Amgen Inc. v. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
2009-1020, -1096

AMGEN INC.,

Plaintiff-Cross Appellant,

v.

F. HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE LTD, ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS GMBH,
and HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE INC.,

Defendants-Appellants.

Lloyd R. Day, Jr., Day Casebeer Madrid & Batchelder LLP, of Cupertino, California,
argued for plaintiff-cross appellant. With him on the brief were David M. Madrid, Linda A.
Sasaki-Baxley and Jonathan D. Loeb. Of counsel on the brief were Stuart L. Watt, Wendy A.
Whiteford and Erica S. Olson, Amgen Inc., of Thousand Oaks, California; Cecilia H. Gonzalez
and Margaret D. MacDonald, Howrey LLP, of Washington, DC. Of counsel was Christian E.
Mammen, Day Casebeer Madrid & Batchelder LLP, of Cupertino, California.

Leora Ben-Ami, Kaye Scholer LLP, of New York, New York, argued for defendants-
appellants. With her on the brief were Thomas F. Fleming, Patricia A. Carson, Christopher T.
Jagoe, Sr. and Howard S. Suh. Of counsel on the brief were Lee Carl Bromberg, Timothy M.
Murphy and Julia Huston, Bromberg & Sunstein LLP, of Boston, Massachusetts. Of counsel
were Daniel Forchheimer, Matthew McFarlane, and Krista M. Rycroft, Kaye Scholer LLP, of
New York, New York; and Kimberly J. Seluga, Nicole Rizzo Smith and Keith E. Toms,
Bromberg & Sunstein LLP, of Boston, Massachusetts.

Appealed from: United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts

Judge William G. Young
 United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

2009-1020, -1096

AMGEN INC.,

Plaintiff-Cross Appellant,

v.

F. HOFFMAN-LA ROCHE LTD, ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS GMBH,
and HOFFMAN-LA ROCHE INC.,

Defendants-Appellants.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
in case no. 05-CV-12237, Judge William G. Young.

DECIDED: September 15, 2009

Before MAYER, CLEVENGER, and SCHALL, Circuit Judges.

SCHALL, Circuit Judge.

This is a patent case. Amgen Inc. (“Amgen”) is the owner of U.S. Patent Nos.

5,441,868 (“the ’868 patent”), 5,547,933 (“the ’933 patent”), 5,618,698 (“the ’698

patent”), 5,756,349 (“the ’349 patent”), and 5,955,422 (“the ’422 patent”). The patents

relate to the production of the protein erythropoietin (“EPO”) using recombinant

deoxyribonucleic acid (“DNA”) technology. All five patents share a common

specification and descend from Application No. 06/675,298 (“the ’298 application”),

which issued as now-expired U.S. Patent No. 4,703,008 (“the ’008 patent”).
 In November of 2005, Amgen brought a declaratory judgment action against

F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd, Roche Diagnostics GMBH, and Hoffman-La Roche Inc.

(“Roche”) in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, alleging

that Roche’s product, MIRCERA®, would infringe Amgen’s five patents if imported into

the United States. Roche responded with affirmative defenses and counterclaims that

Amgen’s asserted patents were invalid and not infringed. In October of 2008, following

rulings of summary judgment and judgment as a matter of law (“JMOL”), and a jury trial,

the court entered judgment that the ’868, ’933, ’698, and ’422 patents were infringed

and not invalid, and that the ’349 patent was neither invalid nor infringed. Amgen, Inc.

v. F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., No. 05-12237-WGY, slip op. at 1–2 (D. Mass. Oct. 17,

2008) (“Final Judgment”). Accordingly, the court granted Amgen declaratory relief and

permanently enjoined Roche from marketing MIRCERA® in the United States. Id.

Roche appeals from several rulings of the court. Specifically, Roche challenges

the court’s rulings that none of the claims-in-suit were invalid for obviousness-type

double patenting, Amgen, Inc. v. F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., 581 F. Supp. 2d 160, 173,

186, 192 (D. Mass. 2008); and that claim 1 of the ’422 patent was neither anticipated

nor indefinite and infringed, id. at 194, 198, 204. Roche also challenges the court’s

rulings sustaining the jury’s verdict that claims 3, 7, and 8 of the ’933 patent were

neither anticipated nor indefinite; and that claims 3, 7, and 8 of the ’933 patent, claims 1

and 2 of the ’868 patent, and claims 6–9 of the ’698 patent were literally infringed.

Amgen cross-appeals from the court’s rulings that claim 7 of the ’349 patent and

claims 9, 11, and 14 of the ’933 patent were not infringed. Amgen also cross-appeals

2009-1020, -1096 2
from the court’s ruling vacating the jury’s verdict that claim 12 of the ’933 patent was

infringed under the doctrine of equivalents (“DOE”). Id. at 205.

We vacate the court’s grant of summary judgment and of JMOL to Amgen of no

invalidity for obviousness-type double patenting of claims 3, 7, and 8 of the ’933 patent;

claim 1 of the ’422 patent; and claim 7 of the ’349 patent. We therefore remand to the

district court for an obviousness-type double patenting analysis of those claims in light

of this opinion. We also vacate the court’s grant of JMOL to Roche of non-infringement

of claim 7 of the ’349 patent and remand to the district for a new trial on infringement of

that claim. We affirm the court’s judgment in all other respects.

BACKGROUND

I

As noted, the patents at issue relate to the production of EPO using recombinant

DNA technology. EPO, which is a naturally occurring protein (or polypeptide),

stimulates the production of red blood cells through a process called erythropoiesis.

Amgen, 581 F. Supp. 2d at 168. The production of EPO is useful in treating blood

disorders characterized by a low hematocrit, which is a low ratio of red blood cells to

total blood cells. Id. One such blood disorder is anemia. In a clinical study performed

in 1979–80, Dr. Eugene Goldwasser attempted to treat anemic patients with EPO

isolated from human urine. Id. at 168. He had limited success, however, because the

EPO recovered from urine was low-yield, of high impurity, and unstable. Id. at 168–69.

Rather than attempting to obtain EPO from natural sources such as human urine,

a team of Amgen researchers led by Dr. Fu-Kuen Lin identified a means of producing

usable amounts of EPO via recombinant DNA technology. Id. at 169. The common

2009-1020, -1096 3
specification of Amgen’s patents describes the production of recombinant EPO. To

produce EPO, Dr. Lin made an expression vector carrying the human EPO DNA

sequence he had discovered. See ’422 patent col.11 ll.1–10. An expression vector is a

circular piece of DNA that is inserted into a host cell to produce a protein. Id. col.2

ll.36–54; figs.2 & 3. He then injected, or transfected, host Chinese hamster ovary

(“CHO”) cells with the expression vector. Id. col.11 ll.5–10

The transfected CHO cells use the EPO DNA sequence to form a protein with the

166 amino acid sequence of EPO shown in Figure 6 of the common specification of the

patents. Id. fig.6. Prior to secretion of EPO from the cell, the final amino acid, or the C-

terminal amino acid, of the 166 amino acid sequence is cleaved off, leaving a 165

amino acid protein. Amgen, 581 F. Supp. 2d at 170. Also prior to secretion,

carbohydrates are attached to certain sites on EPO in a process called glycosylation,

which results in a glycoprotein. Id. Thus, Dr. Lin’s transfected CHO cells ultimately

yield a glycoprotein with the 165 amino acid sequence of human EPO. Id.

Recombinant EPO produced in this manner can bind to the EPO receptor and stimulate

erythropoiesis. Id. at 169.

On November 30, 1984, Amgen submitted to the United States Patent and

Trademark Office (“PTO”) the ’298 application, from which Amgen’s five patents

descend. Id. at 180. The ’298 application originally contained claims drawn to, inter

alia, DNA sequences, host cells, processes of producing polypeptides, polypeptides,

and pharmaceutical compositions. Id. In 1986, the PTO subjected Amgen’s ’298

application to a restriction requirement, which identified claims drawn to DNA, cells,

polypeptides, and pharmaceutical compositions as each directed to patentably distinct

2009-1020, -1096 4
subject matter. Id. The PTO examiner stated that, under 35 U.S.C. § 121, restriction to

one of the following inventions was required:

I. Claims 1–13, 16, 39–41, 47–54, and 59, drawn to polypeptide,
classified in Class 260, subclass 112.
II. Claims 14, 15, 17–36, 58, and 61–72, drawn to DNA, classified in
Class 536, subclass 27.
III. Claims 37–38, drawn to plasmid, classified in Class 435, subclass
317.
IV. Claims 42–46, drawn to cells, classified in Class 435, subclass 240.
V. Claims 55–57, drawn to pharmaceutical composition, classified in
Class 435, subclass 177.
VI. Claim 60, drawn to assay, classified in Class 435, subclass 6.1

Id. In response, Amgen elected to prosecute Group II claims in the ’298 application,

which were drawn to DNA and host cells. Id. Ultimately, the ’298 application issued on

October 27, 1987, as the now-expired ’008 patent entitled “DNA Sequences Encoding

Erythropoietin.” The ’008 patent claimed DNA sequences encoding EPO and host cells

transformed or transfected with those DNA sequences. ’008 patent col.40 ll.17–68.

On October 23, 1987, subsequent to the restriction requirement but before the

’008 patent issued, Amgen prosecuted the claims withdrawn from the ’298 application in

continuation application 07/113,178 (“the ’178 application”) and continuation application

07/113,179 (“the ’179 application”). Amgen, 581 F. Supp. 2d at 180. After a series of

1
The PTO maintains the United States Patent Classification System
(“USPC”) for organizing patent documents by common subject matter. Each subject
matter division in the USPC includes a major component called a class and a minor
component called a subclass. A class generally delineates one technology from
another. Subclasses delineate processes, structural features, and functional features of
the subject matter encompassed within the scope of a class. Every class has a unique
alphanumeric identifier, as do most subclasses. See generally Manual of Patent
Examining Procedure (“MPEP”) § 902.01 (8th ed., July 2008 rev.) (describing the
Manual of Classification).

2009-1020, -1096 5
intervening continuation applications and interferences, the ’933 patent eventually

emerged from the ’178 application, while the ’422, ’349, ’868, and ’698 patents

eventually emerged from the ’179 application. As a result, all five patents-in-suit (’933,

’422, ’349, ’868, and ’698) claim priority to the ’298 application, share a common

specification, and have the title “Production of Erythropoietin” or “Production of

Recombinant Erythropoietin.”

In broad strokes, the ’933 patent claims recombinant EPO, a pharmaceutical

composition comprising recombinant EPO, and methods of treating kidney dialysis

patients by administering pharmaceutical compositions comprising recombinant EPO.

’933 patent col.38 l.17–col.40 l.11. The ’422 patent claims a pharmaceutical

composition comprising recombinant EPO. ’422 patent col.38 l.37–41. Because the

’933 and ’422 patents both cover recombinant EPO and pharmaceutical compositions

thereof, the parties refer to them collectively as the “product patents.” The ’349 patent

claims the process of producing recombinant EPO in vertebrate cells capable of

producing EPO at a specific rate. ’349 patent col.38 ll.34–36. The ’868 patent claims

the process of producing recombinant EPO in mammalian cells, ’868 patent col.38

ll.24–37, while the ’698 patent claims the process of producing recombinant EPO in

cells comprised of amplified DNA encoding EPO, ’698 patent col.38 ll.50–65. Because

the ’868 and ’698 patents both cover processes of producing recombinant EPO, the

parties refer to them collectively as the “process patents.”

Based on these patents, Amgen has developed two erythropoiesis-stimulating

agent (“ESA”) drugs, EPOGEN® and Aranesp®, to treat anemia and anemia-related

diseases. Amgen, 581 F. Supp. 2d at 171. The key difference between these drugs is

2009-1020, -1096 6
how frequently patients must take them. Id. The Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”)

has approved EPOGEN for weekly dosing and Aranesp for bi-weekly dosing to anemic

patients. Id.

Roche sought to introduce into the United States market its own ESA drug,

MIRCERA®, which it manufactures overseas. Id. at 172. The active ingredient of

MIRCERA® is continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (“CERA”). CERA is formed

via a chemical reaction that bonds polyethylene glycol (“PEG”) to recombinant EPO

produced by CHO cells. Id. The attachment of one PEG molecule to EPO, also known

as pegylation of EPO, results in the displacement of a single hydrogen atom from the

amino acid lysine or from the beginning amino acid (i.e., the N-terminus) of EPO. Id.

Pegylation of a therapeutic protein, such as EPO, can expand the drug’s life in the body

and reduce levels of toxicity, allowing for extended dosing intervals. Id. As a result,

MIRCERA® has received FDA approval for once-monthly dosing to anemic patients. Id.

II

Amgen sought a declaratory judgment that, if imported into the United States,

MIRCERA® would infringe the ’933, ’422, ’868, ’698, and ’349 patents. Specifically,

Amgen alleged infringement of claims 3, 7–9, 11, 12, and 14 of the ’933 patent, claim 1

of the ’422 patent, claim 7 of the ’349 patent, claims 1–2 of the ’868 patent, and claims

6–9 of the ’698 patent. Roche responded with affirmative defenses and counterclaims

that Amgen’s asserted patents were invalid and not infringed.

After discovery, the district court granted Amgen summary judgment of no

obviousness-type double patenting of any of the asserted claims in the ’933, ’422, and

’349 patents over the claims in the ’008 patent based on the protection from such

2009-1020, -1096 7
challenge afforded by 35 U.S.C. § 121. Amgen, 581 F. Supp. 2d at 173. Over cross-

motions for summary judgment, the district court also granted Amgen summary

judgment that claim 1 of the ’422 patent was infringed. Id. at 167, 204. The parties tried

the remaining infringement and invalidity claims to a jury. After Roche presented its

case-in-chief to the jury, the court granted Amgen JMOL that claim 1 of the ’422 patent

was not anticipated. Id. at 198. After conducting hearings outside the presence of the

jury and reviewing the trial record, the court granted Amgen JMOL of no obviousness-

type double patenting of (1) the asserted claims in the ’933, ’422, and ’349 patents over

the claims in the ’868 and ’698 patents, id. at 192, and (2) the asserted claims in the

’868 and ’698 patents over the claims in the ’008 patent, id. at 186. The court also

granted Roche JMOL that claims 9, 11, and 14 of the ’933 patent and claim 7 of the

’349 patent were not infringed.

On October 23, 2007, the jury rendered a verdict in favor of Amgen, upholding

the validity of all the claims-in-suit. The jury found that Roche literally infringed claims 3,

7, and 8 of the ’933 patent; claims 1 and 2 of the ’868 patent; and claims 6–9 of the ’698

patent. Over Roche’s motions for renewed JMOL and a new trial, the court sustained

these jury findings. The jury also found that claim 12 of the ’933 patent was infringed

under the DOE. Granting Roche’s motion for renewed JMOL relating to claim 12 of the

’933 patent, the court vacated the jury verdict of infringement and entered judgment of

non-infringement as to that claim. Id. at 205. Subsequently, the court granted Amgen a

declaratory judgment and a permanent injunction, enjoining Roche from marketing

MIRCERA® in the United States. Final Judgment, slip op. at 1–2. Roche appeals the

described rulings and findings in favor of Amgen, while Amgen cross-appeals the

2009-1020, -1096 8
described rulings in favor of Roche. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§ 1295(a)(1).

DISCUSSION

In this appeal, we are presented with issues involving obviousness-type double

patenting, anticipation, indefiniteness, and infringement relating to the ’933, ’422, ’349,

’868, and ’698 patents.

I

Obviousness-Type Double Patenting

For purposes of explaining its rulings relating to obviousness-type double

patenting, the district court grouped the ’933, ’422, and ’349 patents, and the ’868 and

’698 patents separately. We shall do the same.

A

The court granted Amgen summary judgment of no obviousness-type double

patenting of the asserted claims of the ’933, ’422, and ’349 patents over the claims of

the ’008 patent. 2 Amgen, 581 F. Supp. 2d at 179. The court also granted Amgen

JMOL of no obviousness-type double patenting of the asserted claims of the ’933, ’422,

and ’349 patents over the claims of the ’868 and ’698 patents. 3 Id. at 192. The court

2
Before the district court, Roche asserted that claims 3, 7, and 8 of the ’933
patent; claim 1 of the ’422 patent; and claim 7 of the ’349 patent are invalid for
obviousness-type double patenting over claim 27 of the ’008 patent. Generally, as
noted, claims 3, 7, and 8 of the ’933 patent are drawn to recombinant EPO; claim 1 of
the ’422 patent is drawn to a pharmaceutical composition comprising recombinant EPO;
and claim 7 of the ’349 patent is drawn to a process of producing recombinant EPO.
Claim 27 of the ’008 patent is drawn to CHO cells comprising DNA encoding EPO.
3
Before the district court, Roche asserted that claims 3, 7, and 8 of the ’933
patent; claim 1 of the ’422 patent; and claim 7 of the ’349 patent are invalid for
obviousness-type double patenting over claims 1 and 2 of the ’868 patent and claims 6–

2009-1020, -1096 9
arrived at these rulings after concluding that the ’933, ’422, and ’349 patents were

shielded from double patenting by 35 U.S.C. § 121. Id.

