PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
___________
No. 09-4479
___________
JOSEPH W. MCMULLEN, individually
and on behalf of all others similarly situated.;
*CHRISTOPHER OBCHINETZ,
v.
MAPLE SHADE TOWNSHIP, in its own right
and on behalf of similarly situated New Jersey
Municipal entities
Joseph W. McMullen, individually
and on behalf of all others similarly situated,
Appellant
(*Dismissed per Clerk's order of 7/26/10)
__________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of New Jersey
(D.C. No. 08-cv-02902)
District Judge: Honorable Robert B. Kugler
___________
Argued December 16, 2010
Before: JORDAN, HARDIMAN and
VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judges.
(Filed:June 27, 2011)
Steven E. Angstreich [ARGUED]
Carolyn C. Lindheim
Weir & Partners
1339 Chestnut Street
The Widener Building, Suite 500
Philadelphia, PA 19107-0000
David A. Avedissian
135 Kings Highway East
Haddonfield, NJ 08033-0000
Michael Coren
Pellettieri, Rabstein & Altman
100 Nassau Park Boulevard
Suite 111
Princeton, NJ 08543-5301
Attorneys for Appellant
John C. Gillespie [ARGUED]
Parker McCay
7001 Lincoln Drive West
3 Greentree Centre, P.O. Box 974
Marlton, NJ 08053-0000
Attorney for Appellee
2
____________
OPINION OF THE COURT
____________
HARDIMAN, Circuit Judge.
This appeal involves a suit brought under 42 U.S.C. §
1983 by a New Jersey resident who was arrested by
municipal police for violating a public intoxication ordinance.
At issue is whether a federal cause of action exists when one
is arrested for violating an ordinance that might be invalid
under state law. We hold that it does not.
I
In October 2007, Joseph McMullen was arrested in
Maple Shade, New Jersey for violating the following
ordinance:
A. No Person shall be intoxicated or drunk
or disorderly in any public street, lane,
sidewalk, public parking lot, public or quasi-
public place or in any public conveyance or in a
private motor vehicle while such vehicle is in
motion or parked in any public street, lane or
public parking lot or while upon any private
property not his or her own without the express
permission of the owner or other person having
authority to grant such permission to the
annoyance of any person or be so intoxicated or
drunk as to be unable to conduct himself or
herself with due care for his or her safety or the
safety of other persons.
3
MAPLE SHADE TOWNSHIP, N.J., CODE § 142-2 (emphasis
added).1 McMullen acknowledges being intoxicated at the
time of his arrest, but denies acting disorderly.
During a hearing in Maple Shade Municipal Court,
McMullen claimed the Township’s public intoxication
ordinance was either superseded by or contrary to the New
Jersey Alcoholism Treatment and Rehabilitation Act
(ATRA). See N.J. STAT. ANN. §§ 26:2B-6 to -9.3, -11 to -39
(West 2007). ATRA provides:
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no
county, municipality, or other jurisdiction
within the State shall adopt an ordinance,
resolution, or other legislation creating an
offense of public intoxication or any equivalent
offense, and any existing ordinance, resolution,
or other legislation creating such an offense is
hereby repealed.
Id. at § 26:2B-29.2 Persuaded by this argument, Municipal
Judge Gregory R. McCloskey dismissed the charge against
McMullen.
1
The District Court correctly noted that McMullen
“may have been arrested and prosecuted for violating a prior
version of the [ordinance], previously codified at Maple
Shade Township Code § 92-2(A) (1997).” McMullen v.
Maple Shade Twp., No. 08-2902, 2009 WL 3615035, at *1
n.2 (D.N.J. Oct. 28, 2009). This discrepancy is immaterial,
however, because Section 92-2(A) is identical to § 142-2.
4
McMullen brought suit in the United States District
Court for the District of New Jersey, alleging that § 142-2 of
the Maple Shade Code was invalid under ATRA, and that his
arrest and prosecution violated his Fourth Amendment right
to be free from unreasonable seizures as well as his
Fourteenth Amendment right to due process of law.3
McMullen also brought various state law claims for violations
of the New Jersey Constitution, the New Jersey Civil Rights
Act, and the common law. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367. The
Township moved to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(6), arguing that McMullen failed to state a
claim for violation of a federal right.
