COMMONWEALTH
vs.
HUBERT DAVIS.
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Suffolk.
January 5, 1976. March 9, 1976.Present: HENNESSEY, C.J., REARDON, BRAUCHER, KAPLAN, & WILKINS, JJ.
Ronald J. Chisholm for the defendant.
Joseph I. Mulligan, Assistant District Attorney, & Joseph J. Maher, Jr., for the Commonwealth.
KAPLAN, J.
In connection with a search under warrant of an apartment for narcotic drugs, the police found firearms and ammunition evidently in the possession of the defendant Hubert Davis. The defendant was indicted under G.L.c. 269, § 10 (as amended through St. 1973, c. 588) for illegal possession on January 4, 1974, of a *887 shotgun with a barrel less than eighteen inches long,[1] and he was found guilty of this crime after trial by a judge of the Superior Court sitting without a jury. On motion for a new trial, the defendant contended that the statute defining and punishing the offense violated his constitutionally guaranteed right to keep and bear arms, and he assigned error accordingly to the denial of his motion. Appeal having been lodged in the Appeals Court, we took the matter on our own initiative for direct review under G.L.c. 211A, § 10 (A).
Article 17 of our Declaration of Rights declares: "The people have a right to keep and to bear arms for the common defence. And as, in time of peace, armies are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be maintained without the consent of the legislature; and the military power shall always be held in an exact subordination to the civil authority, and be governed by it."
The meaning of such provisions is to be gathered from their history which is reasonably well known and need not be reviewed here in detail. See Feller & Gotting, The Second Amendment: A Second Look, 61 Nw. U.L. Rev. 46 (1966); Levin, The Right to Bear Arms: The Development of the American Experience, 48 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 148 (1971). The colonists distrusted standing armies and preferred to look to a militia "civilians primarily, soldiers on occasion"[2] for protection. Article 17 expresses the distrust in its second sentence. It *888 refers to the preference in the first: the declared right to keep and bear arms is that of the people, the aggregate of citizens; the right is related to the common defense; and that in turn points to service in a broadly based, organized militia. Provisions like art. 17 were not directed to guaranteeing individual ownership or possession of weapons. See Salina v. Blaksley, 72 Kan. 230, 231-232 (1905); Burton v. Sills, 53 N.J. 86, 96-97 (1968). This generalization is perhaps subject to a qualification: Militiamen customarily furnished their own equipment and indeed might be under legal obligation to do so. See United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179-181 (1939); State v. Dawson, 272 N.C. 535, 546 (1968). A law forbidding the keeping by individuals of arms that were used in the militia service might then have interfered with the effectiveness of the militia and thus offended the art. 17 right. But that situation no longer exists; our militia, of which the backbone is the National Guard, is now equipped and supported by public funds. See, e.g., G.L.c. 33, § 101 (payment by Commonwealth for clothing and equipment of units of its military forces). Moreover, the statute at bar is part of a large regulatory scheme to promote the public safety,[3] and there is nothing to suggest that, even in early times, due regulation of possession or carrying of firearms, short of some sweeping prohibition, would have been thought to be an improper curtailment of individual liberty or to undercut the militia system.[4] Very generally it has been held that such regulation is compatible with State constitutional provisions *889 on the subject of the right to bear arms.[5] Our own case of Commonwealth v. Murphy, 166 Mass. 171 (1896), is to that effect.[6] It may be noted that some of the State constitutional provisions can be distinguished from our own because they speak of arms for self-defense as well as for defense of the State; even so, a regulatory power is not necessarily excluded. See People v. Brown, 253 Mich. 537, 538, 540 (1931); People v. McFadden, 31 Mich. App. 512, 515-516 (1971); State v. Robinson, 217 Ore. 612, 615, 619 (1959).[7]
If art. 17 does not help the defendant, then he is reduced, as far as State law is concerned, to a claim that the statute is beyond the police power. But that would involve an examination, in context, of the regulatory scheme and of the particular statute as a part of the scheme. The record is barren of any of this, as is the defendant's brief. Presumptively the statute is valid as a police measure; indeed a sawed-off shotgun seems a most *890 plausible subject of regulation as it may be readily concealed and is especially dangerous because of the wide and nearly indiscriminate scattering of its shot. A Legislature might be justified in concluding that such weapons are associated with violent crime and call for strict licensing if not suppression.