Section 121, entitled “Divisional applications,” provides in its third sentence:

A patent issuing on an application with respect to which a requirement for
restriction under this section has been made, or on an application filed as
a result of such a requirement, shall not be used as a reference either in
the Patent and Trademark Office or in the courts against a divisional
application or against the original application or any patent issued on
either of them, if the divisional application is filed before the issuance of
the patent on the other application.

35 U.S.C. § 121. The third sentence of § 121 is a safe harbor provision that protects a

divisional application, the original application, or any patent issued on either of them

from validity challenges based on a patent issuing on an application subjected to a

restriction requirement or on an application filed as a result of a restriction requirement.

In effect, the third sentence of § 121 shields patents that issue on applications filed as a

result of a restriction requirement from double patenting invalidation. See Applied

Materials, Inc. v. Advanced Semiconductor Materials America, Inc., 98 F.3d 1563, 1568

(Fed. Cir. 1996) (“[W]hen two or more patents result from a PTO restriction requirement,

whereby aspects of the original application must be divided into separate applications,

§ 121 insulates the ensuing patents from the charge of double patenting.”).

The court concluded that the ’933, ’422, and ’349 patents were entitled to the

§ 121 safe harbor because they had descended from the ’178 and ’179 applications,

both of which had been filed in response to a PTO-imposed restriction requirement.

The court observed that “[a]fter the PTO imposed the 1986 restriction requirement,”

Amgen “filed two divisional applications, the ’178 and ’179, which ultimately issued as

9 of the ’698 patent. Generally, as noted, claims 1 and 2 of the ’868 patent and claims
6–9 of the ’698 patent are drawn to processes of producing recombinant EPO.

2009-1020, -1096 10
the ’933, ’422, and ’349 patents.” Amgen, 581 F. Supp. 2d at 179. The court found that

the “undisputed evidence show[ed] that both the ’178 and ’179 applications were filed

as a result of the PTO’s 1986 restriction requirement.” Id. Thus, the court deemed the

’933, ’422, and ’349 patents immune from a charge of obviousness-type double

patenting over the ’008, ’868, and ’698 patents. Id. at 182, 192.

On appeal, Roche contends that the district court erroneously determined that

§ 121’s safe harbor insulates the ’933 and ’422 patents from obviousness-type double

patenting invalidation over the ’008, ’868, and ’698 patents. Roche’s Br. 34. Roche’s

main contention is that § 121 cannot shield the ’933 and ’422 patents because they

issued from solely continuation applications to which § 121 is inapplicable. Id. Roche

contends that § 121 applies exclusively to divisional applications and patents issuing

therefrom. Roche emphasizes that the statute, entitled “Divisional applications,”

requires on its face that the later patent must issue from “a divisional application” or the

“original application.” Id. at 35. Because the ’933 and ’422 patents issued from the ’178

and ’179 continuation applications, Roche contends they are not entitled to the § 121

safe harbor. Id. at 36.

Amgen argues that the district court correctly held that § 121 protects the

asserted claims of the ’933 and ’422 patents from obviousness-type double patenting

invalidation over the claims of the ’008, ’868, and ’698 patents. Amgen’s Br. 39.

Amgen relies on our decisions in Applied Materials, Inc. v. Advanced Semiconductor

Materials Am., Inc., 98 F.3d 1563, 1568 (Fed. Cir. 1996), and Symbol Technologies,

Inc. v. Opticon, Inc., 935 F.2d 1569 (Fed. Cir. 1991), for the proposition that patents that

issue directly from continuation applications, as the ’933 and ’422 patents did, are

2009-1020, -1096 11
eligible for § 121 protection so long as the other requirements of § 121 are met. Id. at

41. In Amgen’s view, the only § 121 requirement at issue is the “divisional application”

requirement, and Amgen contends that the ’178 and ’179 applications meet that

requirement. Id. Amgen urges the court to look to an application’s substance—not its

designation—to determine whether it qualifies as a divisional application under § 121’s

safe harbor. Id. at 42. In support of this approach, Amgen relies on the definition of

“divisional application” in § 201.06 of the Manual of Patent Examining Procedure

(“MPEP”), which provides:

A later application for an independent or distinct invention, carved out of a
pending application and disclosing and claiming only subject matter
disclosed in the earlier or parent application, is known as a divisional
application or “division.”

MPEP § 201.06 (8th ed., July 2008 rev.). According to Amgen, the ’178 and ’179

applications were later applications, which were (1) carved out of a pending application

(the ’298 application), (2) contained claims to distinct and independent inventions, and

(3) disclosed and claimed only subject matter disclosed in the earlier or parent

application. Amgen’s Br. 41. Thus, Amgen argues, because the ’178 and ’179

applications, from which the ’933 and ’422 patents descend, conform to the PTO’s

definition of a “divisional application” in MPEP § 201.06, the ’933 and ’422 patents are

entitled to the § 121 safe harbor. Id.

Amgen also noted at oral argument that Roche did not contest the no

obviousness-type double patenting ruling relating to the ’349 patent in its reply brief,

even though Amgen cross-appealed the court’s ruling that the ’349 patent was not

infringed by MIRCERA®. See Oral Arg. 33:10–35, June 4, 2009, available at

2009-1020, -1096 12
http://oralarguments.cafc.uscourts.gov/searchscript.asp (search case no. 2009-1020).

Amgen urges us to treat Roche’s omission as waiver. Id.

We address this last point of Amgen’s first. Amgen correctly points out that

Roche did not challenge the § 121 protection afforded to the ’349 patent in its reply

brief. When questioned at oral argument about this omission, counsel for Roche stated,

“We won on non-infringement, so you can’t appeal when you win.” Oral Arg. 37:00–27.

While a challenge to the no invalidity ruling of the ’349 patent would have been a proper

response to Amgen’s cross-appeal of the non-infringement ruling of the ’349 patent, we

do not deem Roche’s failure to raise this alternative ground for affirmance as waiver in

this case. See Independence Park Apartments v. United States, 449 F.3d 1235, 1240

(Fed. Cir. 2006) (explaining that appellees are in the position of defending a favorable

judgment and, under certain circumstances, may not be “required to raise all possible

alternative grounds for affirmance to avoid waiving any of those grounds”); cf. Harris

Corp. v. Ericsson Inc., 417 F.3d 1241, 1251 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (“An appellate court retains

case-by-case discretion over whether to apply waiver.”). Therefore, given our ruling on

infringement of the ’349 patent, see infra Part V.B, we will rule on whether the ’349

patent is entitled to the § 121 safe harbor.

B

We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment without deference. See

In re Metoprolol Succinate Patent Litig., 494 F.3d 1011, 1015 (Fed. Cir. 2007).

Summary judgment is appropriate if there are no genuine issues of material fact so that

the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).

In other words, the court properly grants summary judgment if no reasonable jury could

2009-1020, -1096 13
return a verdict for the non-moving party. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.

242, 248 (1986). In assessing the evidence, we draw all reasonable inferences in favor

of the non-moving party. BMC Res., Inc. v. Paymentech, L.P., 498 F.3d 1373, 1378

(Fed. Cir. 2007).

We apply the standard of review for JMOL rulings used in the relevant regional

circuit. DePuy Spine, Inc. v. Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Inc., 567 F.3d 1314, 1329 (Fed.

Cir. 2009). In this case, that is the First Circuit. In the First Circuit, a district court’s

grant of JMOL is reviewed without deference. Id. (applying First Circuit law). Under

First Circuit law, JMOL is warranted when, viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the non-moving party, “there is no legally sufficient evidentiary basis for a

reasonable jury to find for the [non-moving] party.” Guilloty Perez v. Pierluisi, 339 F.3d

43, 50 (1st Cir. 2003) (quotation marks omitted).

We review a court’s conclusion on double patenting without deference because

“double patenting is a matter of what is claimed, and therefore is treated like claim

construction upon appellate review.” Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 195

F.3d 1322, 1326 (Fed. Cir. 1999). “[Obviousness-type] double patenting is a judicially

created doctrine adopted to prevent claims in separate applications or patents that do

not recite the ‘same’ invention, but nonetheless claim inventions so alike that granting

both exclusive rights would effectively extend the life of patent protection.” Perricone v.

Medicis Pharm. Corp., 432 F.3d 1368, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2005).

We conclude that, because the ’178 and ’179 applications were filed as

continuation—rather than divisional—applications, the ’933, ’422, and ’349 patents do

not receive the benefit of § 121. We reach this conclusion in light of our opinion in

2009-1020, -1096 14
Pfizer, Inc. v. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc., 518 F.3d 1353 (Fed. Cir. 2008). The

Pfizer decision addressed whether a patent that issued from a continuation-in-part

application—rather than a divisional application—could receive the protection of the

§ 121 safe harbor. 518 F.3d at 1358–62. Looking first to the statute, the court

observed that § 121 on its face refers to “divisional application[s].” Id. at 1360. Turning

to the legislative history, the court observed that a House Report also referred

specifically to “divisional application[s].” Id. Notably absent from the legislative history,

in the court’s view, was a suggestion “that the safe-harbor provision was, or needed to

be, directed at anything but divisional applications.” Id. at 1361. From there, the court

“conclude[d] that the protection afforded by section 121 to applications (or patents

issued therefrom) filed as a result of a restriction requirement is limited to divisional

applications.” Id. at 1362. Accordingly, the court decided that the § 121 safe harbor did

not apply to the patent before it, which issued from a continuation-in-part application.

Id.

We are persuaded by the reasoning in Pfizer that the § 121 safe harbor provision

does not protect continuation applications or patents descending from only continuation

applications. The statute on its face applies only to divisional applications, 4 and a

4
The statute is entitled “Divisional applications” and refers specifically to
“divisional applications” in its text:
§ 121. Divisional applications

If two or more independent and distinct inventions are claimed in one
application, the Director may require the application to be restricted to one
of the inventions. If the other invention is made the subject of a divisional
application which complies with the requirements of section 120 of this title
it shall be entitled to the benefit of the filing date of the original application.
A patent issuing on an application with respect to which a requirement for
restriction under this section has been made, or on an application filed as

2009-1020, -1096 15
continuation application, like a continuation-in-part application, is not a divisional

application. See Gerber Garment Tech., Inc. v. Lectra Sys., Inc., 916 F.2d 683, 688

(Fed. Cir. 1990) (“To gain the benefits of Section 121 there outlined, [the patentee] must

have brought its case within the purview of the statute, i.e., it must have limited the

claims in its divisional application to the non-elected invention or inventions.” (emphasis

added)). We recognize that, unlike a continuation-in-part application, a continuation

application can satisfy the definition of a “divisional application” in MPEP § 201.06. That

is because a continuation-in-part application adds subject matter not disclosed in the

earlier application, see MPEP § 201.08, whereas continuation and divisional

applications are limited to subject matter disclosed in the earlier application, see MPEP

§§ 201.06, 201.07. This distinction, however, does not justify departing from a strict

application of the plain language of § 121, which affords its benefits to “divisional

application[s].” See 35 U.S.C. § 121 (sheltering from attack “a divisional application or

. . . the original application or any patent issued on either of them, if the divisional

application is filed before the issuance of the patent on the other application” (emphases

added)); see also Geneva Pharm., Inc. v. GlaxoSmithKline PLC, 349 F.3d 1373, 1382

a result of such a requirement, shall not be used as a reference either in
the Patent and Trademark Office or in the courts against a divisional
application or against the original application or any patent issued on
either of them, if the divisional application is filed before the issuance of
the patent on the other application. If a divisional application is directed
solely to subject matter described and claimed in the original application
as filed, the Director may dispense with signing and execution by the
inventor. The validity of a patent shall not be questioned for failure of the
Director to require the application to be restricted to one invention.

35 U.S.C. § 121 (emphases added).

2009-1020, -1096 16
(Fed. Cir. 2003) (“Given the potential windfall [a] patent term extension could provide to

a patentee, this court applies a strict test for application of § 121.” (footnote omitted)).

Our conclusion that the § 121 safe harbor protects patents descending from

divisional applications, but not from continuation applications exclusively, is consistent

with our decisions in Applied Materials and in Symbol Technologies. In both of those

cases, we affirmed § 121 protection of patents which issued directly from continuation

applications. See Applied Materials, 98 F.3d at 1568–69; Symbol Technologies, 935

F.2d at 1579–81. In both cases, however, the continuation applications, from which the

protected patents issued, descended from divisional applications that were filed as a

result of restriction requirements. See Applied Materials, 98 F.3d at 1568; Symbol

Technologies, 935 F.2d at 1580. Our decisions in Applied Materials and Symbol

Technologies thus establish that a patent need not have issued directly from a divisional

application to receive § 121 protection. In other words, intervening continuation

applications do not render a patent ineligible for § 121 protection so long as they

descended from a divisional application filed as a result of a restriction requirement.

Unlike the patents at issue in Applied Materials and Symbol Technologies, the ’933,

’422, and ’349 patents issued from continuation applications, which descended from

continuation applications exclusively, and not from divisional applications. Thus,

Applied Materials and Symbol Technologies are of no help to Amgen’s position that the

’933, ’422, and ’349 patents deserve § 121 protection.

Furthermore, Amgen has not presented us with any persuasive reason as to why

we should deem the ’178 and ’179 continuation applications divisional applications for

purposes of § 121. Amgen does not dispute that it denominated the ’178 and ’179

2009-1020, -1096 17
applications continuations, that it checked the continuation application box on the

submitted form, or that its applications met the PTO’s definition of a continuation

application in MPEP § 201.07. See Amgen’s Br. 38, 42. Instead, Amgen argues that,

because the ’178 and ’179 continuation applications could have been filed as divisional

applications, we should treat them as such for purposes of § 121. While this argument

convinced the district court to regard the ’178 and ’179 continuation applications as

divisional applications, we are not likewise convinced. We decline to construe

“divisional application” in § 121 to encompass Amgen’s properly filed, properly

designated continuation applications.

Because the ’178 and ’179 applications were filed as continuation applications

instead of divisional applications, we hold that the ’933, ’422, and ’349 patents do not

receive the protections afforded by § 121’s safe harbor. As a result, we vacate the

grant of summary judgment and of JMOL of no obviousness-type double patenting of

the ’933, ’422, and ’349 patents and remand to the district court the question of whether

the asserted claims of those patents are invalid for obviousness-type double patenting

over the claims of the ’008, ’868, and ’698 patents. 5

In this context, we now address Roche’s contention that a new time frame for

obviousness-type double patenting should apply in the district court on remand when it

considers the validity of the ’933, ’422, and ’349 patents, and in our review of the district

5
We note that, because the ’933 patent issued on August 20, 1996, which
was before the issuance of the ’698 patent on April 8, 1997, the ’698 patent presumably
cannot be used as an obviousness-type double patenting reference against the ’933
patent on remand. See Georgia-Pacific, 195 F.3d at 1326 (“Under obviousness-type
double patenting, a patent is invalid when it is merely an obvious variation of an
invention disclosed and claimed in an earlier patent by the same inventor.” (emphasis
added)).

2009-1020, -1096 18
court’s decision on the validity of the ’868 and ’698 patents. Roche finds support for the

new time frame in our recent decision in Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. v. Doll, 561 F.3d

1372 (Fed. Cir. 2009), which post-dates the district court’s decision in this case.

C

Takeda presented the situation where a patent applicant sought to overcome a

double patenting rejection of a process patent over a product patent by presenting post-

invention evidence of alternative processes of making the product. 561 F.3d at 1375–

76. In 1974, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. (“Takeda”) filed a Japanese patent application

disclosing a product (cephem compounds) and the process for making the product. Id.

at 1373. Takeda obtained a patent on the product in 1981, and a patent on the process

in 1996, both of which claimed priority to the 1974 application. Id. at 1373–74. During

reexamination of the process patent, the PTO examiner rejected the claims of the

process patent as patentably indistinct over the claims of the product patent, and,

therefore, invalid for double patenting, a ruling which the Board of Patent Appeals and

Interferences affirmed. Id. at 1374. The District Court for the District of Columbia

disagreed, however, based primarily on MPEP § 806.05(f), which provides that process

and product claims are patentably distinct if “the product as claimed can be made by

another materially different process.” Takeda Pharm. Co. v. Dudas, 511 F. Supp. 2d

81, 96 (D.D.C. 2007), vacated, Takeda, 561 F.3d at 1378. The district court held that,

because viable, alternative processes for making the product existed in 2002 and 2005,

the process and product were patentably distinct, and, therefore, not invalid for

obviousness-type double patenting. Takeda, 511 F. Supp. 2d at 97.

