Greg OUSLEY, Personal Representative of the Estate of Ethel M. White, Deceased, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
James T. McLAREN, M.D., Collins, Smejkal & McLaren, P.C., and Borgess Medical Center, Defendants-Appellees.
Docket No. 248972.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted August 4, 2004, at Grand Rapids. Decided October 7, 2004. Approved for Publication November 23, 2004, at 9:35 a.m. Released for Publication January 20, 2005.*818 McKeen & Associates, P.C. (by Brian J. McKeen and Ramona C. Howard), Detroit, for Greg Ousley.
Aardema, Whitelaw & Sears-Ewald, P.L.L.C. (by Robert B. Aardema and Timothy P. Buchalski), Ada, for James T. McLaren, M.D.; and Collins, Smejkal & McLaren, P.C.
Smith, Koning, VanWagoner, Beck & Shinar (by C. Giles Smith, Jr., and James R. Shinar), Portage, for Borgess Medical Center.
Before: WHITBECK, C.J., and OWENS and SCHUETTE, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
I. Overview
Plaintiff Greg Ousley sued defendants James T. McLaren, M.D.; Collins, Smejkal & McLaren, P.C.; and Borgess Medical Center for medical malpractice resulting in the death of his mother, Ethel M. White. Ousley appeals as of right the trial court order granting defendants' motions for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) on the ground that Ousley's claims were time-barred. We affirm.
II. Basic Facts And Procedural History
Ousley alleges that on May 10, 1997, White sought treatment at the Borgess Medical Center Emergency Department after experiencing an onset of abdominal pain. An abdominal x-ray was performed, which the emergency room staff read as *819 being negative. Ousley alleges that in actuality the x-ray showed a large fusiform abdominal aortic aneurysm, measuring eight centimeters in transverse dimension. White was discharged from the hospital with instructions to return to the hospital in six hours for a repeat examination and CT (computerized tomography) scan.
White returned to the hospital about 8:30 a.m. on May 11, 1997, as instructed. She complained of severe and constant pain in her abdomen and side. An examination revealed that White had a large mass in the midline. The treating emergency room physician ordered tests, including an abdominal CT scan, which showed the presence of a 6.6 cm abdominal aortic aneurysm. The emergency room staff consulted James T. McLaren, M.D., a specialist in vascular surgery. Dr. McLaren saw White, reviewed her chart, and discharged her with a diagnosis of constipation with right lower quadrant abdominal pain and incidental thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm.
White returned to the emergency room at defendant hospital at 7:00 p.m. on May 11, 1997. Before being admitted, White lost consciousness and suffered cardiac arrest. She was resuscitated in the emergency room and was diagnosed with a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm with cardiac arrest. Dr. McLaren took White to the operating room for emergency surgery. White died during the surgery. White's death certificate, signed by Dr. McLaren, indicated that a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm was the cause of death.
Letters of authority naming Ousley as personal representative of White's estate were issued on April 30, 2002. On May 2, 2002, Ousley issued to defendants a notice of intent to file a claim pursuant to M.C.L. § 600.2912b, which requires that a plaintiff give written notice of intent to file a medical malpractice claim 182 days before the action is commenced. Ousley, not having received a response from defendants within 154 days pursuant to M.C.L. § 600.2912b(7), commenced the action after the expiration of 154 days, on October 14, 2002.[1]
On December 30, 2002, Borgess Medical Center moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) on the ground that the statute of limitations barred Ousley's claims. Specifically, Borgess pointed to M.C.L. § 600.5852, which allows a personal representative of an estate to bring an action within two years after letters of authority are issued, as long as the lawsuit is brought within three years after the two-year general period of limitations ended. Borgess argued that this time frame expired on May 11, 2002, and that, therefore, Ousley's claims, having been filed on October 14, 2002, were time-barred. Ousley responded that because the limitations period expired while the notice of intent was pending, the statute should be tolled, making the October 14, 2002, filing timely.
