David ALEXANDER, Thomas Babcock, Mark Booth, James Brooks, Douglas Byrnes, Dennis Childs, Jacqueline Donelan, Gary Fowle, David French, Craig Garner, Timothy Garner, David Halfpap, Patrick Harris, Troy Henry, Sr., Bryan Hoke, Dennis Hyatt, Richard Jones, Bruce Ladd, Richard Mathiak, Shaun Mears, James Miller, William Miller, Bobby Moore, Allan Nowakowski, Richard Pemberton, Brian Phelan, Richard Rickman, Charles Scheeter, Tracy Shay, Eric Swisher, Jeffrey Sysol, Norman Thompson, Cary Tripp and Michael Zoltanski, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
PERFECTION BAKERIES, INC., Defendant-Appellee.
Docket No. 253048.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted April 5, 2005, at Lansing. Decided June 28, 2005, at 9:00 a.m. Released for Publication September 20, 2005.Chambers, Steiner & Sturm, P.L.C. (by Martin R. Sturm), Kalamazoo, for the plaintiffs.
Pilchak Cohen & Tice, P.C. (by Daniel G. Cohen and Robert C. Tice), Farmington Hills, for the defendant.
Robert Labrant, Lansing, for the Michigan Chamber of Commerce.
Walter G. Heinritzi, Lansing, for the Michigan Trucking Association.
Before: MARK J. CAVANAGH, P.J., and JANSEN and GAGE, JJ.
*32 PER CURIAM.
Plaintiffs appeal by leave granted the trial court order granting defendant partial summary disposition and holding that plaintiffs failed to state a cause of action under the Minimum Wage Law (MWL), M.C.L. § 408.381 et seq. We affirm.
Plaintiffs, who are employees of defendant, deliver bread and bakery products to retail stores and place stock on the shelves. They are paid a base wage plus commissions, which are based on the amount of product delivered and sold at the retail stores. Plaintiffs routinely work in excess of forty hours a week, but they have never been paid compensation for overtime in excess of forty hours a week.
Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred in granting defendant summary disposition because the MWL applies to defendant. We review de novo a grant of summary disposition based on a failure to state a claim. Adair v. Michigan, 470 Mich. 105, 119, 680 N.W.2d 386 (2004). A motion pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim on the basis of the pleadings alone, and the motion may not, therefore, be supported with documentary evidence. "`All well-pleaded factual allegations are accepted as true and construed in a light most favorable to the nonmovant.'" Adair, supra at 119, 680 N.W.2d 386, quoting Maiden v. Rozwood, 461 Mich. 109, 119, 597 N.W.2d 817 (1999). A motion pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) should be granted only when the claim is "`so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify recovery.'" Adair, supra at 119, 680 N.W.2d 386, quoting Maiden, supra at 119, 597 N.W.2d 817. We also review de novo questions of statutory application and construction. Roberts v. Mecosta Co. Gen. Hosp., 466 Mich. 57, 62, 642 N.W.2d 663 (2002).
The regulation of minimum wage is governed by parallel state and federal statutes, the MWL and the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq., respectively. Allen v. MGM Grand Detroit, LLC, 260 Mich.App. 90, 93, 675 N.W.2d 907 (2003). Both laws require the payment of a minimum hourly wage of $5.15, which began on September 1, 1997. M.C.L. § 408.384(c); 29 U.S.C. § 206(a)(1). Both acts also provide that work in excess of forty hours a week must be compensated at a rate of 1-1/2 times the regular wage rate. M.C.L. § 408.384a(1); 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1). Both statutes provide a list of exemptions from the requirement of overtime pay. M.C.L. § 408.384a(4); 29 U.S.C. § 213(b). Specifically, the FLSA exempts from the overtime compensation requirements "any employee with respect to whom the Secretary of Transportation has power to establish qualifications and maximum hours of service pursuant to the provisions of [49 U.S.C. § 31502.]" 29 U.S.C. § 213(b)(1). This is commonly referred to as the federal "motor carrier exemption." Bilyou v. Dutchess Beer Distributors, Inc., 300 F.3d 217, 223 (C.A.2, 2002). The MWL does not contain a comparable exemption.
Congress has expressly provided for overlapping regulation in this area, stating that the FLSA does not excuse noncompliance with any state law or municipal ordinance providing for a higher minimum wage or lower maximum workweek. 29 U.S.C. § 218. The MWL expressly states that it "does not apply to an employer who is subject to the minimum wage provisions of the fair labor standards act of 1938 ... unless application of those federal minimum wage provisions would result in a lower minimum wage than provided in this act." M.C.L. § 408.394.