2009-1020, -1096 19
 The question on appeal to this court in Takeda was whether, when an issued

patent claims a product and discloses, but does not claim, a process for making that

product, the patentee, when later seeking a patent on the disclosed process, may

present evidence of post-invention, alternative processes that produce the patented

product, in order to show that the process and product are patentably distinct. 561 F.3d

at 1375–76. 6 The answer was a qualified yes. We concluded that “the relevant time

frame for determining whether a product and process are ‘patentably distinct’ should be

at the filing date of the secondary application,” which is the later application for the

process. Id. at 1377. We reasoned that “[t]he secondary application . . . actually

triggers the potential of an ‘unjustified extension of patent term,’” which is one of the

“policies underlying the double patenting doctrine.” Id. That is because the patentee

“essentially avers that the product and process are ‘patentably distinct’” upon filing of

the secondary application. Id. Accordingly, Takeda could “rely on subsequent

developments in the art up to January 8, 1990, the filing date of the secondary

application, in order to show a patentable distinction between the [product and process

for making the product].” Id. at 1378. We thus held that Takeda could rely on

alternative processes that were in existence prior to January 8, 1990, the date of the

application for the process patent. Id. It could not, however, rely on processes that

came into existence after January 8, 1990, which eliminated processes existing in 2002

6
Takeda could overcome a double patenting rejection by presenting
evidence that the product could be produced by alternative processes because “double
patenting is not sustainable when the product can be fabricated by processes other than
that secured by the issued process patent,” In re Cady, 77 F.2d 106, 109 (CCPA 1935)
(quotation marks omitted). This principle is embodied in MPEP § 806.05(f), which
states that a product is patentably distinct from the process for making the product if
“the product as claimed can be made by another materially different process.”

2009-1020, -1096 20
and 2005, which did not exist before January 8, 1990. Id. Since the parties disputed

whether alternative processes existed prior to the filing of the process patent, we

remanded to the district court for a final obviousness-type double patenting decision. Id.

Roche contends that Takeda changed the time frame for an obviousness-type

double patenting analysis. Roche’s Resp. Ct. Req. 1. Roche hones in on the language

in the Takeda opinion stating that “the relevant time frame for determining whether a

product and process are ‘patentably distinct’ should be at the filing date of the

secondary application.” Id. at 2 (quoting Takeda, 561 F.3d at 1377). Given this

language, Roche argues that it should be able to rely on evidence up to the filing date of

“secondary application[s]” to show a lack of patentable distinctiveness in this case. Id.

Roche contends that interpreting Takeda’s holding so that only patentees can take

advantage of post-invention developments to show a patentable distinction is manifestly

unfair. Id. at 4. In Roche’s view, if the patentee is to benefit from art that arises after

the invention date, then an accused infringer is likewise benefitted. Id. In other words,

Roche contends, Takeda must be a two-way street, benefitting the patentee and patent

challenger alike. Thus, Roche argues that evidence arising up to the time of filing of the

“secondary application[s]” (June 7, 1995, for the ’933 patent; August 2, 1993, for the

’422 patent; and June 6, 1995, for the ’349 patent) should be considered (1) by the

district court on remand in its obviousness-type double patenting analysis of the claims

of the ’933, ’422, and ’349 patents over the claims of the ’008, ’868, and ’698 patents,

and (2) by this court in its review of the obviousness-type double patenting analysis of

the ’868 and ’698 patents over the ’008 patent.

2009-1020, -1096 21
 Amgen responds that Takeda did not change the time frame of the obviousness-

type double patenting inquiry in all cases. Amgen’s Resp. Ct. Req. 1. Amgen reads

Takeda to only allow the patentee an opportunity to rely on post-invention evidence. Id.

Under this reading, Takeda permits Amgen to show post-invention developments in the

art that confirm patentable distinctiveness. Id. at 2. Amgen contends that, if § 121 does

not shield the ’933, ’422, and ’349 patents from obviousness-type double patenting

invalidation, then Takeda permits Amgen to present evidence of alternative processes

for making the products claimed in the ’933, ’422, and ’349 patents up to the filing dates

of those patents. Id. at 5. In short, Amgen contends, Takeda is a one-way street,

benefitting only the patentee.

Roche’s view that Takeda changed the time frame of the obviousness-type

double patenting inquiry in all cases collides with 35 U.S.C. § 120. Section 120, entitled

“Benefit of earlier filing date in the United States,” recites in pertinent part:

An application for patent for an invention disclosed in the manner provided
by the first paragraph of section 112 of this title in an application previously
filed in the United States, . . . which is filed by an inventor or inventors
named in the previously filed application shall have the same effect, as to
such invention, as though filed on the date of the prior application, if filed
before the patenting or abandonment of or termination of proceedings on
the first application or on an application similarly entitled to the benefit of
the filing date of the first application and if it contains or is amended to
contain a specific reference to the earlier filed application.

35 U.S.C. § 120 (emphases added). In short, § 120 provides that a qualifying

“application for patent for an invention . . . shall have the same effect . . . as though filed

on the date of the prior application.” This court has “repeatedly recognized [the]

principle” that the “plain and unambiguous meaning of section 120 is that any

application fulfilling the requirements therein ‘shall have the same effect’ as if filed on

2009-1020, -1096 22
the date of the application upon which it claims priority.” Transco Prods. Inc. v.

Performance Contracting, Inc., 38 F.3d 551, 556 (Fed. Cir. 1994). “The ‘effect’

described in section 120 is the benefit of the earlier filing date—i.e., the benefit for

purposes of priority and section 112 . . . .” Cooper Techs. Co. v. Dudas, 536 F.3d 1330,

1342 (Fed. Cir. 2008). Thus, § 120 requires continuation applications to receive, at the

very least, the benefits provided by the earlier filing date.

We cannot read Takeda in the manner for which Roche advocates without

violating the plain language of 35 U.S.C. § 120. Section 120 requires that all five of

Amgen’s asserted patents (’933, ’422, ’349, ’868, and ’698) benefit from the effect of

having been filed on the filing date of the ’298 application, which is November 30, 1984.

That means that Amgen’s patents cannot be invalidated based on art arising after

November 30, 1984. Consequently, we must reject Roche’s contention that it should be

able to show patentable indistinctiveness by relying on evidence up to the filing date of

“secondary application[s].” Therefore, on remand, Roche may not rely on developments

in the art subsequent to November 30, 1984, but prior to the filing dates of the ’933

patent (June 7, 1995), ’422 patent (August 2, 1993), and ’349 patent (June 6, 1995), to

show that that the ’933, ’422, and ’349 patents are patentably indistinct over the ’008

patent.

The question of impairment of a patentee’s rights under § 120, as applied to

foreign applicants via 35 U.S.C. § 119, did not arise in Takeda. 7 Rather, the Takeda

7
Because the patents-at-issue in Takeda claimed priority to a Japanese
patent application, they received the benefit of the earlier filing date under 35 U.S.C.
§ 119. Section 119 provides in relevant part: “An application for patent for an invention
filed in this country by any person who has . . . previously regularly filed an application
for a patent for the same invention in a foreign country . . . , shall have the same effect

2009-1020, -1096 23
decision conferred upon the patentee an additional benefit outside the mandate of

§ 120. Nevertheless, the Takeda court understood the interrelationship between § 120

and the timing rule it created. It recognized that the rule it crafted could “provide the

patentee with the best of both worlds: the applicant can use the filing date as a shield,

enjoying the earlier priority date in order to avoid prior art, and rely on later-developed

alternative processes as a sword to defeat double patenting challenges.” Takeda, 561

F.3d at 1377. Because of § 120, we read Takeda to stand for the limited proposition that

an applicant can only rely on subsequent developments in the art up to the filing date of

the “secondary application” in order to show that alternative processes to make the

product render the product and the process for making that product patentably distinct.

The claims of the ’933 and ’422 product patents, which we hold are not protected

by the § 121 safe harbor, are related to the claims of the ’868 and ’698 process patents,

although not in precisely the same way the claims of the product and process patents

were related in Takeda. That is to say, the ’933 and ’422 patents claim products which

are made by processes claimed in the ’868 and ’698 patents. The ’349 patent differs,

however, from the ’933 and ’422 patents in its relationship to the ’868 and ’698 patents

because it, like the ’868 and ’698 patents, claims a process of producing recombinant

EPO. The relationship between the ’933 and ’422, but not the ’349, claims and the ’868

and ’698 claims implicates the principle applied in Takeda, 561 F.3d at 1375, that

“double patenting is not sustainable when the product can be fabricated by processes

other than that secured by the issued process patent.” In re Cady, 77 F.2d 106, 109

as the same application would have if filed in this country on the date on which the
application for patent for the same invention was first filed in such foreign country.” 35
U.S.C. § 119. We also note that divisional applications filed in accordance with the
requirements of § 120 benefit from an earlier filing date under 35 U.S.C. § 121.

2009-1020, -1096 24
(CCPA 1935) (quotation marks omitted); see also MPEP § 806.05(f). On remand,

Takeda will permit Amgen, if it wishes to do so, to rely on alternative processes for

making the products claimed in the ’933 and ’422 patents up to their filing dates to prove

that the claims of those patents and the claims of the ’868 and ’698 patents are

patentably distinct. 8 If Amgen pursues that course, Roche will be free to rely on

subsequent developments in the art up to the filing dates of the ’933 and ’422 patents to

prove that any alternative processes put forth by Amgen do not render the claims of the

’933 and ’422 patents and the claims of the ’868 and ’698 patents patentably distinct. In

other words, Takeda is a two-way street within its own confines.

D

Turning now to the process patents, the court granted Amgen JMOL that claims

1 and 2 of the ’868 patent and claims 6–9 of the ’698 patent are not invalid for

obviousness-type double patenting over claim 27 of the ’008 patent. Amgen, 581 F.

Supp. 2d at 186. Since the parties had agreed that the § 121 safe harbor did not apply

to these claims, the court engaged in an obviousness-type double patenting analysis.

Id. at 182–83. The court first construed the claims in the ’008, ’868, and ’698 patents

and then determined that there were patentable differences. Id.

The relevant claim of the ’008 reference patent is claim 27, which depends from

claims 7, 8, 11, and 23–25. Those claims recite as follows:

7. A purified and isolated DNA sequence consisting essentially of a
DNA sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence
sufficiently duplicative of that of erythropoietin to allow possession of the

8
We note that, because claim 27 of the ’008 patent recites host cells, the
principle articulated in In re Cady, and embodied in MPEP § 806.05(f), does not apply to
the obviousness-type double patenting analysis of the claims of the ’933, ’422, and ’349
patents over claim 27 of the ’008 patent.

2009-1020, -1096 25
 biological property of causing bone marrow cells to increase production of
reticulocytes and red blood cells, and to increase hemoglobin synthesis or
iron uptake.

8. A cDNA sequence according to claim 7.

11. A genomic DNA sequence according to claim 7.

23. A procaryotic or eucaryotic host cell transformed or transfected with
a DNA sequence according to claim 7, 8, or 11 in a manner allowing the
host cell to express said polypeptide.

24. A transformed or transfected host cell according to claim 23 which
host cell is capable of glycosylating said polypeptide.

25. A transformed or transfected mammalian host cell according to
claim 24.

27. A transformed or transfected CHO cell according to claim 25.

’008 patent col.40 ll.18–25, 30, 56–64, 67–68. In short, claim 27 recites a CHO cell—a

mammalian cell capable of glycosylating EPO—transfected with a DNA sequence

encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence sufficiently duplicative of that of

EPO to allow possession of the stated biological properties.

The asserted claims of the ’868 patent are independent claim 1 and dependent

claim 2, which recite as follows:

1. A process for the production of a glycosylated erythropoietin
polypeptide having the in vivo biological property of causing bone marrow
cells to increase production of reticulocytes and red blood cells comprising
the steps of:
(a) growing, under suitable nutrient conditions, mammalian host
cells transformed or transfected with an isolated DNA sequence
encoding human erythropoietin; and
(b) isolating said glycosylated erythropoietin polypeptide
therefrom.

2. The process according to claim 1 wherein said host cells are CHO
cells.

2009-1020, -1096 26
’868 patent col.40 ll.24–37. In short, claims 1 and 2 cover a process of producing EPO

that involves (a) growing mammalian (CHO in claim 2) cells transfected with DNA

encoding EPO and (b) isolating from those cells glycosylated EPO having the stated

biological properties in vivo (i.e., in live animals).

The asserted claims of the ’698 patent are independent claim 6 and dependent

claims 7–9, which recite as follows:

6. A process for the production of a glycosylated erythropoietin
polypeptide having the in vivo biological property of causing bone marrow
cells to increase production of reticulocytes and red blood cells comprising
the steps of:
a) growing, under suitable nutrient conditions, vertebrate
cells comprising amplified DNA encoding the mature
erythropoietin amino acid sequence of FIG. 6; and
b) isolating said glycosylated erythropoietin polypeptide
expressed by said cells.

7. The process of claim 6 wherein said vertebrate cells further
comprise amplified marker gene DNA.

8. The process of claim 7 wherein said amplified marker gene DNA is
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene DNA.

9. The process according to claims 2, 4 and 6 wherein said cells are
mammalian cells.

’698 patent col.38 ll.50–64. Claims 6–9 of the ’698 patent are similar to claims 1 and 2

of the ’868 patent, but with an additional limitation that the host cells comprise amplified

DNA (which includes a marker gene in claim 7 that is DHFR in claim 8).

The district court determined that the asserted claims in the ’868 and ’698

patents were patentably distinct from claim 27 of the ’008 patent. The court identified

the following differences between the asserted claims of the ’868 and ’008 patents:

“Unlike the asserted claims of the ’868 patent, none of the ’008 claims
require: (1) that the recited host cell actually express any EPO
polypeptide; (2) that the recited host cell actually express a glycosylated

2009-1020, -1096 27
 EPO polypeptide; (3) that the host cell be capable of producing an
isolatable amount of a glycosylated EPO polypeptide; and (4) that any
glycosylated EPO isolated from cells grown in culture have the stated in
vivo function.”

Amgen, 581 F. Supp. 2d at 184 (quoting Pl’s Mem. Supp. No Obviousness-Type Double

Patenting [Doc. 1310] at 41). Citing the declaration testimony of Amgen’s expert, Dr.

Harvey F. Lodish, the court deduced that “[s]imply having the starting material (which is

reflected in the ’008 patent) and knowing that, in theory, it can be used to create

proteins is not the equivalent of having an actual process that successfully does so.”

Amgen, 581 F. Supp. 2d at 184. For similar reasons, the court concluded that claims 6–

9 of the ’698 patent were also patentably distinct over the claims of the ’008 patent. Id.

at 186. It determined that “[t]o be able to produce [a glycosylated, in vivo biologically

active EPO product] from cells containing multiple copies of EPO DNA would have been

novel to one skilled in the art at the time of the invention (even if the skilled artisan had

possession of the product claimed in the ’008 patent).” Id. The court also noted that the

“PTO found the ’868 and ’698 claims patentably distinct from those in the ’008 patent.”

Id. From there, the court concluded: “The credible evidence shows, and the Court so

finds, that each invention claimed in the ’868 and ’698 asserted claims is patentably

distinct from each invention claimed in the ’008 patent.” Id.

On appeal, Roche contends that claims 1 and 2 of the ’868 patent and claims 6–

9 of the ’698 patent are obvious over claim 27 of the ’008 patent. Roche’s Br. 28.

Roche characterizes claim 27 of the ’008 patent as drawn to host cells capable of

expressing a glycosylated EPO polypeptide that “allow[s] possession” of in vivo

biological EPO activity. Id. In turn, it characterizes claims 1 and 2 of the ’868 patent

and claims 6–9 of the ’698 patent as drawn to processes for producing in host cells

2009-1020, -1096 28
EPO “having” that stated activity. Id. Roche argues that this difference—“having” rather

than “allow[ing] possession” of the stated activity—is not a patentable distinction. Id. In

Roche’s view, “having” in vivo activity is obvious if the originally claimed host cells “allow

possession” of such activity. Id.

Roche also argues that claim 27 of the ’008 patent created a reasonable

expectation that an ordinarily skilled artisan could successfully practice the processes

described in the asserted claims of the ’868 and ’698 patents. Id. at 31. Claim 27 of the

’008 patent evidences on its face a reasonable expectation of success, according to

Roche, because it “allow[s] possession” of biologically active EPO—the invention

recited in the asserted claims of the ’868 and ’698 patents. Roche’s Reply Br. 8. In

addition, Roche argues that Dr. Lodish’s testimony demonstrates that an ordinarily

skilled artisan would have had a reasonable expectation of success of producing

biologically active EPO in CHO cells. Id. Specifically, Roche highlights Dr. Lodish’s

testimony that a person of ordinary skill in the art could use claim 27’s host cells to

express a functional protein “without any difficulty.” Id. (quoting Trial Tr. vol. 2, 109, Oct.

4, 2007). Lastly, Roche points to Dr. Lin’s admission that he expected that the claim 27

host cells would have in vivo activity. Id. at 9–11 (citing Trial Tr. vol 12, 1884, Sept. 27,

2007).

Amgen responds that claim 27 of the ’008 patent does not render obvious claims

1 and 2 of the ’868 patent or claims 6–9 of the ’698 patent. Amgen’s Br. 25. Amgen

argues that, contrary to Roche’s contention, the host cells recited in claim 27 of the ’008

patent do not inevitably produce the biologically active EPO required by the asserted

claims of the ’868 and ’698 patents. Id. Amgen emphasizes that it is not the host cells

2009-1020, -1096 29
that “allow possession of” the stated biological activities; rather, it is the amino acid

sequence encoded by the DNA recited in claim 27. Id. at 28. This distinction is critical,

in Amgen’s view, because there is a vast difference between a CHO cell equipped to

produce a polypeptide whose amino acid sequence may permit possession of certain

biological activity, and a process that produces a human glycoprotein that actually

possesses that activity. Id. at 29. In other words, Amgen argues that while an EPO

polypeptide sequence might be necessary, it alone would not be sufficient to produce

an EPO product with the stated biological activities. Id.