After a hearing on the motion, the trial court concluded that M.C.L. § 600.5852 prescribed an absolute time by which a claim must be filed and that Ousley did not meet that deadline. Accordingly, the trial court granted Borgess's motion for summary disposition. After a brief hearing, the trial court granted the remaining defendants summary disposition on the same ground in a separate order.
*820 III. Summary Disposition
A. Standard Of Review
We review de novo the trial court's decision to grant a motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7).[2]
B. M.C.L. § 600.5856(d) and M.C.L. § 600.5852
M.C.L. § 600.5805(5)[3] provides that actions charging malpractice are subject to a period of limitations of two years. However, M.C.L. § 600.5852 provides that if a person dies before the period of limitations has run, an action may be commenced by the personal representative at "any time within 2 years after letters of authority are issued although the period of limitations has run ... [b]ut an action shall not be brought ... unless the personal representative commences it within 3 years after the period of limitations has run."
Defendants assert that under this statute, the latest date at which Ousley could file suit in this case was May 11, 2002, five years after the accrual of the cause of action (or three years after the expiration of the two-year statute of limitations). Ousley, however, argues that because he was bound under M.C.L. § 600.2912b to give notice before filing the claim, the limitations period extension contained in M.C.L. § 600.5852 should be tolled for that amount of time. In support, Ousley cites the tolling provision of M.C.L. § 600.5856(d), which provides that statutes of limitations or repose are tolled:
If, during the applicable notice period under section 2912b, a claim would be barred by the statute of limitations or repose, for not longer than a number of days equal to the number of days in the applicable notice period after the date notice is given in compliance with section 2912b.
Defendants respond by arguing that the time limitations of M.C.L. § 600.5852 are neither a statute of limitations nor of repose; rather, they are a saving provision or "extension period" and, therefore, the tolling provision of M.C.L. § 600.5856(d) does not apply to it.
The Supreme Court recently addressed this issue in Waltz v. Wyse.[4] In Waltz, the plaintiff's son died on April 18, 1994, allegedly because of the negligence of the doctor and the hospital. The plaintiff issued a notice pursuant to M.C.L. § 600.2912b in January of 1999 and filed the wrongful death action on June 23, 1999.[5] The defendants sought summary disposition on the ground that the plaintiff had failed to file her complaint within either the applicable two-year limitation or the additional period allowed for wrongful death claims. The trial court and this Court agreed, holding that M.C.L. § 600.5856(d) did not toll the wrongful death "extension period" *821 of M.C.L. § 600.5852.[6] The Supreme Court granted leave "to consider the interplay between M.C.L. § 600.5856(d) and M.C.L. § 600.5852 ... [s]pecifically ... whether § 5856(d) ... tolls the additional period permitted for filing wrongful death actions under the wrongful death saving provision, § 5852."[7]
To answer the question, the Court first looked at the plain language of the tolling statute, § 5856(d), and pointed out that by its express terms it tolls only the applicable "statute of limitations or repose."[8] The Court then turned to the question whether the "extension period" or saving provision is a statute of limitations or repose. The Court relied on Miller v. Mercy Memorial Hosp,[9] in which it held that M.C.L. § 600.5852 is not a statute of limitations. The Court concluded that, because it was neither a statute of limitations nor of repose, the tolling statute, § 5856(d), did not apply to extend the time limitations contained therein.[10] Because the plaintiff filed her complaint beyond the five-year period, it was time-barred.[11]
Waltz is directly on point. Like the plaintiff in Waltz, Ousley filed his claim after the expiration of the saving or extension period, and the issuing of the notice of intent to file a claim did not toll that limitation. Thus, assuming Waltz applies retroactively, we are bound to hold that Ousley's claim is time-barred, and the trial court did not err in granting the motion for summary disposition.
