Gagliano et al., Appellants,
v.
Ditzler.
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
Argued November 11, 1969. March 20, 1970.Before BELL, C.J., JONES, COHEN, EAGEN, O'BRIEN, ROBERTS and POMEROY, JJ.
*231 Vincent A. Cirillo, for appellants.
William H. Pugh, IV, with him Anthony J. Giangiulio, and Bean, DeAngelis, Tredinnick and Giangiulio, for appellees.
OPINION BY MR. JUSTICE JONES, March 20, 1970:
On May 19, 1962, at about 10:15 p.m., an automobile which was owned and operated by Dr. Anthony C. Gagliano collided with a tractor and hay wagon owned by Benjamin F. Hitchens, Jr. and operated by his employee, Richard Ditzler. Gagliano and his passengers (his wife and four children) instituted a suit in trespass in the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County against Ditzler and Hitchens, which resulted in a verdict for Gagliano in the amount of $650 and verdicts for the five passengers in the amounts of $170 each. The other plaintiffs accepted their verdicts, but Gagliano filed a motion for a new trial. On November 16, 1967, the court en banc granted a new trial limited to the issue of damages.
On appeal, a majority of the Superior Court modified the lower court's order and granted a new trial generally, rather than limiting the new trial to the issue of damages.[1] We granted allocatur on February 20, 1969.
Dr. Gagliano's theory of liability was that Ditzler was driving his tractor in the middle of the highway when the accident occurred.[2] It is undisputed that, although the tractor was equipped with headlights and the hay wagon had reflectors around its sides, the hay wagon did not have the "electric clearance lamps" that are required by The Vehicle Code, Act of April 29, *232 1959, P.L. 58, § 801, as amended, 75 P.S. § 801(g) (1) (Supp. 1969). On the other hand, Ditzler testified that, when he saw Gagliano's car approaching, he pulled his rig off to the side of the road and was actually stopped, approximately three feet off the road, when the accident occurred, Gagliano's car striking the left front corner of the hay wagon.[3] Thus, Ditzler claimed that it was Gagliano who was driving in the center of the road.
Extensive testimony was presented at trial as to the seriousness of Gagliano's personal injuries. His car suffered about $500 worth of damage. The record indicates that the questions of whether Ditzler was negligent and, if so, whether such negligence proximately caused Gagliano's personal injuries were sharply disputed in the court below. Conflicting direct evidence was offered by both sides on virtually every point.
We have held previously that, where a substantial conflict exists on the question of liability, such that a low verdict might indicate that the jury compromised the liability issue with the amount of damages awarded, it is an abuse of discretion for the lower court to grant a new trial limited to the issue of damages. Berkeihiser v. DiBartolomeo, 413 Pa. 158, 196 A.2d 314 (1964). See Annot., 29 A.L.R. 2d 1199 (1953). The rule was stated in Phelps v. Paul L. Britton, Inc., 412 Pa. 55, 60, 192 A.2d 689, 692 (1963), as follows: "However, new trials may be limited to specific issues only when this procedure will be fair to both parties. Where the question of negligence or contributory negligence is not free from doubt, it is an abuse of discretion for the trial judge to grant a new trial on the issue of damages alone [citing cases]." (Emphasis added)
As we have noted repeatedly, a lower court may grant a new trial, limited to the issue of damages, only *233 where (1) the question of liability is not intertwined with the question of damages, and (2) the issue of liability is either (a) not contested or (b) has been fairly determined so that no substantial complaint can be made with respect thereto. Troncatti v. Smereczniak, 428 Pa. 7, 235 A.2d 345 (1967); Sternberg v. Dixon, 411 Pa. 543, 192 A.2d 359 (1963); Daugherty v. Erie R.R., 403 Pa. 334, 169 A.2d 549 (1961); Schmidt v. Kratzer, 402 Pa. 630, 168 A.2d 585 (1961); Hanus v. K.M.B. Constr. Co., 392 Pa. 307, 140 A.2d 454 (1958).
In the case at bar, an apparently inadequate verdict was returned after both sides had presented credible, directly conflicting evidence with respect to negligence, contributory negligence, proximate causation, and the extent of the injuries. Accordingly, we agree with the majority of the Superior Court that the court en banc abused its discretion in granting a new trial limited to the issue of damages.
Order of Superior Court affirmed.
Mr. Justice ROBERTS dissents on the basis of the dissenting opinion of Judge SPAULDING in the Superior Court and would affirm the order of the trial court granting a new trial as to damages only.
NOTES
[1] Judge SPAULDING filed a dissenting opinion in which he was joined by Judge HOFFMAN.
[2] The maximum speed of the tractor, in fourth gear, is about three or four miles per hour.
[3] Ditzler was giving a hay ride to seventeen people at the time, none of whom were injured in any way.