Amgen also argues that an ordinarily skilled artisan in 1983–84 would not have

reasonably expected the host cells in claim 27 of the ’008 patent to produce the

isolatable, biologically active EPO required by the asserted claims of the ’868 and ’698

patents. Id. at 32. According to Amgen, before 1984, it was not known whether any

recombinant cell—including non-human CHO cells—could be engineered to produce a

human EPO glycoprotein with in vivo biological activity. Id. Amgen points out that Dr.

Lodish testified at trial that, before 1984, no one had successfully produced any

recombinant human glycoprotein where the carbohydrate structures were required for

biological activity. Id. at 33 (citing Trial Tr. vol. 2, 83, 102–103, Oct. 4, 2007). As a

result, Amgen contends, skilled artisans could not have reasonably expected CHO cells

to produce a biologically active EPO glycoprotein. Id.

We agree with the district court that claims 1 and 2 of the ’868 patent and claims

6–9 of the ’698 patent are not invalid for obviousness-type double patenting over claim

27 of the ’008 patent. The obviousness-type double patenting analysis entails two

steps: (1) construction of the claims in the earlier patent and the claim in the later

2009-1020, -1096 30
patent to identify any differences, and (2) determination of whether the differences in

subject matter between the claims render the claims patentably distinct. See Eli Lilly &

Co. v. Barr Labs., Inc., 251 F.3d 955, 968 (Fed. Cir. 2001). Accordingly, we begin our

obviousness-type double patenting analysis, as the district court’s analysis began, by

construing the claims and identifying any differences. As mentioned, claim 27 of the

’008 patent recites a CHO cell—a mammalian cell capable of glycosylating EPO—

transfected with a DNA sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid

sequence sufficiently duplicative of that of EPO to allow possession of the stated

biological properties. Claims 1 and 2 of the ’868 patent and claims 6–9 of the ’698

patent recite processes of producing EPO that involve (a) growing mammalian cells

transfected with DNA encoding EPO and (b) isolating from those cells glycosylated EPO

having the stated biological properties.

In essence, claim 27 of the ’008 patent recites the starting materials necessary to

execute the processes recited in the asserted claims of the ’868 and ’698 patents. The

cells described in claim 27 are “capable of glycosylating” EPO and are transfected with

DNA encoding a polypeptide “having an amino acid sequence sufficiently duplicative of

that of erythropoietin to allow possession” of the stated biological activities. Neither of

these limitations in claim 27, however, requires that the cells actually produce isolatable

amounts of glycosylated EPO having the stated in vivo bioactivity. In contrast, the

asserted claims of the ’868 and ’698 patents do require actual production of isolatable

amounts of the in vivo biologically active EPO glycoprotein. In addition to possessing

the transfected CHO cells recited in claim 27 of the ’008 patent, an ordinarily skilled

artisan practicing the asserted claims of the ’868 and ’698 patents would need to grow

2009-1020, -1096 31
those cells and isolate from them glycosylated EPO having the stated in vivo biological

properties. Thus, the main difference between claim 27 of the ’008 patent and the

asserted claims of the ’868 and ’698 patents is the actual production of isolatable

glycosylated EPO having the stated in vivo biological activities.

Next, we must determine whether this difference renders claims 1 and 2 of the

’868 patent and claims 6–9 of the ’698 patent patentably distinct over claim 27 of the

’008 patent. In so doing, we ask whether the identified difference renders the claims of

the ’868 and ’698 patents non-obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the art in light of

the prior art. See In re Kaplan, 789 F.2d 1574, 1580 (Fed. Cir. 1986). This part of the

obviousness-type double patenting analysis is analogous to an obviousness analysis

under 35 U.S.C. § 103, except that the ’008 patent is not considered prior art. See In re

Longi, 759 F.2d 887, 892 n.4 (Fed. Cir. 1985) (“[A] double patenting of the obviousness

type rejection is analogous to [a failure to meet] the non-obviousness requirement of 35

U.S.C. § 103, except that the patent principally underlying the double patenting rejection

is not considered prior art.” (quotation marks omitted)).

An obviousness determination requires that a skilled artisan would have

perceived a reasonable expectation of success in making the invention in light of the

prior art. See In re Kubin, 561 F.3d 1351, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (“[S]tated in the familiar

terms of this court’s longstanding case law, the record shows that a skilled artisan would

have had a resoundingly ‘reasonable expectation of success’ in deriving the claimed

invention in light of the teachings of the prior art.”); In re O’Farrell, 853 F.2d 894, 904

(Fed. Cir. 1988) (“For obviousness under § 103, all that is required is a reasonable

expectation of success.”); see also Longi, 759 F.2d at 896–97 (holding that a patent

2009-1020, -1096 32
application was properly rejected for obviousness-type double patenting where the prior

art references indicated a reasonable expectation of success). At trial, Roche had the

burden of showing by clear and convincing evidence that a person of ordinary skill in the

art in possession of the transfected CHO cells would have had a reasonable

expectation of success in producing a recoverable amount of in vivo biologically active

EPO. See Pharmastem Therapeutics, Inc. v. Viacell, Inc., 491 F.3d 1342, 1360 (Fed.

Cir. 2007) (“[T]he burden falls on the patent challenger to show by clear and convincing

evidence that a person of ordinary skill in the art would have had reason to . . . carry out

the claimed process, and would have had a reasonable expectation of success in doing

so.”). Whether an ordinarily skilled artisan would have reasonably expected success in

practicing the asserted claims of the ’868 and ’698 patents is measured as of the date of

the inventions described in those patents. 9 See Life Techs., Inc. v. Clontech Labs., Inc.,

224 F.3d 1320, 1326 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (measuring reasonable expectation of success

from the perspective of a person of ordinary skill in the art at the time the invention was

made).

In our view, the identified difference between the asserted claims of the ’868 and

’698 patents and claim 27 of the ’008 patent renders the claims patentably distinct. We

conclude that the actual production of glycosylated EPO having the stated in vivo

biological activities would not have been obvious to an ordinarily skilled artisan in

possession of the transfected CHO cells described in claim 27. That is because one of

9
As discussed in Part I.C, we reject Roche’s contention that, under Takeda,
a reasonable expectation of success must be measured at the time of the filing of the
’868 patent (August 15, 1995) and ’698 patent (April 8, 1997) instead of their effective
filing date (November 30, 1984). As explained above, to allow evidence of reasonable
expectation of success up to the filing date of the ’868 and ’698 patents to invalidate
Amgen’s patents would violate 35 U.S.C. § 120.

2009-1020, -1096 33
ordinary skill in the art would not have reasonably expected to successfully produce

isolatable quantities of glycosylated EPO having the stated biological activities in

transfected CHO cells. Put most simply, CHO cells transfected with the EPO DNA

sequence and the production of recombinant, in vivo biologically active EPO

glycoprotein are patentably distinct inventions.

We reach this conclusion in light of Dr. Lodish’s declarations and testimony at

trial, which demonstrate that an ordinarily skilled artisan would not have reasonably

expected success in producing recombinant, in vivo biologically active EPO in CHO

cells. According to Dr. Lodish, there are at least two reasons why, prior to Dr. Lin’s

inventions, a person of ordinary skill in the art would not have had a reasonable

expectation of practicing the asserted claims of the ’868 and ’698 patents: (1) an

ordinarily skilled artisan would not have known which, if any, host cells would produce

EPO with the carbohydrate structures necessary for its in vivo function; and (2) no one

had successfully produced any recombinant glycoprotein with in vivo bioactivity where

the carbohydrate structures were important for biological activity. 10 Trial Tr. vol. 2, 83,

102–04, Oct. 4, 2007. As a result, Dr. Lodish testified, an ordinarily skilled artisan would

have had “great uncertainty in the ability to make recombinant EPO with carbohydrate

chains for in vivo biological activity.” Trial Tr. vol. 2, 96, Oct. 4, 2007. According to this

testimony and declarations to the same effect, we conclude, like the district court

10
Dr. Lodish testified that “with the EPO DNA in hand one would have no
reasonable expectation of success in generating a recombinant mammalian cell to
make an EPO protein with in vivo biological activity.” Trial Tr. vol. 2, 83, Oct. 4, 2007.
Dr. Lodish then explained the bases for his opinion: “[W]e didn’t know any of the post-
translational modifications that might have been important for EPO’s function. We had
no idea which cultured cells, if any, might make these, or introduce these modifications
to the EPO. And finally, no one in this 1983 time frame had produced a recombinant
glycoprotein with in vivo bioactivity.” Id.

2009-1020, -1096 34
concluded, that a person of ordinary skill in the art would not have reasonably expected

to successfully isolate from transfected CHO cells recombinant EPO glycoprotein

having the stated biological activities.

Roche has pointed to no prior art reference or testimony that demonstrates that

an ordinarily skilled artisan would have reasonably expected to successfully produce in

CHO cells an in vivo biologically active glycoprotein, much less EPO, where the

carbohydrate structures matter for biological activity. Instead, Roche emphasizes Dr.

Lin’s personal expectation and Dr. Lodish’s testimony that claim 27’s host cells would

and do express glycosylated EPO having the stated biological properties. Neither piece

of evidence persuades us that an ordinarily skilled artisan would have reasonably

expected such results. First, Dr. Lin’s personal expectations are not conclusive of an

ordinarily skilled artisan’s reasonable expectations. See Standard Oil Co. v. Am.

Cyanamid Co., 774 F.2d 448, 454 (Fed. Cir. 1985) (“[O]ne should not go about

determining obviousness under § 103 by inquiring into what patentees (i.e., inventors)

would have known or would likely have done, faced with the revelations of references.”).

Second, Dr. Lodish’s observation that the transfected CHO cells recited in claim 27 do

produce glycosylated EPO having the stated biological activity is one of hindsight, not of

reasonable expectation of success at the time of the invention. See KSR Int’l Co. v.

Teleflex Inc., 550 U.S. 398, 421 (2007) (“A factfinder should be aware . . . of the

distortion caused by hindsight bias and must be cautious of arguments reliant upon ex

post reasoning.”). Therefore, the district court did not erroneously conclude that no

reasonable jury could have found that Roche proved by clear and convincing evidence

a reasonable expectation of success.

2009-1020, -1096 35
 For these reasons, we affirm the district court’s grant of JMOL that claims 1 and

2 of the ’868 patent and claims 6–9 of the ’698 patent are not invalid for obviousness-

type double patenting over claim 27 of the ’008 patent.

II

Anticipation

Roche argues that claim 1 of the ’422 patent and claims 3, 7, and 8 of the ’933

patent are anticipated by EPO purified from urine by Dr. Goldwasser. See, e.g., Takaji

Miyake, Charles K.-H Kung, & Eugene Goldwasser, Purification of Human

Erythropoietin, 252 J. Biological Chemistry 5558 (1977).

A

The question of anticipation of claim 1 of the ’422 patent was presented to the

jury. However, after Roche, but before Amgen, presented its case-in-chief, Amgen

moved for JMOL of no anticipation of claim 1 of the ’422 patent, which the district court

granted. Amgen, 581 F. Supp. 2d at 193. Claim 1 of the ’422 patent recites:

A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective
amount of human erythropoietin and a pharmaceutically acceptable
diluent, adjuvant or carrier, wherein said erythropoietin is purified from
mammalian cells grown in culture.

’422 patent col.38 ll.36–41. As a matter of claim construction, the district court

determined that claim 1 of the ’422 patent required EPO to be “purified from mammalian

cells grown in culture” (“the ’422 source limitation”). 11 Amgen, 581 F. Supp. 2d at 193.

11
The court construed the source limitation “purified from mammalian cells
grown in culture” in claim 1 of the ’422 patent as “obtained in substantially
homogeneous form from the mammalian cells, using the word from in the sense that it
originates in the mammalian cells, without limitation to it only taking it directly out of the
interior of the cells, which have been grown in the in vitro culture.” Amgen, Inc. v. F.
Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., 494 F. Supp. 2d 54, 65 (D. Mass. 2007) (“Markman”).

2009-1020, -1096 36
In deciding the JMOL motion, the court found that “[t]he undisputed record revealed that

none of the allegedly anticipatory art was ‘purified from mammalian cells grown in

culture.’” Id. In particular, the court determined that Dr. Goldwasser’s study, which

involved EPO purified from urine, did not involve EPO purified from mammalian cells

grown in culture. Id. at 197. The court rejected Roche’s contention that Dr.

Goldwasser’s urinary EPO anticipated claim 1 of the ’422 patent because at least some

of the recombinant EPO would be structurally indistinguishable from urinary EPO. Id.

The court reasoned that EPO extracted from urine and synthetically engineered EPO

differ in glycosylation patterns, specific activity, stability in the human body, and ability to

be mass produced. Id. at 194–95. As a result, the court concluded that no reasonable

jury could find that Roche had proved by clear and convincing evidence that claim 1 of

the ’422 patent was anticipated. Id. at 193.

The question of whether claims 3, 7, and 8 of the ’933 patent are anticipated by

EPO purified from urine by Dr. Goldwasser has a different procedural history than the

issue of whether the Goldwasser prior art anticipated claim 1 of the ’422 patent. The

issue of anticipation of the claims of the ’933 patent went to the jury, which returned a

verdict of no invalidity. After the verdict was rendered, Roche moved for JMOL of

invalidity and for a new trial. Denying Roche’s motion for renewed JMOL and its motion

for a new trial, the district court sustained the jury verdict of no anticipation of claims 3,

7, and 8 of the ’933 patent. Trial Tr. vol. 20, 2981, Oct. 17, 2007. Those claims are as

follows:

3. A non-naturally occurring glycoprotein product of the expression in
a mammalian host cell of an exogenous DNA sequence comprising a DNA
sequence encoding human erythropoietin said product possessing the in

2009-1020, -1096 37
 vivo biological property of causing bone marrow cells to increase
production of reticulocytes and red blood cells.

7. The glycoprotein product according to claims 3, 4, 5 or 6 wherein
the host cell is a non-human mammalian cell.

8. The glycoprotein product according to claim 7 wherein the non-
human mammalian cell is a CHO cell.

’933 patent col.38 ll.26–31, 64–67. Independent claim 3, from which claims 7 and 8

depend, recites the relevant limitation. That limitation is a “product of . . . expression in

a mammalian host cell,” which is similar to the source limitation present in claim 1 of the

’422 patent (“purified from mammalian cells grown in culture”). As a matter of claim

construction, the district court determined that claim 3 of the ’933 patent required EPO

to be “the product of . . . expression in a mammalian host cell” (“the ’933 source

limitation”). 12

B

On appeal, Roche argues that the district court erred in its determination that

Goldwasser’s urinary EPO does not anticipate claim 1 of the ’422 patent. Roche’s Br.

43, 46. In making its anticipation argument, Roche relies on our statement in Amgen

Inc. v. Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc., 314 F.3d 1313, 1354 n.20 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (“TKT

II”), that “a claimed product shown to be present in the prior art cannot be rendered

patentable solely by the addition of source or process limitations.” Starting from this

premise, Roche argues that claim 1 of the ’422 patent is not patentable based on the

12
The court construed the relevant part of independent claim 3 of the ’933
patent as follows: “a non-naturally occurring glycoprotein product of the expression in a
mammalian host cell” is “a glycoprotein (not occurring in nature) that is the product of
the expression in a mammalian host cell,” where “expression means that the
glycoprotein was produced in a cell and recovered from the cell culture.” Markman, 494
F. Supp. 2d at 71–72 (footnote omitted).

2009-1020, -1096 38
addition of the source limitation (“purified from mammalian cells grown in culture”)

because the EPO recited in claim 1 of the ’422 patent is the same as urinary EPO.

Roche’s Br. 44. In other words, Roche argues that, even though Dr. Goldwasser’s EPO

is purified from urine, it anticipates claim 1 of the ’422 patent because the “purified from

mammalian cells grown in culture” source limitation fails to impart novel structure onto

EPO. Id. In Roche’s view, it demonstrated by clear and convincing evidence that at

least some EPO purified from mammalian cells grown in culture is structurally identical

to Dr. Goldwasser’s urinary EPO. Id. at 44. That evidence included testimony from

Roche’s expert, Dr. Carolyn Bertozzi, Amgen’s publications, and Amgen’s submissions

to the FDA. Id. Because the source limitation does not impart novel structures onto

EPO, Roche argues, the district court erred in concluding that urinary EPO does not

anticipate claim 1 of the ’422 patent.

Amgen argues that the district court did not err in granting JMOL that Dr.

Goldwasser’s urinary EPO does not anticipate claim 1 of the ’422 patent because it is

not “purified from mammalian cells grown in culture.” Amgen’s Br. 48. Amgen contends

that, because the source limitation imparts both novel structure and function onto EPO,

and because it is undisputed that Dr. Goldwasser’s EPO was purified from urine, urinary

EPO does not anticipate claim 1 of the ’422 patent. Id. at 48–49. In support of the

structural and functional distinctiveness of recombinant EPO, Amgen points to the

declarations of its expert, Dr. Ajit Varki, and the specification and prosecution history of

the ’422 patent. Id. at 50. Amgen notes in particular that the specification shows that,

due to different glycosylation patterns, recombinant EPO has a higher molecular weight

and a different charge than urinary EPO. See ’422 patent col.28 l.48–col.29 l.24.