The District Court granted the Township’s motion to
dismiss, stating that “[d]espite [McMullen’s] best efforts to
dress-up [his] claim in the federal garb of the Fourth
Amendment, at bottom, these claims remain state law
claims.” McMullen v. Maple Shade Twp., No. 08-2902, 2009
2
ATRA also prohibits municipalities from passing
laws “rendering public intoxication or being found in any
place in an intoxicated condition an offense,” or that are
“inconsistent with the provisions and policies of th[e] act.”
N.J. STAT. ANN. § 26:2B-26 (West 2007).
3
Christopher Obchinetz, who was arrested and fined
for violating the same ordinance, also sued, but was dismissed
from this appeal by order dated July 26, 2010. We also note
that although McMullen repeatedly refers to this suit as a
“class action,” he has made no attempt to certify a class.
Consequently, the only parties to this action are McMullen
and Maple Shade Township.
5
WL 3615035, at *4 (D.N.J. Oct. 28, 2009). After dismissing
McMullen’s federal claims, the Court declined to exercise
supplemental jurisdiction over his state law claims. This
appeal followed.4
II
We exercise plenary review over the dismissal of a
complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). See Atkinson v.
LaFayette College, 460 F.3d 447, 451 (3d Cir. 2006). “The
District Court’s judgment is proper only if, accepting all
factual allegations as true and construing the complaint in the
light most favorable to the plaintiff, we determine that the
plaintiff is not entitled to relief under any reasonable reading
of the complaint.” McGovern v. City of Philadelphia, 554
F.3d 114, 115 (3d Cir. 2009) (citing Phillips v. Cnty. of
Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 232 (3d Cir. 2008)).
III
This appeal requires us to consider whether an arrest
made pursuant to an ordinance that may be invalid on state
law grounds can give rise to a federal claim. The District
Court held that it may not. The Court’s analysis focused on
whether there is a federal right to engage in the conduct at
issue in this case, namely public drunkenness. After
determining that such a right did not exist, the District Court
dismissed McMullen’s federal claim. Although the District
Court stated that “it goes without saying that if New Jersey
has, in fact, legalized public intoxication, then New Jersey
4
The District Court exercised jurisdiction pursuant to
28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1367. We have jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1291.
6
localities should not enact or enforce laws prohibiting it,” it
nevertheless concluded that “if they do [prohibit public
intoxication], New Jersey state court is the proper forum for
the resolution of the matter.” McMullen, 2009 WL 3615035,
at *4.
Unlike the District Court, we do not believe the
operative question in this case is whether there is a federally
protected right to be intoxicated in public. Instead, we frame
the issue as whether there is a federally protected right to be
free from arrest pursuant to a law alleged to be invalid on
state law grounds.
Section 1983 grants individuals “access to a federal
forum for claims of unconstitutional treatment at the hands of
state officials.” Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 480
(1994). The statute provides:
Every person, who, under color of any statute,
ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any
State or Territory, subjects, or causes to be
subjected, any citizen of the United States or
other person within the jurisdiction thereof to
the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or
immunities secured by the Constitution and
laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an
action at law, suit in equity, or other proper
proceeding for redress.
42 U.S.C. § 1983. Thus, by its terms, § 1983 provides a
remedy for violations of federal, not state or local, law.
Some of our sister circuit courts of appeals have stated
that an arrest pursuant to a statute that has been invalidated on
7
federal constitutional grounds may give rise to a Fourth
Amendment claim. See Amore v. Novarro, 624 F.3d 522, 532
(2d Cir. 2010) (“[W]e assume that it is clearly established that
an arrest under a statute that has been authoritatively held to
be unconstitutional is ordinarily a constitutional violation.”);
Leonard v. Robinson, 477 F.3d 347, 358 (6th Cir. 2007)
(stating that a statute held unconstitutional by the Michigan
Court of Appeals could not support probable cause to arrest);
Cooper v. Dillon, 403 F.3d 1208, 1223 (11th Cir. 2005)
(imposing municipal liability for enforcement of a statute
held to violate the First Amendment, but granting qualified
immunity because the statute’s invalidity was not clearly
established).
