PEOPLE
v.
HERRERA
Docket No. 2,580.
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Decided October 1, 1969. Rehearing denied November 14, 1969.*219 Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Samuel J. Torina, Chief Appellate Lawyer and Luvenia D. Dockett, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Joseph R. Bathey, for defendant on appeal.
Before: LESINSKI, C.J., and T.M. BURNS and KELLEY,[*] JJ.
LESINSKI, C.J.
Defendant was convicted on April 13, 1966 of unlawful possession of narcotics.[1] He appeals, contending: (1) that the arrest was unlawful because the police lacked probable cause to arrest him without a warrant; (2) that the arrest was unlawful because the arresting officers had no justifiable excuse for failure to obtain an arrest warrant; (3) that evidence of defendant's possession of narcotics must be suppressed because his arrest for pandering was used as a mere pretext to allow officers to conduct an illegal search, and (4) that the warrantless search of the entire premises where defendant was arrested, even if incidental to a lawful arrest, was unreasonable and requires suppression of any evidence of narcotics obtained thereby.
Regarding defendant's first contention, that his arrest was illegal due to the lack of probable cause, *220 CL 1948, § 764.15 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.874), provides the general rule:
"Any peace officer may, without a warrant, arrest a person * * *
"(d) When he has reasonable cause to believe that a felony has been committed and reasonable cause to believe that such person has committed it."
This Court amplified that rule in People v. Wolfe (1967), 5 Mich. App. 543, 548, citing Beck v. Ohio (1964), 379 U.S. 89 (85 S. Ct. 223, 13 L. Ed. 2d 142):
"`When the constitutional validity of an arrest is challenged, it is the function of a court to determine whether the facts available to the officers at the moment of the arrest would "warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief" that an offense has been committed.'"
The Wolfe Court further cited George, Constitutional Limitations on Evidence in Criminal Cases (1966, Institute of Continuing Legal Education) pp 12, 13:
"`It is important to note that the officer must "believe" and not merely "suspect" that the person arrested has committed the felony. Cf. Beck v. Ohio (1964), 379 U.S. 89 (85 S. Ct. 223, 13 L. Ed. 2d 142). Often this is a verbal distinction which laymen do not make, but officers should be trained to testify in terms of belief and not of "suspicion". Even if there is belief, the trial court must later determine whether the belief was reasonable under the circumstances. Wong Sun v. United States (1963), 371 U.S. 471 (83 S. Ct. 407, 9 L. Ed. 2d 441); Henry v. United States (1959), 361 U.S. 98 (80 S. Ct. 168, 4 L. Ed. 2d 134). If the arrest is viewed as a subterfuge for a search and seizure, it may be viewed as unlawful on that basis alone. Jones v. United States (1958), 357 U.S. 493 (78 S. Ct. 1253, *221 12 L. Ed. 2d 1514). The standards in the Federal cases control so far as the states are concerned, as a result of Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (81 S. Ct. 1684, 6 L. Ed. 2d 1081, 84 ALR2d 933). Cf. Stoner v. California (1964), 376 U.S. 483 (84 S. Ct. 889, 11 L. Ed. 2d 856).
"`The officer's reasonable belief must be based on what he observes or what he learns from reliable sources. Offenses are committed in the officer's presence if they are ascertainable through sight, sound, smell, or touch. Information supplied from a reliable citizen source is probably enough to found a reasonable belief; if it comes from a criminal informant, the state or government must be prepared to submit data establishing the reliability of the informant on the basis of past experience, e.g., Draper v. United States (1959), 358 U.S. 307 (79 S. Ct. 329, 3 L. Ed. 2d 327).'" Wolfe, supra, pp 549, 550.
The defendant in the instant case was originally arrested without a warrant for the felony of enticing a female to become a prostitute (CL 1948, § 750.455 [Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.710]). A review of relevant facts concerning the arrest indicates that the arrest occurred following the interrogation of a prostitute who was the complaining witness. The prostitute was brought to police headquarters about 3 p.m. on September 10, 1965, after she attempted suicide. Upon questioning by police officers she complained that the defendant and four other named persons had enticed her into prostitution. She provided details, including naming the place where she was taken by defendant to obtain contacts for prostitution, the date when she started and the period over which she indulged in prostitution. She further informed police that defendant was located at a certain motel, was leaving town that same day at about 10 p.m., and was in possession *222 of marihuana. The police officers checked her background by contacting her family and the Women's Division of the Detroit Police Department. Moreover, officers alternated in interviewing her over approximately a two-hour period to check the veracity and accuracy of her statements. Furthermore, the police, through independent surveillance, possessed evidence that prostitution occurred in the place named by the complainant. Based upon these facts, the reliability of the complainant was established and there was probable cause to warrant a man of reasonable caution to believe that the crime of pandering had been committed by defendant, Therefore, the trial court did not err in determining that the police officers had probable cause to arrest the defendant.
