PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Steven Dwain SMITH, Defendant-Appellant.
Docket No. 209326.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted December 28, 2001, at Lansing. Decided February 12, 2002, at 9:10 a.m. Released for Publication May 14, 2002.*608 Jennifer M. Granholm, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, Brian L. Mackie, Prosecuting Attorney, and Lenore M. Ferber, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Carolyn A. Blanchard, Northville, for the defendant on appeal.
Before: WHITBECK, P.J., and HOEKSTRA and OWENS, JJ.
ON REMAND
PER CURIAM.
A jury found defendant Steven Dwain Smith guilty of first-degree criminal sexual conduct,[1] armed robbery,[2] possession of a firearm by a felon,[3] and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony[4] for sexually assaulting a student at the University of Michigan at gunpoint and stealing money from her wallet. Smith appealed his convictions as of right, and this Court affirmed in People v. Smith.[5]
Smith then appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court, while retaining jurisdiction, has remanded to this Court so that it may clarify its previous decision. Of concern to the Supreme Court is the possibility that this Court articulated the correct legal standard for determining whether a preserved constitutional error is harmless, but applied the lesser standard that is relevant to preserved nonconstitutional error in order to find the error at issue harmless.
People v. Anderson (After Remand)[6] established that the party that benefits from an error, constitutional in nature and preserved for appeal, must demonstrate on appeal that "there is no `"reasonable possibility that the evidence complained of might have contributed to the conviction."'"[7] In contrast, People v. Lukity[8] holds that an error, nonconstitutional in nature and preserved for appeal, is subject to reversal only when "`after an examination of the entire cause, it shall affirmatively appear' that it is more probable than not that the error was outcome determinative."[9] Substantively, these two standards differ concerning which party bears the burden of persuading the appellate court that the error was harmless and regarding the degree to which the appellate court must be convinced that the error is harmless before it may affirm. Without a doubt, Anderson articulates the more difficult standard to surpass, which is more favorable to an appellant such as Smith. Thus, the Supreme Court is justifiably concerned any time it suspects that a criminal defendant whose constitutional rights were impinged on at trial is forced to satisfy the incorrect standard for reversal on appeal.
In this case, the published opinion demonstrates that this Court was aware of which standard to apply to Smith's claim that admitting his wife's untrustworthy statements under MRE 804(b)(6) was error. In articulating the *609 correct standard, this Court cited[10]People v. Carines,[11] which draws directly from Anderson in announcing the harmless error standard for preserved constitutional issues.[12] The unintended confusion stems, we believe, from this Court's statement in the Smith opinion that
[w]e would repeat ourselves unnecessarily to outline all the evidence the prosecutor introduced that supported the convictions in this case that had absolutely nothing to do with Wendy Smith's statements to the police or Crystal Smith. For the reasons we found the trial court's decision to admit the evidence concerning the Clarion Hotel robbery harmless, we also find this error harmless.[[13]]
This Court did not intend to imply that it was applying the lower harmless error standard to preserved nonconstitutional issues. Rather, it was referring to the fact that the harmless error standards each set the minimum evidentiary threshold for determining that an error is harmless. In other words, each standard determines the least amount of evidence necessary to convince an appellate court that an error does not require reversal. Logically, every error deemed harmless beyond a reasonable doubt will also satisfy the lower "more probable than not" standard. Of course, this rule does not work in reverse; not every error that is deemed unlikely to be outcome determinative will be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. However, critically, neither harmless error standard establishes an evidentiary ceiling; that is, the maximum evidence necessary to convince the reviewing court that the error was harmless. Thus, in some cases, the evidence necessary to surpass the "more probable than not" standard for preserved nonconstitutional issues articulated in Lukity may be so very clear and so very convincing that it goes far beyond the relevant minimum evidentiary threshold and also satisfies the "beyond a reasonable" doubt standard for preserved constitutional issues defined in Anderson.
This case provides an apt example of the evidence surpassing the Lukity harmless error standard for preserved nonconstitutional issues to such an extent that it also satisfied the harmless error standard for preserved constitutional issues in Anderson. As the prosecutor points out, not only did the complainant, whom we called Jane Doe, provide compelling testimony regarding the circumstances of the crime, she also described the unique weapon her perpetrator used. One police officer confirmed that the pistol was unlike any other he had seen in the twenty-four years he had spent in law enforcement. The police found ammunition for this type of pistol on Smith's dresser. Three Bursley Hall employees also saw a man skulking in the vicinity of the crime immediately before the crime occurred in or near a battered white car. This matched the properly admitted modus operandi evidence from the Slauson Middle School robbery. One of these employees also identified Smith as that man. Each of these factors supported our decision in this case that the error in admitting the evidence concerning the Clarion Hotel robbery, which was nonconstitutional in nature, was not outcome determinative under Lukity's "more probable than not" standard.[14]
In many ways, these factors outlined in the evidence are each more convincing than any identification Doe could have given of her attacker. Much of this testimony *610 related to relatively objective and verifiable factors made without the stress, and therefore without the prospect for misperception, inherent in a traumatic assault. Consequently, in our estimation, these pieces of evidence, which were properly admitted at trial, were also so convincing that Smith's wife's statements played such a minor role in the trial that they were harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. This Court's reference to the analysis used for preserved nonconstitutional error when discussing the preserved constitutional issue was not, we freely admit, the best choice of words. The fact that this Court made that reference, however, does not reflect on the proper analysis this Court selected and actually applied to the constitutional issue.
NOTES
[1] M.C.L. § 750.520b(1)(e).
[2] M.C.L. § 750.529.
[3] M.C.L. § 750.224f.
[4] M.C.L. § 750.227b.
[5] People v. Smith, 243 Mich.App. 657, 625 N.W.2d 46 (2000).
[6] People v. Anderson (After Remand), 446 Mich. 392, 521 N.W.2d 538 (1994).
[7] Id. at 406, 521 N.W.2d 538, quoting Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 23, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967), in turn quoting Fahy v. Connecticut, 375 U.S. 85, 86-87, 84 S.Ct. 229, 11 L.Ed.2d 171 (1963).
[8] People v. Lukity, 460 Mich. 484, 596 N.W.2d 607 (1999).
[9] Id. at 495-496, 596 N.W.2d 607, quoting M.C.L. § 769.26.
[10] Smith, supra at 690, 625 N.W.2d 46.
[11] People v. Carines, 460 Mich. 750, 597 N.W.2d 130 (1999).
[12] Id. at 774, 597 N.W.2d 130.
[13] Smith, supra at 690, 625 N.W.2d 46.
[14] Id. at 677, 625 N.W.2d 46.