It is undisputed that the FLSA applies to defendant and that defendant is exempt from paying overtime wages under the FLSA because plaintiffs fall under the motor carrier exemption. Plaintiffs, however, *33 argue that they are entitled to overtime pay under the MWL because application of the FLSA would result in a lower minimum wage. Defendant argues that plaintiffs do not receive a greater minimum wage under the MWL, but simply would be entitled to overtime pay, a benefit distinct from the minimum wage. This issue raises a question of statutory interpretation.
We must determine the meaning of the term "minimum wage" and decide whether it includes overtime pay. An undefined term in a statute is generally construed according to its common and approved usage, and it is appropriate for a court to consult a dictionary to give meanings to words used in a statute. Lee v. Robinson, 261 Mich.App. 406, 409-410, 681 N.W.2d 676 (2004). Random House Webster's College Dictionary (1997) defines the term "minimum wage" as "the lowest hourly wage that may be paid to an employee, as fixed by law or by union contract." (Emphasis added.) Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed) similarly defines "minimum wage" as the "minimum hourly rate of compensation for labor, as established by federal statute and required of employers engaged in businesses which affect interstate commerce." (Emphasis added.) The term "minimum wage" is therefore unambiguous and does not include overtime pay. Applying the plain language of the statute, plaintiffs would receive the same "minimum wage" under the MWL and the FLSA. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in holding that plaintiffs failed to state a claim under the MWL.
Plaintiffs maintain that, when read in conjunction with M.C.L. § 408.394, M.C.L. § 408.384a(6) effectively defines "minimum wage" to include overtime compensation. M.C.L. § 408.384a(6) provides: "For purposes of administration and enforcement, an amount owing to an employee that is withheld in violation of this section is unpaid minimum wages under this act." However, M.C.L. § 408.382, the definitions section for the MWL, does not include the term "minimum wage." Moreover, M.C.L. § 408.384a(6) addresses only an amount that is withheld in violation of the overtime compensation section. Thus, we are not persuaded by plaintiffs' argument.
Plaintiffs present another argument with respect to M.C.L. § 408.394, which provides that the MWL "does not apply to an employer who is subject to the minimum wage provisions of the fair labor standards act, ... 29 U.S.C. §§ 201 to 216 and 217 to 219, unless application of those federal minimum wage provisions would result in a lower minimum wage than provided in this act." While the Allen Court established that the phrase "those federal minimum wage provisions" refers to the FLSA provisions identified in the previous phrase, it is obvious that the phrase "minimum wage" also modifies the term "provisions." The entire FLSA is identified except for two sections, 29 U.S.C. § 216a and 29 U.S.C. § 216b.[1] Although the absence of these two provisions may support the inference that the Legislature intended that only the identified FLSA provisions be considered minimum wage provisions, Allen, supra at 96 n. 6, 675 N.W.2d 907, the great majority of the sections are not related to minimum wage in any way.[2] We are not persuaded that the mere identification of the FLSA overtime compensation section, 29 U.S.C. § 207, supports plaintiffs' proposed definition of "minimum wage."
Plaintiffs urge us to examine amendments to the MWL. Because we have concluded above that the language of the statute *34 is unambiguous, we may not go beyond the words of the statute to ascertain legislative intent. Sun Valley Foods Co. v. Ward, 460 Mich. 230, 236, 596 N.W.2d 119 (1999).
Plaintiffs also cite Allison v. The Pepsi Bottling Group, Inc, unpublished opinion of the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan (Docket No. 5:03-cv-244, June 28, 2004), in support of their definition of the term "minimum wage." That court failed, however, to give the term "minimum wage" its plain and ordinary meaning, as described above, and we are not bound by its decision because it involves only questions of state law. Sharp v. City of Lansing, 464 Mich. 792, 802-803, 817, 629 N.W.2d 873 (2001).
Affirmed.
NOTES
[1] These two sections concern liability for overtime work performed before 1949, and 29 U.S.C. § 216a has been repealed. Allen, supra at 96 n. 6, 675 N.W.2d 907.
[2] See, e.g., 29 U.S.C. § 205 (special industry committees for American Samoa); 29 U.S.C. § 208 (court review of wage orders in American Samoa), 29 U.S.C. § 210 (court review of wage orders in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands); and 29 U.S.C. § 212 (child labor provisions).