Defendant next contends that his arrest without warrant was unreasonable and unlawful because the arresting officers had no justifiable excuse for failure to obtain an arrest warrant prior to his arrest. In connection with this contention, he cites Chapman v. United States (1961), 365 U.S. 610 (81 S. Ct. 776, 5 L. Ed. 2d 828); Johnson v. United States (1948), 333 U.S. 10 (68 S. Ct. 367, 92 L. Ed. 2d 436); United States v. Lefkowitz (1931), 285 U.S. 452 (52 S. Ct. 420, 76 L. Ed. 877); Agnello v. United States (1925), 269 U.S. 20 (46 S. Ct. 4, 70 L. Ed. 145, 51 A.L.R. 409); and Eng Fung Jem v. United States (CA9 1960), 281 F2d 803. Regarding defendant's citation of Lefkowitz, he acknowledges in his brief that he substitutes the word "arrest" for the word "search" in contending that the same principles found in Lefkowitz regarding search apply to arrest warrants. Upon analysis of Lefkowitz, we find the rule of law therein to apply only to the reasonableness of a search without a warrant and not to the reasonableness of an arrest without a warrant. Similarly, *223 analysis of the remaining cases cited by defendant to support his contention that his arrest without a warrant was unreasonable, discloses that each involves the reasonableness of the failure to obtain a search warrant as opposed to the failure to obtain an arrest warrant. Defendant has cited no case support for his contention that the same standards should apply to the necessity of obtaining arrest warrants as apply to search warrants. Furthermore, he provides no authority to support his contention thap an arrest without warrant is unlawful where the police have sufficient opportunity to obtain a warrant prior to the arrest. Upon consideration of US Const, Am 4, and Const 1963, art 1, § 11, we find no valid basis for the adoption of defendant's cited standard for reasonableness regarding searches as the standard to be applicable to arrests. Furthermore, our research discloses no case support for defendant's position.[2] Indeed, ample authority exists to the contrary, numerous courts holding that an arrest without a warrant is not unlawful even though the police have adequate opportunity to obtain an arrest warrant prior to the arrest.[3] Upon the basis of this authority and the *224 lack of contrary authority, we conclude that in the instant case defendant's arrest without a warrant was lawful and reasonable and failure to obtain a warrant does not require reversal of his conviction.
Defendant further contends that the evidence used to convict him must be suppressed because his warrantless arrest for pandering was used by the officers as a mere pretext for gaining admission to his motel room to search for narcotics. In support of his contention, defendant relies upon United States v. Harris (CA6, 1963), 321 F2d 739, especially the dissenting opinion. Federal narcotics agents in Harris received information from an informant that Harris had a quantity of bulk narcotics in his apartment which he was putting into capsule form, and that upon completion of the task Harris would move to another location. The officers surrounded the apartment, knocked on defendant's door and told defendant that they were police officers and that he was under arrest. When defendant attempted to slam the door in their faces, the officers at the main and bedroom doors forced their entrance into the apartment and conducted an extended search. The majority opinion stated:
"It is well established that a valid search of premises under control of an arrested person may be made as an incident of a valid arrest. * * *
"An arrest may not be used as a pretext or subterfuge for making a search of premises without a search warrant where ordinarily one would be required under the Fourth Amendment. If, in fact, the primary purpose of forcibly entering a person's home is to search for evidence with which to convict him of crime, the evidence so obtained is not admissible in court." (Emphasis supplied.)
*225 The Harris majority found Harris' arrest to be a mere pretext for a search. A factor in this conclusion was the fact that successful prosecution of Harris for the crime for which he was arrested was virtually impossible without the physical evidence seized in the search. Also influential was the forcible immediate entrance of the officers through both doors of Harris' apartment, calculated to deny Harris the opportunity to destroy the evidence sought in the search.
In the instant case, unlike Harris, the police had probable cause to arrest defendant on the pandering charge and successful prosecution was highly likely as the informant was an eyewitness to the pandering. Further, in the case at bar, unlike Harris, ample testimony indicated that the police waited outside the defendant's door a few minutes after identifying themselves, until defendant's wife opened the door. This action of the police is consistent with their alleged primary purpose of arresting the defendant but is inconsistent with defendant's allegation that the arrest was a mere pretext for the search.