C. Retroactive Application Of Waltz
The next question we must decide, then, is whether Waltz applies retroactively or only prospectively. "`The general rule is that judicial decisions are to be given complete retroactive effect ....'"[12] Complete prospective application has been deemed appropriate only for decisions that either "`overrule clear and uncontradicted case law'"[13] or "decide[] an '"issue of first impression whose resolution was not clearly foreshadowed."'"[14]
We conclude that Waltz meets neither of these criteria. The only case law that Waltz arguably overruled is Omelenchuk v. City of Warren.[15] In Omelenchuk, the Court addressed whether § 5856(d) tolled the statutory limitations period for a full 182 days or only 154 days when a medical malpractice claimant does not receive a written response to the notice of intent *822 pursuant to M.C.L. § 600.2912b(7).[16] However, as the Court explained in Waltz, the question whether the 182-day notice tolling provision applied to the wrongful death saving provision, § 5852, was not before it in Omelenchuk, because the plaintiffs in Omelenchuk had filed their complaint before the expiration of the limitations period as extended by the tolling provision, and, thus, did not need to rely on the wrongful death saving provision to make their action timely.[17]
The Court acknowledged that its "imprecise" passing references to § 5852 as creating a "limitation period"[18] in Omelenchuk had occasioned some confusion, but it clarified that other case law clearly established that § 5852 was "`a saving statute, not a statute of limitations,' "[19] and that, therefore, § 5856(d), which applies only to "statute[s] of limitation or repose," did not apply to § 5852.[20] The Court also acknowledged that it "mistakenly, and unnecessarily," based its calculations in Omelenchuk on the date the personal representatives were appointed rather than the date the decedent died, which was when the cause of action accrued.[21] The Court then overruled Omelenchuk "[t]o the limited extent" that that portion of the Omelenchuk opinion "might be viewed as sanctioning application of the notice tolling provision to the wrongful death saving provision...."[22]
It is evident, then, that Waltz did not overrule "clear and uncontradicted case law," as the test for prospective application requires. Rather, as the Court explained, what Waltz actually overruled was confusing and imprecise dicta.[23] Further, to the extent that Waltz decided an issue of first impression in deciding that § 5856(d) does not toll § 5852, that resolution was "clearly foreshadowed," if not actually determined, by its previous decision holding that § 5852 is a saving provision, not a statute of limitations or repose.[24] The conclusion that Waltz did not represent a change in the law is supported by the fact that, despite being decided after Omelenchuk, this Court reached the same conclusion in Waltz using the plain language of the statutes,[25] as did the trial court in this case. Therefore, Waltz meets neither of the threshold criteria for applying its holding only prospectively.[26] Because Waltz applies retroactively, Ousley's claim is time-barred, and the trial court did not err in granting the motion for summary disposition.
IV. Constitutional Challenge
A. Standard Of Review
We review de novo constitutional questions.[27]
*823 B. Reenactment Of Amended Statutes Requirement
Ousley argues that if the statutes are construed in the manner that defendants urge, and as the Supreme Court held, then M.C.L. § 600.2912b would have the effect of amending M.C.L. § 600.5852 by reducing the limitations period therein by 182 days, which would violate the requirement of Const. 1963 art. 4, § 25 that amended statutes be reenacted.
While the Supreme Court did not directly address this argument in Waltz, the Court did reject the assertion that its reading of the statutes "`effectively reduce[s]' by 182 days the two- and three-year periods provided for in § 5852."[28] The Court explained:
Plaintiff had a full two years after letters of authority were issued to commence her claim, as long as the claim was commenced within three years after the expiration of the two-year limitation period for medical malpractice actions. Additionally, plaintiff was entitled to a 182-day tolling period under § 5856(d), provided that she filed her notice of intent at some point before the expiration of that two-year limitation period. Potentially, then, under §§ 5805(5), 5852, and 5856(d), plaintiff had five years plus 182 days to commence her lawsuit following the accrual of her cause of action. However, because plaintiff waited until nearly five years had passed after her infant's death to file her notice of intent, there was simply no unexpired "statute of limitations" to toll. This analysis in no way shortens either the two-year extension period or the three-year ceiling provided for in § 5852.[[29]]
Accordingly, we reject Ousley's assertion that the effect of the statutory construction creates a conflict with the Michigan Constitution's reenactment requirement.