2009-1020, -1096 39
 As far as the ’933 patent is concerned, Roche argues that it is entitled to a new

trial because the district court erred in its jury instructions. Roche’s Br. 46. The court, in

error according to Roche, refused to deliver Roche’s requested jury instruction that “you

can anticipate a product-by-process claim even if the product in the prior art is not made

by the same process.” Roche’s Br. 46–47. Instead, the court instructed the jury that

anticipation requires the prior art to possess “every single element of a particular claim,”

Trial Tr., vol. 20, 3012, Oct. 17, 2007, and that “[a] product-by-process claim is a claim

to a product made by the recited process,” Trial Tr. vol 23, 3171, Oct. 22, 2007. Those

instructions, in Roche’s view, improperly implied to the jury that a process limitation

absent from the prior art sufficed to avoid anticipation. Roche’s Br. 47.

Amgen responds that the district court delivered appropriate jury instructions on

anticipation. Amgen’s Br. 57. In Amgen’s view, the court correctly instructed the jury to

consider every limitation of the asserted claims of the ’933 patent, which gave effect to

the source limitation. Id. Because the source limitation imparts structural and functional

distinctiveness onto EPO, Amgen contends, it must define EPO recited in the asserted

claims of the ’933 patent. Id. Amgen points out that, at trial, expert testimony,

experimental data, and publications demonstrated differences in structure and function

between urinary EPO and recombinant EPO. Id. at 50–54. Thus, Amgen contends, the

jury instructions were correct as a matter of law. Id. at 57.

C

“A patent is presumed to be valid, and this presumption only can be overcome by

clear and convincing evidence to the contrary.” Enzo Biochem, Inc. Gen-Probe Inc.,

424 F.3d 1276, 1281 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). A patent claim is invalid by

2009-1020, -1096 40
reason of anticipation if “the invention was known or used by others in this country, or

patented or described in a printed publication in this or a foreign country, before the

invention thereof by the applicant for patent.” 35 U.S.C. § 102(a). Anticipation under

§ 102(a) generally requires the presence in the prior art of each and every limitation of

the claimed invention. Advanced Display Sys., Inc. v. Kent State Univ., 212 F.3d 1272,

1282 (Fed. Cir. 2000).

It has long been the case that an old product is not patentable even if it is made

by a new process. See Gen. Elec. Co. v. Wabash Appliance Corp., 304 U.S. 364, 373

(1938) (“Wabash”) (“[A] patentee who does not distinguish his product from what is old

except by reference, express or constructive, to the process by which he produced it,

cannot secure a monopoly on the product by whatever means produced.”); Cochrane v.

Badische Anilin & Soda Fabrik, 11 U.S. 293, 311 (1884) (“BASF”) (“While a new

process for producing [the product] was patentable, the product itself could not be

patented even though it was a product made [by an artificial process] for the first time.”);

SmithKline Beecham Corp. v. Apotex Corp., 439 F.3d 1312, 1317 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (“It

has long been established that one cannot avoid anticipation by an earlier product

disclosure by claiming the same product . . . as produced by a particular process.”); In

re Thorpe, 777 F.2d 695, 697 (Fed. Cir. 1985) (“If the product in a product-by-process

claim is the same as or obvious from a product of the prior art, the claim is unpatentable

even though the prior product was made by a difference process.”); Tri-Wall Containers,

Inc. v. United States, 408 F.2d 748, 750 (CCPA 1969) (“It is well established that a

product as made by a new process is not patentable unless the product itself is new.”).

2009-1020, -1096 41
 However, a new product may be patented by reciting source or process

limitations so long as the product is new and unobvious. See Wabash, 304 U.S. at 373

(“[I]n some instances a claim may validly describe a new product with some reference to

the method of production . . . .”); BASF, 111 U.S. at 311 (determining that “an old

article” made by a new process was not patentable); In re Luck, 476 F.2d 650, 653

(CCPA 1973) (“[I]t is well established that product claims may include process steps to

wholly or partially define the claimed product.”); In re Brown, 459 F.2d 531, 535 (CCPA

1972) (“[I]t is the patentability of the product claimed and not of the recited process

steps which must be established.”); In re Pilkington, 411 F.2d 1345, 1348 (CCPA 1969)

(“[P]atentability of a claim to a product does not rest merely on a difference in the

method by which that product is made. Rather, it is the product itself which must be

new and unobvious.”).

We begin the anticipation analysis with the ’422 patent. In that connection, the

first question we must answer is whether, as a matter of claim construction, the district

court erred in determining that claim 1 of the ’422 patent claimed a product reciting a

source limitation. Amgen, 581 F. Supp. 2d at 194. We conclude that the court did not

err. The reason is that, by its plain terms, claim 1 of the ’422 patent claims a product

with a source limitation. See TKT II, 314 F.3d at 1329 (“[T]he limitation ‘purified from

mammalian cells grown in culture’ in claim 1 [of the ’422 patent] clearly limits the source

of the EPO used in the claimed ‘pharmaceutical composition.’”). Indeed neither party

argues otherwise.

The question we must next address is whether the production of EPO by

recombinant technology resulted in a new product, so that claim 1 was not anticipated

2009-1020, -1096 42
by the urinary EPO of Dr. Goldwasser. In other words, does the source limitation

“purified from mammalian cells grown in culture” distinguish recombinant EPO from Dr.

Goldwasser’s urinary EPO? See SmithKline Beecham, 439 F.3d at 1315; In re Luck,

476 F.2d at 653. We see no error in the district court’s grant of JMOL in favor of

Amgen. The court had before it the specification and prosecution history of the ’422

patent, both of which refer to studies indicating that recombinant EPO had a higher

molecular weight and different charge than urinary EPO due to differences in

carbohydrate composition. ’422 patent col.28 l.48–col.29 l.24. The prosecution history

also contains a declaration from Amgen’s expert, Dr. Richard D. Cummings, explaining

that recombinant EPO can be distinguished from urinary EPO based on its

carbohydrate content. At trial, Amgen’s expert, Dr. Varki, testified at length regarding

differences in the carbohydrate composition of recombinant EPO and urinary EPO.

Based on this evidence, the presumption of patent validity, and Roche’s burden of clear

and convincing evidence, we conclude that the court did not err in determining a

reasonable jury could only have concluded that EPO “purified from mammalian cells

grown in culture” is a new product claimed with reference to its source. Therefore, we

affirm the district court’s grant of JMOL to Amgen of no anticipation of claim 1 of the

’422 patent.

D

We turn now to Roche’s claim that an erroneous jury instruction by the district

court entitles it to a new trial on the issue of whether Dr. Goldwasser’s urinary EPO

anticipated claims 3, 7, and 8 of the ’933 patent. As mentioned, Roche contends that

the jury found no anticipation of the claims of the ’933 patent based on the false premise

2009-1020, -1096 43
that the absence of the source limitation from the prior art sufficed to avoid anticipation.

We also previously noted that the source limitation “product of . . . expression in a

mammalian host cell” recited in independent claim 3, from which claims 7 and 8

depend, is similar to the source limitation present in claim 1 of the ’422 patent (“purified

from mammalian cells grown in culture”).

We review decisions on motions for a new trial under the law of the regional

circuit, which is the First Circuit in this case. DePuy Spine, 567 F.3d at 1334. The First

Circuit reviews the district court’s denial of a motion for a new trial for manifest abuse of

discretion. Seahorse Marine Supplies, Inc. v. P.R. Sun Oil Co., 295 F.3d 68, 82 (1st

Cir. 2002). We review “the legal sufficiency of jury instructions on an issue of patent law

without deference to the district court.” 13 Broadcom Corp. v. Qualcomm Inc., 543 F.3d

683, 697 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (quotation marks omitted). “A jury verdict will be set aside,

based on erroneous jury instructions, if the party seeking to set aside the verdict can

establish that those instructions were legally erroneous, and that the errors had

prejudicial effect.” NTP, Inc. v. Research In Motion, Ltd., 418 F.3d 1282, 1311 (Fed.

Cir. 2005) (quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, “a party seeking to alter a judgment

13
There may be some question as to whether this court reviews jury
instructions relating to patent law under our own law or regional circuit law. Compare,
e.g., Broadcom Corp. v. Qualcomm Inc., 543 F.3d 683, 697 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (reviewing
a challenge to jury instructions under Federal Circuit law), with Kinetic Concepts, Inc. v.
Blue Sky Med. Group, Inc., 554 F.3d 1010, 1021 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (“Challenges to jury
instructions are reviewed under the law of the regional circuit where the district court
sits.” (quotation marks omitted)). Since our review of jury instructions does not seem to
substantially differ from that of the First Circuit, we apply our law here. See Seahorse
Marine, 295 F.3d at 76 (“We review jury instructions de novo, bearing in mind that the
district court’s refusal to give a particular instruction constitutes reversible error only if
the requested instruction was (1) correct as a matter of substantive law, (2) not
substantially incorporated into the charge as rendered, and (3) integral to an important
point in the case.” (quotation marks omitted)).

2009-1020, -1096 44
based on erroneous jury instructions must establish that (1) it made a proper and timely

objection to the jury instructions, (2) those instructions were legally erroneous, (3) the

errors had prejudicial effect, and (4) it requested alternative instructions that would have

remedied the error.” Id. at 1311–12 (quotation marks omitted).

Roche requested the following jury instruction: “You can anticipate a product-by-

process claim even if the product in the prior art is not made by the same process.” The

district court did not give that instruction. Rather, it instructed the jury that “[a] claim is

anticipated only if each and every element as set forth in the claim is disclosed either

expressly or inherently in a single prior art reference.” See Trial Tr. vol. 20, 3011–12,

Oct. 17, 2007. In effect, the jury was instructed that Dr. Goldwasser’s urinary EPO

anticipated the asserted claims of the ’933 patent only if it met the source limitation

“product of . . . expression in a mammalian host cell.”

We recognize that, by omitting Roche’s proposed instruction or a similar

instruction, the district court effectively took away from the jury the question of whether

the asserted claims of the ’933 patent recite an old product (urinary EPO) made by a

new process (recombinant production). In other words, the court decided as a matter of

law that the asserted claims of the ’933 patent recite a new product defined by the

source limitation “product of . . . expression in a mammalian host cell.” It appears that

the court did that in view of its grant of JMOL of no anticipation with respect to claim 1 of

the ’422 patent. As seen, in that ruling, the court determined that no reasonable jury

could find that the recombinant EPO described in the asserted claims of the ’422 patent

was an old product, given the structural distinctions between urinary and recombinant

2009-1020, -1096 45
EPO attributable to recombinant EPO’s source. Amgen, 581 F. Supp. 2d at 194–95,

198.

In this case, we do not think the jury verdict should be overturned because the

court, and not the jury, decided the question of whether the asserted claims of the ’933

patent recite an old product (urinary EPO) made by a new process (recombinant

production). The court’s instruction was legally correct and not clearly misleading as

long as the EPO recited in the asserted claims of the ’933 patent is a new product

described in terms of its source. That requirement was met. For purposes of the

source limitation, which is what is at issue, there essentially is no difference between

claim 1 of the ’422 patent (“erythropoietin . . . purified from mammalian cells grown in

culture”) and claim 3 of the ’933 patent (“[a] non-naturally occurring glycoprotein product

of the expression in a mammalian host cell of an exogenous DNA sequence comprising

a DNA sequence encoding human erythropoietin”). At the same time, we hold above

that the EPO of claim 1 of the ’422 patent is a new product. The same holding

necessarily applies to claim 3 of the ’933 patent. In short, a reasonable jury could not

have found that recombinant EPO described in the asserted claims of the ’933 patent

was an old product. Under these circumstances, the court’s instructions requiring

anticipatory prior art to meet the source limitations recited in the asserted claims of the

’933 patent were legally sufficient and non-prejudicial.

E

Roche raises one additional argument relating to anticipation of the asserted

claims of the ’422 and ’933 patents. Roche argues that the district court erred in

construing the source limitations in the validity context differently than in the

2009-1020, -1096 46
infringement context. Roche’s Br. 54. In the context of validity, the district court

construed the source limitations as imparting novel structures that distinguish

recombinant EPO from urinary EPO. Amgen, 581 F. Supp. 2d at 193–98. As will be

seen below, when addressing the issue of whether Roche’s MIRCERA® product

infringed the ’422 and ’933 patents, the district court did not require MIRCERA® to

possess novel structures that distinguish recombinant EPO from urinary EPO. Id. at

204–05. Quoting Amazon.com, Inc. v. Barnesandnoble.com, Inc., Roche relies on the

axiom that “claims must be interpreted and given the same meaning for purposes of

both validity and infringement analyses.” 239 F.3d 1343, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2001). Roche

contends that, for validity, but not infringement, the court required the source limitations

to impart novel structure onto EPO. Roche’s Br. 54. According to Roche, because the

court did not require Amgen to show for infringement that MIRCERA® possessed novel

structures that distinguish it from urinary EPO, the court should not have required

Roche to prove for anticipation that the source limitation does not impart novel structure

onto EPO. Id. at 55. Roche urges that, without the requirement to prove that

recombination imparted novel structures to Amgen’s EPO, urinary EPO anticipates

recombinant EPO as a matter of law. Id. We are not persuaded by Roche’s argument.

In determining validity of a product-by-process claim, the focus is on the product

and not on the process of making it. See Atl. Thermoplastics Co. v. Faytex Corp., 970

F.2d 834, 841 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (explaining that, in BASF, the validity rule “focused on

the product with less regard for the process limits”); Brown, 459 F.2d at 535 (focusing

on the product claimed and not the process); Pilkington, 411 F.2d at 1348 (noting that

the product itself must be new). That is because of the already described, long-

2009-1020, -1096 47
standing rule that an old product is not patentable even if it is made by a new process. 14

As a result, a product-by-process claim can be anticipated by a prior art product that

does not adhere to the claim’s process limitation. In determining infringement of a

product-by-process claim, however, the focus is on the process of making the product

as much as it is on the product itself. See Abbott Labs. v. Sandoz, Inc., 566 F.3d 1282,

1293 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (en banc). In other words, “process terms in product-by-process

claims serve as limitations in determining infringement.” Id. (quotation marks omitted).

As a result, a product-by-process claim is not infringed by a product made by a process

other than the one recited in the claim. Id.

The impact of these different analyses is significant. For product-by-process

claims, that which anticipates if earlier does not necessarily infringe if later. That is

because a product in the prior art made by a different process can anticipate a product-

by-process claim, but an accused product made by a different process cannot infringe a

product-by-process claim. Similarly, that which infringes if later does not necessarily

anticipate if earlier. That is because an accused product may meet each limitation in a

claim, but not possess features imparted by a process limitation that might distinguish

the claimed invention from the prior art.

Based on our precedent, the court did not err in conducting its validity and

infringement analyses differently. To prove invalidity, Roche had to show that

recombinant EPO was the same as urinary EPO, even though urinary EPO was not

14
Because validity is determined based on the requirements of patentability,
a patent is invalid if a product made by the process recited in a product-by-process
claim is anticipated by or obvious from prior art products, even if those prior art products
are made by different processes. Cf. BASF, 111 U.S. at 311 (assessing the invalidity of
an old product recited in a product-by-process claim in terms of patentability).

2009-1020, -1096 48
made recombinantly. The court concluded that Roche did not meet its burden because

urinary EPO and recombinant EPO were structurally and functionally different. Those

structural and functional differences are not explicitly part of the claim, yet are relevant

as evidence of no anticipation because of the source limitation. To prove infringement,

Amgen had to show that MIRCERA® comprises EPO made recombinantly, which the

court concluded it did. Importantly, Amgen was not required to show that MIRCERA®

was also structurally and functionally different from urinary EPO. In other words, for

validity, the court correctly required the source limitations to impart novelty onto EPO,

but did not require Dr. Goldwasser’s EPO to meet the source limitations; for

infringement, the court correctly required MIRCERA® to satisfy the source limitations,

but did not require MIRCERA® to differ from urinary EPO. For these reasons, the court

did not err in conducting distinct validity and infringement analyses of the asserted

claims of the ’933 and ’422 patents.

III

Indefiniteness

Before the jury was charged, Roche moved for JMOL that claim 1 of the ’422

patent and claims 3, 7, and 8 of the ’933 patent were invalid for indefiniteness. After the

district court denied the motion, the jury returned a verdict that the claims were not

indefinite. Denying Roche’s renewed motion for JMOL and its motion for a new trial, the

court sustained the jury verdict that claim 1 of the ’422 patent and claims 3, 7, and 9 of

the ’933 patent were not indefinite. Amgen, 581 F. Supp. 2d at 198–201. On appeal,

Roche argues that the court’s construction of “human erythropoietin” in claim 1 of the

’422 patent and its construction of the source limitation in claim 1 of the ’422 patent and

2009-1020, -1096 49
of the source limitation in the asserted claims of the ’933 patent render those claims

indefinite.