Defendant's reliance on the dissenting opinion in Harris is misplaced. The dissenting judge cited Abel v. United States (1960), 362 U.S. 217 (80 S. Ct. 683, 4 L. Ed. 2d 668), and Taglavore v. United States (CA9, 1961), 291 F2d 262, for the principle that an arrest has the characteristic of a subterfuge where it is "an arrest for one offense with a search for evidence of another". As applied by defendant, this statement is overboard because in Abel, where use of an administrative arrest for deportation proceedings was alleged to be a mere pretext for an illegal search, the Supreme Court refused to suppress the evidence on the grounds of pretext. The Court stated that the evidence obtained from the search *226 incident to an arrest should be suppressed only if the original arrest were made in bad faith.[4] The Supreme Court added in Abel, supra, p 230:
"We emphasize again that our view of the matter would be totally different had the evidence established, or were the courts below not justified in not finding, that the administrative warrant was here employed as an instrument of criminal law enforcement to circumvent the latter's legal restrictions, rather than as a bona fide preliminary step in a deportation proceeding."
Similarly, in Taglavore, supra, the Court of Appeals stated at p 265:
"Normally one's person or property may not be searched unless the authorities conducting the search have a search warrant which has been issued by a magistrate upon at least a showing of probable cause. Certain well-established exceptions exist to this basic rule. One such exception, within which the government claims the instant case falls, is that incident to a valid arrest the person arrested may be searched without warrant. Thus, where one has been legally arrested for the commission of a crime his person, and in most cases, his immediate surroundings at the time of arrest may be properly searched. The main purpose of this exception is to facilitate discovery of various elements and evidence of the crime for which the accused is being arrested, and also to remove weapons or other instrumentalities which might be used to resist the officers or for escape or similar purposes. If the search happens to uncover evidence of crimes other than the one for which the accused has been arrested, this evidence may also be used against him *227 in prosecutions for the other crimes so discovered. Harris v. United States (1947), 331 U.S. 145 (67 S. Ct. 1098, 91 L. Ed. 1399). Certain decisions even indicate that the arresting officers may deliberately look for evidence of other crimes in addition to that for which the arrest is being made. Charles v. United States (CA9, 1960), 278 F2d 386. However, there is one fixed and essential prerequisite to all of these searches: in each case there must be a valid, bonafide arrest to which the search is merely incident. Where the arrest is only a sham or a front being used as an excuse for making a search, the arrest itself and the ensuing search are illegal. Worthington v. United States (CA6, 1948), 166 F2d 557; Henderson v. United States (CA4, 1926), 12 F2d 528 (51 A.L.R. 420). `An arrest may not be used as a pretext to search for evidence.' United States v. Lefkowitz (1932), 285 U.S. 452, 467 (52 S. Ct. 420, 424, 76 L. Ed. 877). To put it in other words, the search must be incident to the arrest, and not vice versa."
In Taglavore, the court suppressed evidence of narcotics where a traffic warrant was used as a mere excuse to search defendant for narcotics. Evidence demonstrating the arrest to be a mere pretext included: (1) the officers' delay in using the arrest warrant until immediately after the arrest of defendant's employer on a narcotics charge, (2) the fact that it is not ordinary police procedure to take a person physically into custody for a minor traffic violation, and (3) the officers, after receiving prior warning that defendant might have marihuana cigarettes in his possession, upon his arrest immediately applied force to choke defendant severely after he put something in his mouth.
In the instant case, our review of the evidence in light of the principles expressed in Harris, Abel, and Taglavore, supra, convinces us that the primary *228 purpose of the police officers was to arrest the defendant for pandering, that the arrest was valid and bona fide and that substantial evidence existed to support the pandering charge so that it was not a pretext for the search.
Defendant's final contention is that the evidence of narcotics must be suppressed even if the search occurred incident to a lawful arrest, since the warrantless search of the entire premises in which defendant was arrested was unreasonable. Defendant relies primarily upon Chapman and Johnson v. United States, supra, and United States v. Horton (WD Mich, 1949), 86 F Supp 92.
