may render judgment in favor of the opposing party.
[7] Unpublished opinion per curiam, issued December 12, 1997, reh den February 4, 1998 (Docket No. 197222).
[8] The FOIA requires disclosure of information under circumstances set forth in the statute. Subsection 13(1) allows, but does not require, a public body to exempt certain information from disclosure. Nothing in the FOIA prevents an agency from providing information it is willing to disclose.
[9] Compare M.C.L. § 15.243(1); MSA 4.1801(13)(1) with 5 USC 552(b).
[10] The state exemption pertains to
[i]nformation of a personal nature where the public disclosure of the information would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of an individual's privacy. [MCL15.243(1)(a); MSA 4.1801(13)(1)(a).]
[11] The federal exemption pertains to
personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy. [5 USC 552(b)(6).]
[12] The refusal was apparently in conformity with a practice that had begun only a few years earlier. Until then, the examiner had, for many years, routinely disclosed such reports to the public upon request. 438 Mich. at 558, n. 15, 475 N.W.2d 304.
[13] The two cases resolved in Bradley initially appeared to be "reverse FOIA" suits, because the plaintiffs (the teacher and an administrators association) were seeking to prevent disclosure. However, this Court explained that, in light of how the disputes had developed, the FOIA did apply. 455 Mich. at 291-292, 565 N.W.2d 650.
[14] This case presents issues concerning the interpretation of a statute. These are questions of law, which we review de novo. Hoste v. Shanty Creek Management, Inc., 459 Mich. 561, 569, 592 N.W.2d 360 (1999).
[15] Compare footnotes 10 and 11.
[16] In Dep't of Defense, the U.S. Supreme Court applied the federal privacy exemption to reach a different result than we have reached in Michigan with regard to whether the government must disclose home addresses of civil service employees to a labor organization.
[17] Dep't of Justice v. Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. 749, 775, 109 S.Ct. 1468, 103 L.Ed.2d 774 (1989), and Dep't of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 372, 96 S.Ct. 1592, 48 L.Ed.2d 11 (1976).
[18] Internal quotation marks and brackets omitted.
[19] Internal quotation marks and brackets again omitted.
[20] In Reporters Committee, a CBS reporter and others sought the Federal Bureau of Investigation's "rap sheet" on a private citizen whose family business had defense contracts, but who also was suspected by state officials of having links to organized crime. The U.S. Supreme Court held that the FBI was not required to disclose the information because the invasion of privacy was unwarranted.
[21] In Rose, the request was for in camera submission of disciplinary-hearing summaries in order to shed light on how the Air Force Academy administered its honor code. The information was ordered to be supplied, after being edited to remove the identity of specific cadets.
[22] It is the public policy of this state that all persons, except those persons incarcerated in state or local correctional facilities, are entitled to full and complete information regarding the affairs of government and the official acts of those who represent them as public officials and public employees, consistent with this act. The people shall be informed so that they may fully participate in the democratic process. [MCL 15.231(2); MSA 4.1801(1)(2).]
[23] As noted earlier in this opinion, Michigan law permits the disclosure of names and addresses under certain circumstances. Nonetheless, in considering the present case, we, like the U.S. Supreme Court, "are reluctant to disparage the privacy of the home, which is accorded special consideration in our Constitution, laws, and traditions." 510 U.S. at 501, 114 S.Ct. 1006.