The Second Amendment to the Constitution of the United States declares: "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." This was adopted to quiet the fears of those who thought that the Congressional powers under article I, § 8, clauses 15 and 16, with regard to the State militias[8] might have the effect of enervating or destroying those forces. The amendment is to be read as an assurance that the national government shall not so reduce the militias. See United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 178 (1939); Feller & Gotting, supra at 62; Levin, supra at 159. Decisions of the courts have not retreated from the view that the amendment inhibits only the national government, not the States. See Miller v. Texas, 153 U.S. 535, 538 (1894); Presser v. Illinois, 116 U.S. 252, 264 (1886); United States v. Cruickshank, 92 U.S. 542, 553 (1875). So the amendment is irrelevant to the present case. The chances appear remote that this amendment will ultimately be read to control the States, for unlike some other provisions of the Bill of Rights, this is not directed to guaranteeing the rights of individuals, but rather, as we have said, to assuring some freedom of State forces from national interference. Apart from such interference, *891 Congress is not inhibited by the amendment from regulating firearms by exercise of its interstate commerce or other powers, and it has done so on a considerable scale with judicial approval. United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 177-178 (1939).[9]Cases v. United States, 131 F.2d 916, 921-923 (1st Cir.1942), cert. denied sub nom. Velazquez v. United States, 319 U.S. 770 (1943). United States v. Tot, 131 F.2d 261, 266-267 (3d Cir.1942), rev'd on other grounds, 319 U.S. 463 (1943). United States v. Johnson, 497 F.2d 548, 550 (4th Cir.1974). United States v. Day, 476 F.2d 562, 568 (6th Cir.1973). United States v. Synnes, 438 F.2d 764, 772 (8th Cir.1971), vacated on other grounds, 404 U.S. 1009 (1972). Should the amendment perchance be held in the future to restrain the States in some fashion, one would suppose that the States' regulatory authority would remain.
We affirm the denial of the motion for a new trial. We also affirm the judgment of conviction, from which an appeal was taken, but not pressed.
So ordered.
NOTES
[1] Section 10 read in part as follows: "Whoever, except as provided by law, possesses a shotgun with a barrel less than eighteen inches in length, or possesses a machine gun, as defined in section one hundred and twenty-one of chapter one hundred and forty, without permission under section one hundred and thirty-one of said chapter, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for life or for any term of years."
Section 10 was rewritten by St. 1974, c. 649, § 2, and further amended by St. 1975, c. 113, §§ 2 and 3, and c. 585, § 1, all inapplicable to the present case.
[2] United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 179 (1939).
[3] The instant statute is one feature of a large complex of legislation which relies not only on prohibitions but on controls of possession, carrying, and transfer of firearms through techniques of licensing and identification. It seems that a license for the carrying of a short barrelled shotgun was not excluded under G.L.c. 140, § 131, if a proper basis for such permission could be offered.
[4] Judge Goodrich pointed out in United States v. Tot, 131 F.2d 261, 266 (3rd Cir.1942), rev'd on other grounds, 319 U.S. 463 (1943), that the bearing of weapons was not treated at common law as an absolute right and had indeed been regulated as early as the Statute of Northampton of 1328. The English Bill of Rights of 1688 (St. 1 Wm. & Mary, 2d sess., c. 2) contained no general assurance of the individual's right to bear arms; rather it denounced the discriminatory arming of subjects, and seemed in terms to acknowledge a legislative power of regulation. The current English statutes are in fact very restrictive of possession and carrying of weapons. See Burton v. Sills, 53 N.J. 86, 96 (1968).
[5] Cases are collected in Comment, The Philadelphia Firearms Ordinance A Case of Comprehensive Oversight, 114 U. Pa. L. Rev. 550, 553 (1966), and Burton v. Sills, 53 N.J. 86, 100-101 (1968).
[6] The Murphy case affirmed a conviction under St. 1893, c. 367, § 124, for belonging to and parading with an unauthorized body of men carrying firearms (see, now, G.L.c. 33, §§ 129, 130). The opinion speaks of a police power to regulate the bearing of arms notwithstanding art. 17. See the treatment of the Murphy case in Salina v. Blaksley, 72 Kan. 230, 233 (1905), and State v. Dawson, 272 N.C. 535, 547 (1968).
[7] The State constitutional provisions were brought together in McKenna, The Right to Keep and Bear Arms, 12 Marq. L. Rev. 138 n. 5 (1928).
[8] These clauses empower Congress to "provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions" and to "provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for Governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States, respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress."
[9] In upholding Federal legislation prohibiting the transportation in interstate commerce of a short barrelled shotgun (except under stated conditions, not satisfied), the Court in the Miller case noted that there was no evidence to show that possession or use of the weapon had "some reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia" or that it was "any part of the ordinary military equipment or that its use could contribute to the common defense." 307 U.S. at 178. From this one might possibly infer that Congress could not regulate weapons having military uses, and that Congress was left, as Judge Woodbury observed, only with the power to deal with the flintlock musket and matchlock harquebus. Cases v. United States, 131 F.2d 916, 922 (1st Cir.1942), cert. denied sub nom. Velazquez v. United States, 319 U.S. 770 (1943). The inference is quite unacceptable and the congressional power has been held to have the breadth noted in our text.