Chapman is inapplicable as it involves a warrantless search not incident to a valid arrest. Johnson v. United States, supra, offers defendant no assistance as that case involved a search found not incident to a lawful arrest, in which the Supreme Court stated that while odors alone do not authorize a search without a warrant, odors, where established by a qualified witness, do constitute evidence tending to prove probable cause for a search. Horton, while applicable, primarily relies upon that portion of Trupiano v. United States (1948), 334 U.S. 699 (68 S. Ct. 1229, 92 L. Ed. 1663), which was expressly overruled in United States v. Rabinowitz (1949), 339 U.S. 56 (70 S. Ct. 430, 94 L. Ed. 653).
Rabinowitz involves the reasonableness of a warrantless limited search of a business place consisting of a one-room office, incident to a valid arrest with an arrest warrant. The Rabinowitz Court stated the general rule at p 63:
"[I]t seems never to have been questioned seriously that a limited search such as here conducted as incident to a lawful arrest was a reasonable search and therefore valid. It has been considered *229 in the same pattern as search of the person after lawful arrest.
"What is a reasonable search is not to be determined by any fixed formula. The Constitution does not define what are `unreasonable' searches and, regrettably, in our discipline we have no ready litmus-paper test. The recurring questions of the reasonableness of searches must find resolution in the facts and circumstances of each case. (Citation omitted.) Reasonableness is in the first instance for the District Court to determine. We think the District Court's conclusion that here the search and seizure were reasonable should be sustained."
Rabinowitz cited Harris v. United States (1946), 331 U.S. 145 (67 S. Ct. 1098, 91 L. Ed. 1399), involving the search and seizure of selective service notice-of-classification cards and registration certificates incident to an arrest pursuant to a lawful warrant. In Harris the Court indicated the extent of a "reasonable" search stating at p 151:
"The opinions of this Court have clearly recognized that the search incident to arrest may, under appropriate circumstances, extend beyond the person of the one arrested to include the premises under his immediate control. Thus in Agnello v. United States [269 US at 30, 46 S. Ct. 4, 70 L. Ed. 148, 51 A.L.R. 409], it was said:
"`The right without a search warrant contemporaneously to search persons lawfully arrested while committing crime and to search the place where the arrest is made in order to find and seize things connected with the crime as its fruits or as the means by which it is committed, as well as weapons and other things to effect an escape from custody, is not to be doubted.' It is equally clear that a search incident to arrest, which is otherwise reasonable, is not automatically rendered invalid by the fact that a dwelling place, as contrasted to a business premises, is subjected to search.
*230 "Nor can support be found for the suggestion that the search could not validly extend beyond the room in which petitioner was arrested. Petitioner was in exclusive possession of a four-room apartment. His control extended quite as much to the bedroom in which the draft cards were found as to the living room in which he was arrested. The cancelled checks and other instrumentalities of the crimes charged in the warrants could easily have been concealed in any of the four rooms of the apartment. Other situations may arise in which the nature and size of the object sought or the lack of effective control over the premises on the part of the persons arrested may require that the searches be less extensive. But the area which reasonably may be subjected to search is not to be determined by the fortuitous circumstance that the arrest took place in the living room as contrasted to some other room of the apartment.
"Similar considerations are applicable in evaluating petitioner's contention that the search was, in any event, too intensive. Here again we must look to the particular circumstances of the particular case. As was observed by the Circuit Court of Appeals: `It is not likely that the checks would be visibly accessible. By their very nature they would have been kept in some secluded spot.' The same meticulous investigation which would be appropriate in a search for two small canceled checks could not be considered reasonable where agents are seeking a stolen automobile or an illegal still. We do not believe that the search in this case went beyond that which the situation reasonably demanded."
In the instant case the trial court refused to suppress the evidence of narcotics, finding the narcotics to have been properly seized incident to a valid arrest. We would sustain the trial court's conclusion, as the search and seizure under the Harris and Rabinowitz tests was reasonable under the facts and circumstances of the case. As previously indicated, *231 the arrest without warrant for pandering was valid and occurred with probable cause. The police officers, in making the arrest, knocked on defendant's door, waited a few minutes, and then were voluntarily admitted. An eyewitness informant as to the pandering charge had previously told the officers that marihuana was on the premises. An officer detected the odor of marihuana as he entered the motel room. The police, upon entering, observed the defendant standing behind an open bathroom door. One officer proceeded toward the bathroom to arrest the defendant and testified that when he called to the defendant to come out of the bathroom, defendant complied. The officer asserted that after the arrest he entered the bathroom, found two of the motel towels lying in the shower stall rolled up and soaking wet, and unrolled the towels to disclose the suspected narcotics. Testimony of the two remaining officers suggests that defendant was arrested and the search was conducted while defendant remained in the bathroom. While testimony regarding the place of the arrest and the location of the defendant at the time of the search is in conflict, resolution of this conflict is not crucial to our upholding the validity of the search under Harris and Rabinowitz.