In this appeal, the Township contends that an arrest
based on a law that is invalid only on state law grounds does
not violate the Fourth Amendment. In support of its
argument, the Township cites City of Ontario v. Quon, ---
U.S. ---, 130 S. Ct. 2619, 2632 (2010), in which the Supreme
Court held that a search made in violation of a statute is not
per se unreasonable for Fourth Amendment purposes. We
find the Court’s holding in Quon inapposite. Although it is
true that an arrest made in violation of state law does not
necessarily give rise to a federal constitutional claim,5 the
5
Many states have enacted laws that afford
individuals protections beyond those found in the United
States Constitution. But arrests made in violation of these
state laws are not, in and of themselves, actionable under §
1983. See, e.g., Virginia v. Moore, 533 U.S. 164, 168 (2008)
(search incident to arrest that was illegal under state law not
unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment); Pyles v. Raisor,
60 F.3d 1211, 1215 (6th Cir. 1995) (right under Kentucky law
8
issue in this appeal is whether an arrest pursuant to an
allegedly invalid municipal ordinance directly offends the
federal constitutional right to be free from unlawful arrest.
As noted previously, other courts of appeals have held that an
arrest made pursuant to a statute that has been declared
unconstitutional violates the Fourth Amendment. These
decisions are not predicated on the reason for a statute’s
invalidity; rather, they are animated by the principle that an
unambiguously invalid law cannot, by itself, provide probable
cause to arrest. Cf. Lemon v. Kurtzman, 411 U.S. 192, 208
(1973) (plurality opinion) (stating that state officers may only
enforce state law “[u]ntil judges say otherwise”); Doe v.
Metro. Police Dep’t, 445 F.3d 460, 469 (D.C. Cir. 2006)
(holding that a state statute that is unambiguously civil cannot
form the basis for a proper arrest, and may support a claim
not to be arrested by officer who was not present when
misdemeanor was committed does not support § 1983 claim);
Barry v. Fowler, 902 F.2d 770 (9th Cir. 1990) (refusing to
allow a § 1983 claim based solely on a violation of state law);
Clark v. Link, 855 F.2d 156, 163 (4th Cir. 1988) (“[A] section
1983 claim can only be sustained by allegations and proof of
a violation of the Constitution or statutes of the United States
and specifically may not rest solely on a violation of state
statutes or qualify as a common law tort.”); Moore v.
Marketplace Restaurant, Inc., 754 F.2d 1336, 1349 (7th Cir.
1985) (“[A]n alleged violation of a state statute does not give
rise to a corresponding § 1983 violation, unless the right
encompassed in the state statute is guaranteed under the
United States Constitution.”). In each of these cases,
probable cause existed independent of state law. By contrast,
McMullen argues that because Maple Shade’s ordinance was
invalid, it cannot provide probable cause for an arrest.
9
under § 1983). Thus, in certain circumstances, an arrest
pursuant to a law that is unambiguously invalid for reasons
based solely on state law grounds may constitute a Fourth
Amendment violation actionable under § 1983.
Here, however, McMullen has failed to state a viable
Fourth Amendment claim because he cannot plead that the
ordinance pursuant to which he was arrested is
unambiguously invalid. McMullen’s cause of action hinges
on ATRA’s alleged preemption of the Maple Shade public
intoxication ordinance. It is unclear, however, that the
ordinance is in fact preempted. It does not prohibit simple
public intoxication, but rather proscribes intoxication “to the
annoyance of any person” or to the degree that the individual
is “unable to conduct himself or herself with due care for his
or her safety or the safety of other persons.” MAPLE SHADE
TOWNSHIP, N.J., CODE § 142-2.
Complicating matters further, another provision of
New Jersey state law—the Home Rule Act—authorizes “[t]he
governing body of every municipality to make, amend, repeal
and enforce ordinances to . . . [p]revent vice, drunkenness and
immorality; . . . [and to] [r]estrain and punish drunkards,
vagrants, mendicants and street beggars.” N.J. STAT. ANN. §
40:48-1.6 The apparent conflict between ATRA and the
Home Rule Act creates additional ambiguity regarding the
validity of Maple Shade’s public intoxication ordinance.
6
Although this provision of the Home Rule Act was
originally enacted in 1917, the Act has been amended as
recently as 2003 without substantive changes to the provision
authorizing municipalities to enact public intoxication
ordinances. See 2003 N.J. Sess. Law. Serv. 1763.
10
Although there is some indication that New Jersey
municipal courts have interpreted ATRA expansively, see
State v. Navarro, 392 A.2d 1272, 1272 (Pilesgrove Twp.