A

Roche contends that the court wrongly construed human EPO in claim 1 of the

’422 patent as “[a] protein having the amino acid sequence of human erythropoietin,

such as the amino acid sequence of EPO isolated from human urine.” Roche’s Br. 59

(quoting Markman, 494 F. Supp. 2d at 64). At the time of the invention, Roche

contends, no one knew the amino acid sequence of human EPO. Roche’s Br. 59. That

means, according to Roche, that a skilled artisan confronted with claim 1 of the ’422

patent would not have known which amino acid sequence (i.e., the order or number of

amino acids) the claim covers. Id. at 60. In Roche’s view, this lack of clarity renders the

claim indefinite. Id. To make the term human EPO in claim 1 definite, Roche advocates

confining its meaning to the specific 166 amino acid sequence disclosed in Figure 6 of

the ’422 patent specification. Id. at 61.

Amgen responds that the court’s construction of human EPO does not render

claim 1 of the ’422 patent indefinite. Amgen’s Br. 61. Amgen points out that the

specification defines the claimed product as having the same amino acid sequence as

naturally occurring EPO and that it uses human EPO to refer to the product produced

according to Example 10 and to urinary EPO. Id. at 62. Amgen also contends that an

ordinarily skilled artisan would have understood the parameters of claim 1, and that

nothing in the claim or specification requires the court to have limited human EPO to the

166 amino acid sequence disclosed in Figure 6. Id. at 62–63.

2009-1020, -1096 50
 Indefiniteness is a question of law. Praxair, Inc. v. ATMI, Inc., 543 F.3d 1306,

1319 (Fed. Cir. 2008). Under 35 U.S.C. § 112, claims must “particularly point[ ] out and

distinctly claim[ ] the subject matter which the applicant regards as his invention.” If a

claim fails to reasonably apprise one skilled in the art of the boundaries of the claim

when read in light of the specification, then the claim is invalid under § 112 for

indefiniteness. See Miles Labs., Inc. v. Shandon, Inc., 997 F.2d 870, 875 (Fed. Cir.

1993).

We do not think the court’s construction of human EPO provides a reason to

disturb the jury verdict that claim 1 of the ’422 patent is not indefinite. First, the

specification of the ’422 patent supports the court’s construction of human EPO. See In

re Marosi, 710 F.2d 799, 803 (Fed. Cir. 1983) (finding claims not indefinite when the

specification provided “a general guideline and examples sufficient to enable a person

of ordinary skill in the art to determine whether” the claim limitation was satisfied). It

defines human EPO as having the same amino acid sequence as naturally occurring

EPO and being produced by the process described in Example 10. See ’422 patent

col.10 ll.12–18; col.15 ll.7–19; col.25 l.27–col.29 l.25. While Figure 6 of the specification

discloses a 166 amino acid sequence of human EPO, neither the claim nor the

specification defines human EPO in terms of that figure. Therefore, the court correctly

construed human EPO as “[a] protein having the amino acid sequence of human EPO,

such as the amino acid sequence of EPO isolated from human urine.”

Second, Dr. Lodish’s testimony supports a finding that an ordinarily skilled artisan

would have understood the boundaries of claim 1 of the ’422 patent. Dr. Lodish testified

at trial that an ordinarily skilled artisan reading the ’422 patent would have understood

2009-1020, -1096 51
what human EPO was. Amgen, 581 F. Supp. 2d at 199. He explained that Figure 6

(i.e., the 166 amino acid sequence of EPO) and Example 10 (describing production of

human EPO) in the specification would have reasonably apprised a person of ordinary

skill of the scope of human EPO. Id. He also explained that the human EPO produced

according to Example 10 would have had 165 amino acids. Id. Based on the

specification of the ’422 patent and Dr. Lodish’s testimony, a jury could have reasonably

concluded that claim 1 was not rendered indefinite by the court’s construction of human

EPO. See Kinetic Concepts, Inc. v. Blue Sky Med. Group, Inc., 554 F.3d 1010, 1022

(Fed. Cir. 2009) (finding a claim not indefinite where the specification provided several

examples and the patentee submitted a declaration explaining that the ordinarily skilled

artisan would have understood the meaning of the claim).

We are not convinced by Roche’s argument that an ordinarily skilled artisan in

1984 could not have known the boundaries of claim 1 of the ’422 patent because no

one knew the actual amino acid sequence of human EPO. We recognize that an

ordinary skilled artisan did not know at the time, and the patent did not explain, that

Example 10 would produce, or that urinary EPO possessed, the amino acid sequence

disclosed in Figure 6 less the C-terminal amino acid. See Trial Tr. vol. 16, 2339–47

Oct. 3, 2007. That does not mean, however, that an ordinarily skilled artisan at the time

of the invention would not have known the scope of human EPO in claim 1. See

Shatterproof Glass Corp. v. Libbey-Owens Ford Co., 758 F.2d 613, 624 (Fed. Cir. 1985)

(explaining that § 112 only requires the claim language to be “as precise as the subject

matter permits” (quotation marks omitted)). According to Dr. Lodish’s testimony, an

ordinarily skilled artisan who possessed urinary EPO or the amino acid disclosed in

2009-1020, -1096 52
Figure 6, or who practiced the invention described in Example 10, would have

knowingly been within the scope of claim 1 of the ’422 patent, even without knowing that

the EPO in hand was actually 165 amino acids in length. Furthermore, Roche has not

presented us with any reason as to why the claim is indefinite if human EPO

encompasses both the 166 amino acid sequence disclosed in Figure 6 and the 165

amino acid sequence produced by practicing Example 10 and possessed by EPO

purified from urine. Therefore, we will not disturb the court’s construction of the term

human EPO, a construction which we hold does not render claim 1 of the ’422 patent

indefinite.

B

Roche also argues that the court’s construction of the source limitations recited in

the asserted claims of the ’422 and ’933 patents renders the claims indefinite. 15

Roche’s Br. 55. In Roche’s view, the court concluded that urinary EPO did not

anticipate the asserted claims of the ’422 and ’933 patents because it construed the

source limitations to include an implied indefinite term that excludes prior art urinary

EPO. Id. According to Roche, the court did not identify which structures distinguish

unanticipated recombinant EPO from urinary EPO, and these structures are not defined

in the claims. Id. at 56. Moreover, Roche contends, the claims do not avoid

indefiniteness based on the glycosylation differences between urinary EPO and

recombinant EPO because the carbohydrate structures of urinary EPO were not known.

Id. Roche points out that this court has previously stated that “[b]y definition, one must

15
The source limitation in claim 1 of the ’422 patent is “purified from
mammalian cells grown in culture,” col.38 ll.40–41, while the source limitation in claim 3
of the ’933 patent is “product of the expression in a mammalian host cell,” col.38 ll.26–
27.

2009-1020, -1096 53
know what the glycosylation of uEPO [urinary EPO] is with certainty before one can

determine whether the claimed glycoprotein has a glcyosylation different from that of

uEPO.” Id. (quoting TKT II, 314 F.3d at 1341). The implicit exclusion of urinary EPO

from the asserted product claims makes it impossible, in Roche’s view, to discern the

boundaries of the claims. Id. Accordingly, Roche urges, the implicit term that

distinguishes recombinant EPO from urinary EPO renders claim 1 of the ’422 patent

and claims 3, 7, and 8 of the ’933 patent indefinite. Roche’s Br. 57.

Amgen responds that the asserted claims of the ’422 and ’933 patents are not

indefinite under the district court’s construction of the source limitations. Amgen’s Br.

59. The product claims are definite, according to Amgen, because they encompass

whatever EPO glycoprotein structures result from the recited process’s production. Id.

at 61. Amgen contends that it was not required to claim EPO in terms of specific

carbohydrate structures. Id.

We conclude that the source limitations do not render the asserted claims of the

’422 and ’933 patents indefinite. Roche correctly points out that the district court found

that the asserted claims were not anticipated by urinary EPO because recombinant

EPO and urinary EPO are structurally and functionally distinct. Roche is also correct

that those structural and functional distinctions are not stated on the face of the claims.

That does not mean, however, that the court implicitly construed the source limitations

to include those structural and functional differences. See supra Part II.E (explaining

that validity and infringement analyses of product-by-process claims differ). Rather, the

court construed the source as a limitation of the asserted claims and found that the

source imparted structural and functional features not possessed by EPO purified from

2009-1020, -1096 54
urine. The structural and functional differences were therefore relevant to the court’s

finding that recombinant EPO was a new product claimed with reference to the source

from which it was obtained. See Brown, 459 F.2d at 535 (“[T]he lack of physical

description in a product-by process claim makes determination of the patentability of the

claim more difficult, since in spite of the fact that the claim may recite only process

limitations, it is the patentability of the product claimed and not of the recited process

steps which must be established.”). Contrary to Roche’s assertions, findings of fact that

go to the question of validity of product-by-process claims do not automatically become

part of claim construction.

We note that, if we carried Roche’s argument to its logical conclusion, product-

by-process claims would be indefinite in instances where the product-by-process format

is often preferred. Patentees often use process limitations to distinguish their product

from prior art products because their product cannot accurately be discriminated from

the prior art except by reference to the process by which it is obtained. See, e.g.,

Pilkington, 411 F.2d at 1349 (“[T]he differences between the [claimed product] and the

[product] of the prior art do not appear to us to be particularly susceptible to definition by

the conventional recitation of properties or structures.”). In those situations, the

product-by-process format allows the patentee to obtain a patent on the product even

though the patentee cannot adequately describe the features that distinguish it from

prior art products. In effect, the process limitation embodies the difficult-to-describe

distinctions that render the product patentable. Thus, to call the process limitation

indefinite in this situation would defeat one of the purposes of product-by-process

2009-1020, -1096 55
claims, namely permitting product-by-process claims reciting new products lacking

physical description.

We therefore affirm the court’s decision to sustain the jury verdict that claim 1 of

the ’422 patent and claims 3, 7, and 8 of the ’933 patent are not invalid for

indefiniteness.

IV

Infringement

Roche challenges the findings that MIRCERA® literally infringes claim 1 of the

’422 patent; claims 3, 7, and 8 of the ’933 patent; claims 1 and 2 of the ’868 patent; and

claims 6–9 of the ’698 patent.

Infringement is a question of fact. Leapfrog Enters., Inc. v. Fisher-Price, Inc., 485

F.3d 1157, 1159 (Fed. Cir. 2007). To prove infringement, the patentee must show that

an accused product embodies all limitations of the claim either literally or by the DOE.

TIPS Sys., LLC v. Phillips & Brooks/Gladwin, Inc., 529 F.3d 1364, 1379 (Fed. Cir.

2008); see also Tech. Licensing Corp. v. Videotek, Inc., 545 F.3d 1316, 1327 (Fed. Cir.

2008) (stating that, to prove infringement, the patentee has the burden of persuasion by

a preponderance of the evidence). If any claim limitation is absent from the accused

device, there is no literal infringement as a matter of law. TIPS Sys., 529 F.3d at 1379.

We begin our infringement analysis with the product patents.

A

The district court granted Amgen summary judgment of infringement of claim 1 of

the ’422 patent after finding that MIRCERA® comprised human EPO. 581 F. Supp. 2d

at 201. In the court’s view, Roche’s internal documents and representations to the FDA

2009-1020, -1096 56
confirmed that MIRCERA® contains human EPO, which the court defined by its amino

acid sequence. Id. at 202. The court found that Roche’s internal documents referred to

CERA, the active ingredient in MIRCERA®, as “peg-EPO,” and that Roche represented

to the FDA that CERA and epoetin beta, the starting material of MIRCERA®, have the

same amino acid sequence. Id. Relying on A.B. Dick Co. v. Burroughs Corp., 713 F.2d

700, 703 (Fed. Cir. 1983), for the proposition that “one cannot avoid infringement merely

by adding elements,” the court rejected Roche’s argument that MIRCERA® does not

contain EPO because CERA is formed through pegylation. Id. at 203. Thus, the court

concluded that MIRCERA® literally infringes claim 1 of the ’422 patent. Id. After

hearing all of the evidence at trial, the jury similarly concluded that MIRCERA® literally

infringed claims 3, 7, and 8 of the ’933 patent. The court then denied Roche’s motion

for JMOL of non-infringement with respect to those claims.

On appeal, Roche argues that MIRCERA® does not infringe the asserted claims

of the ’422 and ’933 patents because MIRCERA® is not produced and purified from

mammalian cells. Roche’s Br. 48. Roche interprets the source limitations in both

patents as requiring that the accused product actually be produced by a mammalian

cell. Id. Roche contends that MIRCERA® cannot meet the cell-produced limitations

because it is indisputably made in a cell-free reaction. Id. at 50. In addition, Roche

argues that, once it is formed, MIRCERA® is a novel, intact molecule that no longer

contains human EPO. Id. Although Roche takes issue with the court’s analysis of

MIRCERA®’s precursor, epoetin beta, it contends that epoetin beta also does not meet

the source limitations because epoetin beta loses a hydrogen atom when it reacts with a

PEG molecule. Id. at 51. Lastly, Roche argues that the court erred in failing to instruct

2009-1020, -1096 57
the jury that the asserted claims of the ’933 patent require a product with a structure

capable of being produced in a mammalian host cell. Id. at 52.

Amgen responds that the source limitations do not exclude the attachment of

further structure, such as PEG, to human EPO. Amgen’s Br. 64. Amgen points to the

specification, which describes the chemical attachment of materials, such as detectable

markers, to the claimed glycoprotein products. Id. (citing ’422 patent col.12 ll.12–16).

Amgen contends, as the district court determined, that the source limitations pertain to

the source of human EPO, not MIRCERA®, and that they do not preclude the addition

of other materials. Id. at 65. Pointing to Roche’s internal documents and FDA

representations, Amgen disputes Roche’s assertion that the attachment of PEG

fundamentally transforms MIRCERA® so that MIRCERA® does not contain EPO. Id. at

68. In Amgen’s view, the removal of a single hydrogen atom from epoetin beta does not

change the fact that MIRCERA® contains the sequence of amino acids that defines

human EPO in claim 1 of the ’422 patent. Id. at 70.

We see no error in the district court’s grant of summary judgment that

MIRCERA® literally infringes claim 1 of the ’422 patent or its ruling denying Roche’s

motion for JMOL of non-infringement, which sustained the jury’s verdict that

MIRCERA® literally infringes claims 3, 7, and 8 of the ’933 patent. 16 As a preliminary

16
Claim 1 of the ’422 patent recites “[a] pharmaceutical composition
comprising a therapeutically effective amount of human erythropoeitin and a
pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, adjuvant or carrier, wherein said erythropoietin is
purified from mammalian cells grown in culture.” ’422 patent col.38 ll.37–41. Claim 3 of
the ’933 patent, from which claims 7 and 8 depend, recites “[a] non-naturally occurring
glycoprotein product of the expression in a mammalian host cell of an exogenous DNA
sequence comprising a DNA sequence encoding human erythropoeitin said product
possessing the in vivo biological property of causing bone marrow cells to increase
production of reticulocytes and red blood cells.” ’933 patent col.38 ll.26–31.

2009-1020, -1096 58
matter, no genuine issues of material fact stand in the way of adjudication by summary

judgment of the issue of whether MIRCERA® infringes claim 1 of the ’422 patent. The

court’s determination of infringement followed from its application of its construction of

two terms in claim 1 to the undisputed facts of the case. The first term is “human

erythropoietin”; the second term is the source limitation “purified from mammalian cells

grown in culture.” ’422 patent col.38 ll.37–41. We conclude that the court correctly

construed those terms and that, in view of that claim construction, Amgen was entitled

to summary judgment that MIRCERA® infringed claim 1 of the ’422 patent. 17 Because

the source limitation of claim 1 of the ’422 patent is, for purposes of Roche’s

infringement contentions, the same as the source limitation recited in the asserted

claims of the ’933 patent, we similarly conclude that a reasonable jury could have found

that MIRCERA® infringed claims 3, 7, and 8 of the ’933 patent.

MIRCERA® comprises “human erythropoietin” because it contains “[a] protein

having the amino acid sequence of human erythropoietin, such as the amino acid

sequence of EPO isolated from human urine,” Markman, 494 F. Supp. 2d at 64.

Roche’s internal documents and FDA representations reveal that MIRCERA®, or peg-

17
As noted, the court construed “human erythropoietin” as “[a] protein
having the amino acid sequence of human EPO, such as the amino acid sequence of
EPO isolated from human urine.” Markman, 494 F. Supp. 2d at 64. The court
construed the source limitation “purified from mammalian cells grown in culture” in claim
1 of the ’422 patent as “obtained in substantially homogeneous form from the
mammalian cells, using the word from in the sense that it originates in the mammalian
cells, without limitation to it only taking it directly out of the interior of the cells, which
have been grown in the in vitro culture.” Id. at 65. The court construed the relevant part
of claim 3 of the ’933 patent as follows: “a non-naturally occurring glycoprotein product
of the expression in a mammalian host cell” is “a glycoprotein (not occurring in nature)
that is the product of the expression in a mammalian host cell,” where “expression
means that the glycoprotein was produced in a cell and recovered from the cell culture.”
Id. at 71–72.

2009-1020, -1096 59
EPO, comprises a protein having the amino acid sequence of human erythropoietin.

Amgen, 581 F. Supp. 2d at 202; see also id. at 172 (“[T]he resulting glycosylated human

EPO polypeptide product [of Roche’s manufacturing process] contains the identical

amino acid sequence as naturally occurring human EPO.” (quotation marks omitted)).