This Court recognizes the United States Supreme Court opinion in Chimel v. California (1969), 395 U.S. 752 (89 S. Ct. 2034, 23 L. Ed. 2d 685), which stated that Rabinowitz and Harris are "no longer to be followed", and set forth a new standard at p 762:
"When an arrest is made, it is reasonable for the arresting officer to search the person arrested in order to remove any weapons that the latter might seek to use in order to resist arrest or effect his escape. Otherwise, the officer's safety might well be endangered, and the arrest itself frustrated. In *232 addition, it is entirely reasonable for the arresting officer to search for and seize any evidence on the arrestee's person in order to prevent its concealment or destruction. And the area into which an arrestee might reach in order to grab a weapon or evidentiary items must, of course, be governed by a like rule. A gun on a table or in a drawer in front of one who is arrested can be as dangerous to the arresting officer as one concealed in the clothing of the person arrested. There is ample justification, therefore, for a search of the arrestee's person and the area `within his immediate control' construing that phrase to mean the area from within which he might gain possession of a weapon or destructible evidence.
"There is no comparable justification, however, for routinely searching rooms other than that in which an arrest occurs or for that matter, for searching through all the desk drawers or other closed or concealed areas in that room itself."
However, this Court finds Chimel not to be retroactive in its application to warrantless searches.[5]Chimel was decided on June 23, 1969; the search in the instant case occurred on September 10, 1965. Therefore, Chimel is inapplicable to the facts of the instant case.
Since in Herrera, the search occurred incident to a lawful arrest, was limited to a motel room and bathroom within the possession and immediate control of defendant and his wife, was neither general nor exploratory but specifically to find narcotics, was conducted following an informant's statement that narcotics were on the premises, and one police officer detected the odor of marihuana in the motel *233 room as he entered, the search and seizure of the marihuana without a search warrant was lawful.
Affirmed.
All concurred.
NOTES
[*] Circuit judge sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.
[1] CLS 1961, § 335.153 (Stat Ann 1957 Rev § 18.1123).
[2] Although numerous cases require an arrest warrant where the officer has an opportunity to obtain one, these cases are based upon specific statutory requirements that no arrest be made without a warrant unless an emergency exists or it appears that defendant will escape. See, e.g., United States v. Coplon (CA 2, 1950), 185 F2d 629, 28 ALR2d 1041, cert. den. 342 U.S. 920 (72 S. Ct. 362, 96 L. Ed. 688); Gill v. State (1938), 134 Tex Crim 363 (115 S.W.2d 923); State v. Hucks (1965), 264 NC 160 (141 SE2d 299). These statutory restrictions on a police officer's right to arrest without a warrant are not present in Michigan since CL 1948, § 764.15 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.874), allows such an arrest when the police officer has reasonable cause to believe a felony has been committed and reasonable cause to believe the person arrested has committed it.
[3] See United States v. Irby (CA 4, 1962), 304 F2d 280, cert. den. 371 U.S. 830 (83 S. Ct. 39, 9 L. Ed. 2d 67); Alvarez v. United States (CA 5, 1960), 275 F2d 299; United States v. Swanner (ED Tenn, 1964), 237 F Supp 69; United States v. Monroe (ED La, 1962), 205 F Supp 175, affd 320 F2d 277, cert. den. 375 U.S. 991 (84 S. Ct. 630, 11 L. Ed. 2d 478). See, also, People v. Panknin (1966), 4 Mich. App. 19 (where this Court upheld a warrantless arrest where the officers had sufficient time to obtain an arrest warrant). See, generally, Oleson v. Pincock (1926), 68 Utah 507 (251 P. 23).
[4] The original arrest in the instant case was made on the basis of substantial evidence tending to prove pandering in violation of CL 1948, § 750.455 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.710), and conviction could result in punishment by imprisonment for not more than 20 years.
[5] See Linkletter v. Walker (1965), 381 U.S. 618 (85 S. Ct. 1731, 14 L. Ed. 2d 601). See also VonCleef v. New Jersey (1969), 395 U.S. 814 (89 S. Ct. 2051, 23 L. Ed. 2d 728); and Shipley v. California (1969), 395 U.S. 818 (89 S. Ct. 2053, 23 L. Ed. 2d 732).