Mun. Ct. 1978) (finding that New Jersey’s public intoxication
statute was preempted by ATRA, but not discussing the
Home Rule Act or municipal public intoxication laws), no
conclusive decision has been rendered with respect to this
issue. Because it is not the domain of federal courts to
resolve undecided questions of state law, cf. R.R. Comm’n of
Tex. v. Pullman, 312 U.S. 496, 501 (1941) (holding that
federal courts should abstain from deciding constitutional
questions relating to state laws when there is a possibility that
state courts may interpret the laws in a way that alters or
eliminates the federal question), we must reject McMullen’s
invitation to serve as an arbiter of New Jersey law and leave
that task to the New Jersey Supreme Court.
IV
For the reasons stated, we hold that McMullen’s claim
is not cognizable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The judgment of
the District Court will be affirmed.
11
Joseph W. McMullen v. Maple Shade Township, No. 09-4479
JORDAN, Circuit Judge, concurring
I join in the judgment of the Court that Maple Shade
Township is not liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for passing the
ordinance at issue here. However, I write separately because
I would not proceed on this record to create a new
precedential standard making the validity of a municipal
ordinance under state law relevant to a Fourth Amendment
inquiry. As the Majority notes (slip op. at 8-10), Maple
Shade’s public drunkeness ordinance, MAPLE SHADE
TOWNSHIP, N.J., CODE § 142-2, has not been held invalid
under New Jersey law and, to the contrary, can reasonably be
read as being consistent with the state’s Alcoholism
Treatment and Rehabilitation Act (“ATRA”), N.J. STAT.
ANN. §§ 26:2B-6 to -9.3, -11 to -39 (West 2007). Therefore,
accepting for purposes of argument that the plaintiff’s
contention concerning the validity of the ordinance is relevant
to a Fourth Amendment analysis, we would still be hard-
pressed to say that New Jersey law is such that Maple Shade
could be found liable under § 1983.1 The Majority
1
The whole exercise of deciding what state law is and
then having that be the basis of liability under § 1983 is
suspect. The Majority accurately states that Ҥ 1983 provides
a remedy for violations of federal, not state or local, law.”
(Slip op. at 6.) Yet the Majority is creating a constitutional
standard under which the Fourth Amendment reasonableness
of an arrest turns on whether a local law is invalid for
violating state, not federal, law. “Th[at] constitutional
standard would be only as easy to apply as the underlying
state law, and state law can be complicated indeed.” Virginia
1
acknowledges as much, and it is not necessary to go any
further.
Thus, the question of whether the validity of a
municipal ordinance under state law is relevant to a Fourth
Amendment inquiry is not one we need to address to resolve
this case. Because the plaintiff’s fundamental premise that
the Maple Shade ordinance and ATRA are necessarily in
conflict is unsound, we should simply point that out and
affirm the District Court in a non-precedential opinion. Cf.
Pearson v. Callahan, 129 S.Ct. 808, 819 (2009) (“A
constitutional decision resting on an uncertain interpretation
of state law is … of doubtful precedential importance.”);
Spector Motor Serv., Inc. v. McLaughlin, 323 U.S. 101, 105,
(1944) (“If there is one doctrine more deeply rooted than any
other in the process of constitutional adjudication, it is that we
v. Moore, 553 U.S. 164, 175 (2008). It is true that the
Majority frames its test in terms of “an arrest pursuant to a
law that is unambiguously invalid … on state law grounds”
(slip op. at 8), but deciding whether something is ambiguous
or not is, ironically, easier said than done, and the very
question of ambiguity will now mean that municipalities like
Maple Shade are going to be subject to the expense of federal
litigation more frequently. The Supreme Court has observed
that “it is difficult to think of a greater intrusion on state
sovereignty than when a federal court instructs state officials
on how to conform their conduct to state law.” Pennhurst
State School & Hospital v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 106
(1984). That observation is not without force when
considering the actions of local governments and officials
trying to comply with state law.
2
ought not to pass on questions of constitutionality … unless
such adjudication is unavoidable.”); Egolf v. Witmer, 526
F.3d 104, 109-10 (3d Cir. 2008) (declining to address the
merits of First and Fourth Amendment claims which turned
on an unsettled state law question when another avenue for
disposition was available, because “federal courts do a
disservice to state actors who would be induced to rely on a
ruling that might change altogether upon subsequent review
by the state court”).
3