Those documents, as well as expert testimony, also indicate that the loss of a hydrogen

atom, either from a lysine side chain or from the N-terminus of the protein, does not

mean that the protein lacks the amino acid sequence of EPO. See id. at 172; see also

id. at 207 (“Roche concedes that Amgen’s experts provided testimony that pegylation

does not change the amino acid sequence of epoetin beta.”).

Furthermore, nothing in the claim construction of human EPO excludes the

attachment of a PEG molecule, and the common specification to the ’422 and ’933

patents contemplates the attachment of additional molecules. See, e.g., ’422 patent

col.12 ll.12–16. Roche’s argument that human EPO no longer exists “as a matter of

chemistry” once it reacts with a PEG molecule is unpersuasive because the record

shows that the human EPO component exists in the final product and confers its

structural and functional properties onto MIRCERA®. The record therefore supports the

court’s conclusion, and the jury’s implicit conclusion, 18 that the attachment of a PEG

molecule is the addition of an element, which cannot negate infringement, as opposed

to a fundamental chemical transformation, which might save MIRCERA® from

infringement. Amgen, 581 F. Supp. 2d at 203–04; see also Amstar Corp. v. Envirotech

Corp., 730 F.2d 1476, 1482 (Fed. Cir. 1984) (“Modification by mere addition of elements

18
The court instructed the jury regarding Roche’s theory that MIRCERA® is
a single molecule, which no longer contains human EPO: “Roche people say that the
very fact of the pegylation, the combination, changes it. It’s not the same thing. It’s
something new and different.” Trial Tr., vol. 20, 3021, Oct. 17, 2007.

2009-1020, -1096 60
. . . cannot negate infringement, without disregard of . . . long-established, hornbook law

. . . .”).

MIRCERA® also comprises EPO produced in and purified from mammalian cells,

thereby satisfying the source limitations of the asserted claims. Roche’s FDA filings and

other admissions show that epoetin beta, the starting ingredient for CERA, is produced

in and purified from mammalian cells grown in culture. See Amgen, 581 F. Supp. 2d at

172 (“Like Amgen’s EPO, epoetin beta is a recombinant EPO formed by injecting DNA

encoding human EPO into a CHO cell.” (quotation marks omitted)). Roche

fundamentally misreads the asserted claims to require that MIRCERA® be produced in,

and purified from, mammalian cells and have a cell-produced structure. 19 Yet, all that

these claims require is that MIRCERA® comprise EPO produced in and purified from

mammalian cells. See ’422 patent col.38 ll.40–41 (“wherein said erythropoietin is

purified from mammalian cells grown in culture”); ’933 patent col.38 ll.26–29 (“product of

the expression in a mammalian host cell of an exogenous DNA sequence comprising a

DNA sequence encoding human erythropoetin”). That MIRCERA® itself can only be

produced outside a cell is irrelevant to the source limitations. Consequently, the court

properly declined to instruct the jury that the source limitation requires MIRCERA® to be

cell-produced.

Because MIRCERA® embodies the human EPO and source limitations of the

asserted claims, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Amgen of

19
Roche’s interpretation of the source limitations stems from its contention
that, because structures and functions imparted by the source limitations were relevant
for anticipation, they too should be relevant for infringement. We have already
explained that the anticipation and infringement analyses differ for product-by-process
claims. See supra Part II.E.

2009-1020, -1096 61
infringement of claim 1 of the ’422 patent and its denial of JMOL to Roche of non-

infringement of claims 3, 7, and 8 of the ’933 patent.

B

Turning to the two process patents, the jury found claims 1 and 2 of the ’868

patent and claims 6–9 of the ’698 patent literally infringed by MIRCERA®. The district

court then denied Roche’s motions for JMOL of non-infringement and for a new trial.

Because Roche manufactures MIRCERA® overseas, the jury’s finding of literal

infringement of the ’868 and ’698 patents was based on 35 U.S.C. § 271(g), which

provides, in relevant part:

Whoever without authority imports into the United States or offers to sell,
sells, or uses within the United States a product which is made by a
process patented in the United States shall be liable as an infringer, if the
importation, offer to sell, sale, or use of the product occurs during the term
of such process patent. . . . A product which is made by a patented
process will, for purposes of this title, not be considered to be so made
after—
(1) it is materially changed by subsequent processes . . . .

Section 271(g) makes the importation into the United States of a product made by a

process patented in the United States an act of infringement. If, however, the product

made by the patented process is “materially changed by subsequent processes” prior to

importation, then importation of that product does not constitute infringement. Id.

§ 271(g)(1). In short, the question before the district court was whether the MIRCERA®

product to be imported into the United States by Roche is “materially changed by

subsequent processes” so that it is materially different from the product produced by the

processes of claims 1 and 2 of the ’868 patent and claims 6–9 of the ’698 patent. See

Eli Lilly & Co. v. Am. Cyanamid Co., 82 F.3d 1568, 1575–77 (Fed. Cir. 1996).

2009-1020, -1096 62
 On appeal, Roche argues that MIRCERA® did not infringe the ’868 and ’698

patents under § 271(g) as a matter of law. Roche’s Br. 62. That is because the

evidence conclusively demonstrates, according to Roche, that MIRCERA® is materially

changed prior to importation. Id. at 63. In Roche’s view, to determine whether

MIRCERA® has been “materially changed,” the drug must be compared to the crude

product resulting from the claimed processes, and not the FDA-approved Amgen drugs.

Id. Comparing unadministerable crude EPO to FDA-approved MIRCERA® evidences a

“material change,” according to Roche. Id. In addition, Roche observes that, due to the

attached PEG molecule, MIRCERA® possesses different structures and properties than

Amgen’s EPO. Id. at 64. Roche points out that MIRCERA® has thousands more

atoms, hundreds of new bonds, a significantly higher molecular weight, a different

charge, and improved pharmacokinetic properties. Id. at 64–65. Those changes are

material, according to Roche, because MIRCERA® has improved pharmacokinetic

characteristics and requires less-frequent dosing than Amgen’s products. Id. at 65.

Roche contends that the district court should not have allowed the jury’s verdict to stand

because no reasonable jury could have concluded that purification and pegylation did

not materially change the EPO in MIRCERA®. Id.

Roche separately argues, as it did below, that, even if a factual issue existed for

the jury to decide, it is entitled to a new trial because the district court erroneously

instructed the jury on § 271(g). Id. at 66. The court instructed the jury to “look at the

product that would be produced by that [patented] process” and then “look at the

product that’s produced by the lawful in Europe, but infringing here in the United States,

Roche process.” Id. That charge was incorrect as a matter of law, Roche contends,

2009-1020, -1096 63
because § 271(g) requires comparison of the products produced by the patented

process to the product imported into the United States, and not to the immediate

product Roche produces by employing the patented process. Id. According to Roche,

the court erred when it instructed the jury that it could “consider whether [MIRCERA®]

would work without Amgen’s patented process. Would it do what it’s supposed to do

absent Amgen’s patented process.” Id. at 66 (quoting Trial Tr., vol. 20, 3026, Oct. 17,

2007). Roche contends that this “but for” test for material change is inconsistent with

§ 271(g), which refers to a material change and not different processes. Id.

Amgen responds that there was sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find

that Roche’s imported product is not materially changed from the EPO recited in the

asserted claims of the ’868 and ’698 patents. Amgen’s Br. 75. According to Amgen,

Roche’s own documents show that the human EPO in MIRCERA® has the same

structure and function as EPO recited in the claims of the ’868 and ’698 patents. Id. at

75–76. Amgen emphasizes that MIRCERA®’s biological activity depends on EPO. Id.

at 76. Amgen disputes whether the claims are limited to crude isolates unsuitable for

human use, but argues that, even if they were, Roche’s purification process does not

materially change the EPO product recited in the asserted claims. Id. at 78.

As for the jury instructions, Amgen contends that the court properly instructed the

jury to determine whether Roche’s imported product was materially changed from the

product of the claimed processes. Amgen argues that the court correctly delivered the

following instruction: “If the Roche product is materially changed from the product of the

claimed process, Amgen has lost. That product can be imported into the United States

and it does not infringe.” Id. at 74–75. Amgen also argues that Eli Lilly, 82 F.3d at

2009-1020, -1096 64
1575–77, supports the instruction that the jury was “entitled to consider whether the

item would work without Amgen’s patented process.” Amgen’s Br. 74.

We do not think that Roche was entitled to JMOL that MIRCERA® does not

infringe the asserted claims of the ’868 and ’698 patents, because the record supports a

determination that the human EPO in MIRCERA® is not “materially changed” by

pegylation. Unlike Roche, we do not read the scope of the asserted claims as limited to

production of crude EPO. That being said, the record reveals that MIRCERA®, unlike

crude EPO, is suitable for administration to patients. The record also reveals structural

and functional differences (e.g., size, molecular weight, half-life, atomic composition)

between MIRCERA® and EPO produced by the processes recited in the asserted

claims. The question that remains for infringement under § 271(g) is whether these

differences are material.

Materiality is context-dependent. See Biotech Biologische Naturverpackungen

GmbH & Co. v. Biocorp, Inc., 249 F.3d 1341, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (“Whether a change

in a product is material is a factual determination, and is properly for the trier of fact.”).

In the biotechnology context, a significant change in a protein’s structure and/or

properties would constitute a material change. Cf. Eli Lilly, 82 F.3d at 1573 (“In the

chemical context, a ‘material’ change in a compound is most naturally viewed as a

significant change in the compound’s structure and properties.”). A good source for

determining whether a change in a product of a process is material under § 271(g) is

the patent. Where the specification or asserted claims recite a structure or function for

the product of the processes, then significant variations from the recited structure and

2009-1020, -1096 65
function are material. What makes a variation significant enough to be a “material

change,” however, is a question of degree.

In this case, Amgen presented evidence that the structural and functional

differences were not material because MIRCERA® still contains EPO, the structure of

EPO remains intact, MIRCERA® binds to the EPO receptor, and MIRCERA® retains its

claimed ability to increase the production of reticulocytes and red blood cells. See, e.g.,

Trial Tr., vol. 17, 2495–98, Oct. 4, 2007. The in vivo biological properties of EPO are

recited in the claims of the ’868 and ’698 patents, so significant variations therefrom

(e.g., a significant increase in the production of red blood cells) would constitute

material changes. See ’868 patent col.40 ll.27–29; ’698 patent col.38 ll.51–53. The

record reflects, however, that MIRCERA® and human EPO stimulate erythropoiesis

similarly. See Trial Tr., vol. 17, 2488–91, Oct. 4, 2007. Roche did not argue to the

contrary. Instead, Roche presented evidence that the identified structural and functional

changes confer pharmacokinetic properties onto MIRCERA® that render it superior to

EPO made by the claimed processes. In particular, Roche emphasized that

MIRCERA®’s active ingredient, CERA, exhibits a longer half-life in the bloodstream,

producing MIRCERA®’s longer dosing interval. Based on this record, we think there

was sufficient evidence for a jury to conclude that the structural and functional

differences between MIRCERA® and EPO recited in the process claims were not

material. Therefore, Roche was not entitled to JMOL that MIRCERA® does not infringe

the asserted claims of the ’868 and ’698 patents.

We also conclude that instructions delivered to the jury on “material change”

under § 271(g) were legally sufficient. When read as a whole, the “material change”

2009-1020, -1096 66
instructions adequately informed the jury that it was to compare the EPO produced

according to the claimed processes with MIRCERA®. See Eli Lilly, 82 F.3d at 1573

(“We look . . . to the substantiality of the change between the product of the patented

process and the product that is being imported.”). While it is true that the jury was

instructed to look at the product produced by Roche’s process, Trial Tr., vol. 21, 3078,

Oct. 18, 2003, the jury was also instructed that if MIRCERA® was materially changed

from the product of the claimed process, it would not infringe, id. In addition, the court

instructed the jury to ask “does the Roche approach materially change its product

MIRCERA®?” Trial Tr., vol. 20, 3025, Oct. 17, 2003. These “material change”

instructions, as a whole, adequately conveyed to the jury that it was required to

compare MIRCERA® to the product produced by the processes recited in the asserted

claims of the ’868 and ’698 patents.

We similarly conclude that Roche is not entitled to a new trial even though the

court instructed the jury that it could consider whether MIRCERA® would function if not

made by Amgen’s patented process. The court’s instruction—“You are entitled to

consider whether [MIRCERA®] would work without Amgen’s patented process. Would

it do what it’s supposed to do absent Amgen’s patented process?”—was presumably an

attempt to provide the jury with some guidance as to the types of changes that would be

material in this case. The court effectively instructed the jury that it could consider

whether MIRCERA®’s biological function depends on its EPO component produced

according to Amgen’s patented processes. We assume that is because the court

wanted the jury to ask whether the subsequent processes (i.e., pegylation) confer or

enhance the biological properties possessed by MIRCERA®. We view the basis of

2009-1020, -1096 67
MIRCERA®’s biological function as a relevant consideration in assessing whether

pegylation is a material change, especially where the asserted claims of the ’868 and

’698 patents recite the “in vivo biological property of causing bone marrow cells to

increase production of reticulocytes and red blood cells.” See Eli Lilly, 82 F.3d at 1577

(discussing whether the chemical and biological properties and utility of the accused

product are material changes). Although this instruction is imperfect, we do not think a

jury would have been clearly misled by the “material change” instructions as a whole.

Therefore, the “material change” charge does not warrant a new trial.

V

Cross-Appeal

Amgen cross-appeals the district court’s rulings vacating the jury verdict of

infringement of claim 12 of the ’933 patent under the DOE and entering judgment of no

infringement of claims 9, 11, 12, and 14 of the ’933 patent and claim 7 of the ’349

patent.

A.

The question of infringement, literally or by equivalents, of claim 12 of the ’933

patent was presented to the jury. Roche moved for JMOL of non-infringement as to that

claim, which the court denied. After the jury returned a verdict of infringement under the

DOE of claim 12 of the ’933 patent, Roche moved for renewed JMOL of non-

infringement as to that claim. Vacating the jury verdict of infringement by DOE, the

court granted Roche’s motion for renewed JMOL with respect to claim 12 of the ’933

patent. Amgen, 581 F. Supp. 2d at 205. It did so on the ground that Amgen had failed

to identify limitation by limitation the equivalent function-way-result. Id. Claim 12 of the

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’933 patent depends from claims 3 and 7, both of which the jury found literally infringed.

The three claims recite as follows:

3. A non-naturally occurring glycoprotein product of the expression in
a mammalian host cell of an exogenous DNA sequence comprising a DNA
sequence encoding human erythropoietin said product possessing the in
vivo biological property of causing bone marrow cells to increase
production of reticulocytes and red blood cells.

7. The glycoprotein product according to claims 3, 4, 5 or 6 wherein
the host cell is a non-human mammalian cell.

12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a
glycoprotein product effective for erythropoietin therapy according to claim
7 and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, adjuvant or carrier.

’933 patent col.38 ll.26–31; col. 38 ll.64–65; col.39 ll.12–col.40 ll.2.

Claims 9, 11, and 14 of the ’933 patent did not reach the jury because the district

court granted Roche JMOL of no infringement of those claims. Claims 9, 11, and 14

recite as follows:

9. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount [of] a
glycoprotein product effective for erythropoietin therapy according to claim
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, adjuvant or
carrier.

11. A method for treating a kidney dialysis patient which comprises
administering a pharmaceutical composition of claim 9 in an amount
effective to increase the hematocrit level of said patient.

14. A method for treating a kidney dialysis patient which comprises
administering a pharmaceutical composition of claim 12 in an amount
effective to increase the hematocrit level of said product.

’933 patent col.39 l.1–4; col.39 l.8–col.40 l.2; col.40 ll.7–11. Claim 9 is similar to claim

12, except that claim 9 depends from claim 3 directly, whereas claim 12 depends from

claim 7, which depends from claim 3. Claims 11 and 14 are identical except that claim

11 depends from claim 9 and claim 14 depends from claim 12. For purposes of the

2009-1020, -1096 69
issues on appeal, however, claim 9 is the same as claim 12, and claim 11 is the same

as claim 14. 20

Amgen contends that the jury verdict relating to claim 12 should be reinstated

because the jury had before it substantial evidence of literal infringement or

infringement by equivalents. Amgen’s Br. 82. Amgen contends that Roche’s

representations to the FDA that its product is a “pharmaceutical composition” containing

a pharmaceutically acceptable “diluent” satisfy that limitation of claim 12. Id. at 84.

Amgen also contends that Roche’s FDA representations, internal documents, and

expert testimony all establish that MIRCERA® produces an increase in red blood cell

count by stimulating erythropoiesis, thus satisfying the limitation, “amount . . . effective

for erythropoietin therapy.” Id. at 84–85. Amgen notes that the jury heard testimony

that pegylation did not change the function (to stimulate maturation of bone marrow

cells into red blood cells), way (binding to the EPO receptor), or result (to make more

red blood cells). Id. at 85. The only limitation the jury could have found infringed by

DOE, in Amgen’s view, was “effective for erythropoietin therapy,” and, according to

Amgen, there was sufficient evidence of equivalence to support the jury’s verdict.