Affirmed.
NOTES
[1] M.C.L. § 600.2912b(8) provides that an action may be filed 154 days after a notice of intent is issued if defendants fail to respond to the notice within 154 days.
[2] Maiden v. Rozwood, 461 Mich. 109, 118, 597 N.W.2d 817 (1999).
[3] M.C.L. § 600.5805(5) was renumbered as M.C.L. § 600.5805(6) by 2002 P.A. 715, effective March 31, 2003.
[4] Waltz v. Wyse, 469 Mich. 642, 677 N.W.2d 813 (2004).
[5] We note that the defendants in Waltz raised other issues of error with plaintiff's claim. Specifically, the plaintiff had not been appointed personal representative at the time of issuing the notice and was only appointed personal representative on May 27, 1999, after the five-year extended period had run. Id. at 645, 677 N.W.2d 813. However, these facts do not distinguish Waltz from the case at bar because the Court did not rely on them for the basis of its decision. Id. at 647 n. 8, 677 N.W.2d 813.
[6] Id. at 646-647, 677 N.W.2d 813.
[7] Id. at 644, 677 N.W.2d 813.
[8] Id. at 650, 677 N.W.2d 813.
[9] Miller v. Mercy Memorial Hosp., 466 Mich. 196, 644 N.W.2d 730 (2002).
[10] Waltz, supra at 648-650, 677 N.W.2d 813.
[11] Id. at 651-652, 677 N.W.2d 813.
[12] Lincoln v. Gen. Motors Corp., 461 Mich. 483, 491, 607 N.W.2d 73 (2000), quoting Hyde v. Univ. of Michigan Bd. of Regents, 426 Mich. 223, 240, 393 N.W.2d 847 (1986) (intermediate citation deleted).
[13] Lincoln, supra at 491, 607 N.W.2d 73, quoting Hyde, supra at 240, 393 N.W.2d 847.
[14] Lindsey v. Harper Hosp., 455 Mich. 56, 68, 564 N.W.2d 861 (1997), quoting People v. Phillips, 416 Mich. 63, 68, 330 N.W.2d 366 (1982), quoting Chevron Oil Co. v. Huson, 404 U.S. 97, 106, 92 S. Ct. 349, 30 L. Ed. 2d 296 (1971).
[15] Omelenchuk v. City of Warren, 461 Mich. 567, 609 N.W.2d 177 (2000).
[16] See id. at 577, 609 N.W.2d 177.
[17] See Waltz, supra at 652-653, 677 N.W.2d 813.
[18] Id. at 653-654, 677 N.W.2d 813.
[19] Id. at 650, 677 N.W.2d 813, quoting Miller, supra at 202, 644 N.W.2d 730 (emphasis in Waltz).
[20] Waltz, supra at 650-651, 677 N.W.2d 813.
[21] Id. at 654, 677 N.W.2d 813.
[22] Id. at 655, 677 N.W.2d 813.
[23] See id. at 652-655, 677 N.W.2d 813.
[24] See id. at 653-654, 677 N.W.2d 813.
[25] See unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued October 1, 2002 (Docket No. 231324), 2002 WL 31188430.
[26] See Lindsey, supra at 68, 564 N.W.2d 861, and Lincoln, supra at 491, 607 N.W.2d 73, quoting Hyde, supra at 240, 393 N.W.2d 847 (intermediate citation deleted).
[27] Harvey v. Michigan, 469 Mich. 1, 6, 664 N.W.2d 767 (2003).
[28] Waltz, supra at 652 n. 14, 677 N.W.2d 813.
[29] Id. (Emphasis in original).