Amgen’s Reply Br. 9.

Amgen also argues that, if the court reinstates the jury verdict of infringement

under the DOE of claim 12, the court should reverse the JMOL of no infringement of

20
We note that our holding in TKT II that claim 9 of the ’933 patent was
invalid for indefiniteness does not apply here because claim 9 was only indefinite to the
extent that it depended from claim 1 of the ’933 patent. 314 F.3d at 1342, 1358. That is
because we concluded that the limitation “glycosylation which differs from that of human
urinary erythropoietin” in claim 1, from which claim 9 may depend, was indefinite. Id. at
1340–42. In this case, claim 9 was only at issue to the extent it depended from claim 3,
which does not contain the previously declared indefinite limitation.

2009-1020, -1096 70
claim 9, because the evidence proving infringement of claim 12 also proves

infringement of claim 9. Id. at 14–15. Amgen further argues that, assuming claims 9

and 12 are held to be infringed, we should vacate the JMOL of no infringement of

dependent claims 11 and 14, which recite methods of treating kidney dialysis patients

with pharmaceutical compositions comprising EPO, and remand for a new trial relating

to those claims. Id. at 14–17; Amgen’s Br. 86–88.

Roche counters that Amgen failed to perform the limitation-by-limitation analysis

required to support the jury’s verdict of DOE infringement of claim 12. Roche’s Reply

Br. 59. Roche contends that its representations to the FDA, its internal documents, and

expert testimony do not constitute the particularized testimony and linking argument

DOE infringement requires. Id. Roche notes that the district court excluded Amgen’s

proffered expert testimony on equivalents because it lacked a limitation-by-limitation

comparison. Id. As for claim 9, Roche argues that the court correctly granted JMOL of

no infringement because Amgen presented no testimony relating to infringement of this

claim specifically. Id. at 60. Roche also contends that, because JMOL of no

infringement of claims 9 and 12 was warranted, JMOL of dependent claims 11 and 14

also was warranted. Id. at 61–62.

“An accused device that does not literally infringe a claim may still infringe under

the doctrine of equivalents if each limitation of the claim is met in the accused device

either literally or equivalently.” Cybor Corp. v. FAS Techs., Inc., 138 F.3d 1448, 1459

(Fed. Cir. 1998) (en banc). An element in the accused product is equivalent to a claim

limitation if the differences between the two are “insubstantial” to one of ordinary skill in

the art. Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chem. Co., 520 U.S. 17, 40 (1997).

2009-1020, -1096 71
Insubstantiality may be determined by whether the accused device performs

substantially the same function in substantially the same way to obtain the same result

as the claim limitation. Graver Tank & Mfg. Co. v. Linde Air Prods. Co., 339 U.S. 605,

608 (1950).

To support a finding of infringement under DOE, Amgen must have presented,

on a limitation-by-limitation basis, “particularized testimony and linking argument as to

the ‘insubstantiality of the differences’ between [the pharmaceutical composition in claim

12] and [MIRCERA®], or with respect to the function, way, result test.” Tex. Instruments

v. Cypress Semiconductor Corp., 90 F.3d 1558, 1567 (Fed. Cir. 1996). “[E]vidence and

argument on the doctrine of equivalents cannot merely be subsumed in plaintiff’s case

of literal infringement.” Lear Siegler, Inc. v. Sealy Mattress Co., 873 F.2d 1422, 1425

(Fed. Cir. 1989); see also Texas Instruments, 90 F.3d at 1567 (“Generalized testimony

as to the overall similarity between the claims and the accused infringer’s product or

process will not suffice.”). But see Paice LLC v. Toyota Motor Corp., 504 F.3d 1293,

1305 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (“Our ‘particularized testimony’ standard does not require [the

expert] to re-start his testimony at square one when transitioning to a doctrine of

equivalents analysis.”). These requirements “ensure that a jury is provided with the

proper evidentiary foundation from which it may permissibly conclude that a claim

limitation has been met by an equivalent.” Comark Commc’ns, Inc. v. Harris Corp., 156

F.3d 1182, 1188 (Fed. Cir. 1998).

Reviewing the record in the light most favorable to Amgen, we agree with the

district court that a reasonable jury could not have concluded that claim 12 was

infringed by DOE. In this case, the jury found claim 12 of the ’933 patent infringed

2009-1020, -1096 72
under DOE, but we have no way of knowing which limitations were met literally or by

DOE. In the absence of a special jury interrogatory informing the court of how the jury

found each claim limitation was met by MIRCERA®, we must determine if Roche

demonstrated either (1) that there was no substantial evidence from which the jury

could have found that a particular identified limitation was met literally or by equivalents

or (2) that there was no substantial evidence in the record that would have permitted the

jury to find that any limitation had been met by equivalents. Id. at 1190. We hold the

latter to be the case.

The record does not contain sufficient evidence that any limitation in claim 12 of

the ’933 patent was met by DOE. Amgen argues that it provided equivalents evidence

pertaining to the “amount . . . effective for erythropoietin therapy” limitation in claim 12.

We, however, do not view the evidence that pegylation does not change the biological

properties of human EPO contained in MIRCERA® as equivalents evidence of the

therapeutic efficacy limitation. Rather, Amgen presented that evidence to demonstrate

that pegylation was not a “material change” to the human EPO contained in

MIRCERA®. 21 See Trial Tr., vol. 17, 2486–87, Oct. 4, 2007. We fail to see how Dr.

21
Amgen cites the following testimony from Dr. Lodish as evidence of
infringement by equivalents of the therapeutic efficacy limitation:
Q: Dr. Lodish, if I were to suggest to you that Roche says that attaching
peg to EPO materially changes the product of Dr. Lin’s processes, would
you agree?
****
A. Well, simply put, changing or adding peg to EPO does not change
either the structure of EPO or perhaps . . . attaching peg to EPO neither
changes the three-dimensional structure of EPO, nor, more importantly,
perhaps, its biological function of binding to the erythropoietin receptors on
bone marrow cells, stimulating them to produce red blood cells to make
more red blood cells. It’s the same function in substantially the same way.

2009-1020, -1096 73
Lodish’s statements relating to literal infringement of Amgen’s process claims under

§ 271(g) are particularized testimony of equivalents of the therapeutic efficacy limitation

in Amgen’s pharmaceutical composition claim, and Amgen has not pointed to any

argument at trial linking the two. See Lear Siegler, 873 F.2d at 1425–26 (requiring

particularized DOE testimony); Texas Instruments, 90 F.3d at 1567 (same). Indeed, the

district court excluded Amgen’s proffered testimony from Dr. Lodish that MIRCERA®

was equivalent to the product recited in the claims of the ’933 patent because Dr.

Lodish’s expert report lacked the limitation-by-limitation analysis required by our case

law. 22 See Trial Tr. vol. 17, 2483–86, Oct. 4, 2007. The absence of an expert opinion

regarding DOE infringement distinguishes this case from Paice, 504 F.3d at 1305, in

which the patentee’s proferred expert provided an opinion regarding DOE infringement.

Therefore, the court did not err in vacating the jury verdict that claim 12 of the ’933

patent was infringed under the DOE and in entering judgment as to non-infringement of

that claim.

Because we are affirming judgment of no infringement of claim 12 of the ’933

patent, we do not reach Amgen’s arguments relating to claims 9, 11, and 14 of the ’933

patent, which were contingent on a reinstatement of the jury verdict of infringement of

claim 12.

See Trial Tr., vol. 17, 2486–87, Oct. 4, 2007 (emphasis added).
22
When Amgen asked Dr. Lodish if he had “an opinion whether or not peg-
EPO would be equivalent to the product of ’933, claim 3,” Trial Tr. vol. 17, 2483, Oct. 4,
2007, Roche objected that Dr. Lodish was taking a “generalized doctrine of equivalents
approach,” id. at 2484. The court sustained Roche’s objection, stating that he “didn’t
think [Amgen was] going to be able to meet the [F]ederal [C]ircuit test.” Id. at 2486.

2009-1020, -1096 74
 B

At the close of Amgen’s case, the court granted JMOL of non-infringement of

claim 7 of the ’349 patent. See Trial Tr., vol.19, 2787–88, Oct. 16, 2007. Amgen then

moved for a new trial on infringement of claim 7, which the court denied. Claim 7

depends from claims 1–6. Claim 1, which is representative of claims 2–6, and claim 7

recite as follows:

1. Vertebrate cells which can be propagated in vitro and which are
capable upon growth in culture of producing erythropoietin in the medium
of their growth in excess of 100 U of erythropoietin per 106 cells in 48
hours as determined by radioimmunoassay, said cells comprising non-
human DNA sequences which control transcription of DNA encoding
human erythropoietin.

7. A process for producing erythropoietin comprising the step of
culturing, under suitable nutrient conditions, vertebrate cells according to
claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

’349 patent col.38 ll.8–14, ll.34–36. In short, claim 7 covers a process of producing

EPO from cultured vertebrate cells that produce human EPO in excess of 100 U of EPO

per 106 cells in 48 hours as determined by radioimmunoassay (“RIA”).

On appeal, Amgen contends that a new trial is warranted because a reasonable

jury could have found claim 7 of the ’349 patent infringed. Amgen’s Br. 88. Amgen

argues that Roche’s FDA representations and Dr. Lodish’s testimony provide

substantial evidence that Roche’s actual production process involves cells that meet the

production-rate limitation (“vertebrate cells that produce human EPO in excess of 100 U

of EPO per 106 cells in 48 hours as determined by radioimmunoassay”). Id. Dr. Lodish

relied on enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (“ELISA”) data in Roche’s FDA

submissions to arrive at his conclusion that MIRCERA® was made by vertebrate cells

that produce approximately 1,500 units of EPO per 106 cells in 48 hours. Trial Tr., vol.

2009-1020, -1096 75
17, 2450, Oct. 4, 2007. Dr. Lodish testified that the results would be very similar, if not

identical, if Roche’s measurements had used RIA instead of ELISA. Id. at 2451. In

addition, Dr. Lodish testified that RIA tests performed by another Amgen expert, Dr.

Ronald W. McLawhon, confirmed his opinion that Roche’s vertebrate cells were capable

of producing EPO in excess of 100 units per 106 cells in 48 hours. Id. at 2453. In

Amgen’s view, a reasonable jury could credit Dr. Lodish’s expert opinion as showing it is

more likely than not that Roche’s cells satisfy claim 7 of the ’349 patent. Amgen’s Br.

89.

Amgen also contends that it presented sufficient evidence demonstrating that

Roche’s assay, ELISA, satisfied the function-way-result test to prove infringement under

DOE. Id. at 90. Dr. Lodish testified that both RIA and ELISA perform the same function

(to measure how much EPO is in culture fluids) in a similar way (using an antibody), to

obtain very similar, if not identical results. Id. (citing Trial Tr., vol. 17, 2451, Oct. 4,

2007). Amgen notes that the same issue was considered in Amgen, Inc. v. Hoechst

Marion Roussel, Inc., 126 F. Supp. 2d 69, 119–20 (D. Mass. 2001) (“TKT”), aff’d in

relevant part by TKT II, 314 F.3d at 1358. In TKT, Amgen offered ELISA data to prove

infringement of claims in the ’349 patent from which claim 7 depends. 126 F. Supp. 2d

at 119–20. The court concluded “even if the Court were to hold that

radioimmunoassays were required . . . , Amgen’s evidence regarding the comparability

of ELISA and RIA measurements would more than support the Court’s finding of

infringement under the doctrine of equivalents.” 126 F. Supp. 2d 119–20. Amgen

therefore contends it is entitled to a jury trial on infringement by equivalents of claim 7 of

the ’349 patent. Amgen’s Br. 91.

2009-1020, -1096 76
 Roche replies that the district court did not err in granting JMOL of non-

infringement of claim 7 of the ’349 patent. Roche’s Reply Br. 62. Roche contends that

Dr. Lodish’s failure to actually assess Roche’s production process made Amgen’s proof

deficient. Id. Roche argues that its FDA representations are inadequate evidence of

infringement of claim 7, because they relate to production of purified clinical-grade

material, which is different than the production of EPO in the “medium of their growth.”

Id. at 62–63. Roche also explains that claim 7 requires RIA measurements, and Roche

generated its FDA data using ELISA. Id. at 63. Arguing that the RIA tests performed by

Dr. McLawhon were inadmissible, Roche avers that the record does not establish the

qualifications of those performing the tests, how the tests were conducted and the

protocol used, or the reliability of the results. Id. As for infringement by DOE, Roche

contends that Amgen provided neither the limitation-by-limitation analysis proof that

DOE infringement requires nor substantial evidence to support DOE infringement. Id.

Reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Amgen, we hold that the

district court erred in granting Roche JMOL of non-infringement of claim 7 of the ’349

patent. Roche’s FDA submissions and Dr. Lodish’s testimony provided sufficient

evidence from which a reasonable jury could have concluded that MIRCERA® infringes

claim 7 of the ’349 patent. In its FDA submissions, Roche identified, in the case of

MIRCERA®, the type of cells used, the growth conditions of the cells, and the specific

rate of EPO production. Although Roche used ELISA to measure the amount of EPO in

the culture, Dr. Lodish testified that RIA and ELISA yield “very similar, if not identical”

results. Trial Tr., vol. 17, 2451, Oct. 4, 2007. Also in evidence was Dr. Lodish’s

testimony that, in making MIRCERA®’s precursor, Roche essentially practices Example

2009-1020, -1096 77
10 in the asserted patents, see id. at 2404–2410, and Example 10 describes

production-rates of EPO-producing cells, see ’349 patent col.26 ll.50–52. Lastly, Dr.

Lodish relied on data from RIA experiments performed by Dr. McLawhon to confirm that

production of MIRCERA® meets the production-rate limitation. Trial Tr., vol. 17, 2452–

53, Oct. 4, 2007. From this evidence, a reasonable jury could have concluded that the

production-rate limitation of claim 7 of the ’349 patent was met literally or by

equivalents.

Contrary to Roche’s assertions, Amgen was not required to have duplicated

Roche’s actual production process in order to prove infringement. See Johns Hopkins

Univ. v. CellPro, Inc., 152 F.3d 1342, 1349–50, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (affirming

infringement where patentee did not test the accused product, but relied on documents

produced by accused infringer). Neither was Amgen required to establish infringement

by offering RIA data into evidence. See Union Carbide Chems. & Plastics Tech. Corp.

v. Shell Oil Co., 425 F.3d 1366, 1374–75 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (affirming infringement where

patentee proved infringement of a limitation measured by the “comparison test” with

measurements from a different, but comparable test); cf. Genentech, Inc. v. Wellcome

Found. Ltd., 29 F.3d 1555, 1566 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (affirming non-infringement where

patentee relied on test different from that specified in the claims without establishing

tests were comparable). Indeed, Amgen could have relied on the FDA submissions and

Dr. Lodish’s opinion that RIA and ELISA tests serve the same function, way, and result

to show that the production-rate limitation was met by equivalents. Cf. TKT, 126 F.

Supp. 2d at 120 (“Amgen’s evidence regarding the comparability of ELISA and RIA

2009-1020, -1096 78
measurements would more than support the Court’s finding of infringement under the

doctrine of equivalents.”).

We are not persuaded that Amgen’s evidence was insufficient because Roche’s

FDA submissions were based on measurements Roche had taken from producing

purified MIRCERA®, because Roche’s measurements were made using ELISA, or

because the record lacks evidence of how Dr. McLawhon’s RIA tests were conducted.

At trial, Roche was free to challenge the credibility of Dr. Lodish and his reliance on the

FDA submissions and RIA tests performed by Dr. McLawhon. Indeed, in its cross-

examination of Dr. Lodish, Roche established that ELISA and RIA tests were not

identical, and Dr. McLawhon’s tests were not admitted into evidence. Without more,

however, Roche was not entitled to JMOL of non-infringement. Therefore, we hold that,

on this record, the court erred in taking the question of infringement of claim 7 of the

’349 patent away from the jury.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, we vacate the judgment that the claims of the

’008, ’868, and ’698 patents do not invalidate for obviousness-type double patenting

claims 3, 7, and 8 of the ’933 patent; claim 1 of the ’422 patent; and claim 7 of the ’349

patent. We remand to the district court for an obviousness-type double patenting

analysis of those claims in light of this opinion. We also vacate the judgment of non-

infringement of claim 7 of the ’349 patent and remand to the district court for a new trial

on infringement of that claim. We affirm the judgments of no invalidity of claims 1 and 2

of the ’868 patent and claims 6–9 of the ’698 patent. We also affirm the judgments of

infringement of claims 3, 7, and 8 of the ’933 patent and claim 1 of the ’422 patent. In

2009-1020, -1096 79
addition, we affirm the judgments of infringement of claims 1 and 2 of the ’868 patent;

claims 6–9 of the ’698 patent; and the judgment of non-infringement of claims 9, 11, 12,

and 14 of the ’933 patent. Finally, because we leave certain infringement rulings in

place, while vacating and remanding others, the district court is of course free to

reconsider the scope of its permanent injunction if it wishes. We do not disturb the

court’s injunction.

AFFIRMED-IN-PART, VACATED-IN-PART, and REMANDED.

COSTS

Each party shall bear its own costs.

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