ZAVEN TORIGIAN, administrator,
vs.
WATERTOWN NEWS CO., INC. & another.
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Middlesex.
March 9, 1967. April 27, 1967.Present: WILKINS, C.J., WHITTEMORE, CUTTER, SPIEGEL, & REARDON, JJ.
Herbert D. Lewis for the plaintiff.
Mayo A. Darling for the defendants.
WILKINS, C.J.
This action of tort for wrongful death under G.L.c. 229, § 2 (as amended through St. 1962, c. 306, *447 § 1),[1] by the administrator of the estate of Rhonda Torigian is in two counts. Count 1 is against George L. Juliano, the operator, and count 2 is against Watertown News Co., Inc., the owner of a motor vehicle which on January 2, 1964, due to negligence struck a motor vehicle operated by Barbara Torigian, who was then three and one-half months pregnant with the plaintiff's intestate. The child was not then viable. On March 13, 1964, the plaintiff's intestate was born and lived about two and one-half hours. There was medical testimony that the accident of January 2 was the adequate cause of the premature birth, and that the cause of death was prematurity. At the close of the evidence the trial judge directed verdicts for the defendants. The plaintiff excepted.
The ground of the judge's action was not expressed, but, as the arguments before us indicate, it must have been that there cannot be recovery for prenatal injury to a nonviable fetus even where a living child is born.
In Dietrich v. Northampton, 138 Mass. 14 (1884), this court in an opinion by Holmes, J., held that where a mother, between four and five months advanced in pregnancy, gave birth prematurely to an infant who survived for only a few minutes, there was no right of recovery for the death in an administrator in an action based on prenatal injury. The view was expressed (page 17) that the child was not a "person" within the meaning of the predecessor of G.L.c. 229, § 2. The decision, which presented the issue for the first time in this country, was based principally on the lack of supporting precedent at the time. A similar result based on stare decisis was reached in Bliss v. Passanesi, 326 Mass. 461 (1950), and Cavanaugh v. First Natl. Stores Inc. 329 Mass. 179 (1952).
In Keyes v. Construction Serv. Inc. 340 Mass. 633 (1960), an administratrix brought an action for prenatal injury to *448 her intestate while a viable child in his mother's womb. We noted (page 635): "Since the decisions in the Bliss and Cavanaugh cases the distinct trend of judicial opinion has been to allow recovery in cases of prenatal injuries caused by negligence." We expressed the view (page 637) that "the law of this Commonwealth should be in general in harmony with that of the large and growing proportion of the other States allowing a right of action." The case was remanded to the lower court to permit an amendment to the declaration alleging that the child was born alive, and in that event to permit the case to stand for trial on the merits.
In the case at bar, where the fetus was not viable, we must decide whether there is a sound distinction from the situation where the fetus is viable. A viable fetus has been defined as one so far formed and developed that if then born it would be capable of living. Keyes v. Construction Serv. Inc., supra, 637. Poliquin v. MacDonald, 101 N.H. 104, 107.
In the vast majority of cases where the present issue has arisen, recovery has been allowed. Hornbuckle v. Plantation Pipe Line Co. 212 Ga. 504. Daley v. Meier, 33 Ill. App.2d 218. LaBlue v. Specker, 358 Mich. 558. Bennett v. Hymers, 101 N.H. 483. Smith v. Brennan, 31 N.J. 353. Kelly v. Gregory, 282 App. Div. (N.Y.) 542. Sinkler v. Kneale, 401 Pa. 267. See Puhl v. Milwaukee Auto. Ins. Co. 8 Wis.2d 343, 354-357. To the extent that the views of textwriters and legal commentators have come to our attention, they are unanimously of the view that nonviability of a fetus should not bar recovery. Harper and James, Torts, § 18.3. Prosser, Torts (3d ed.) § 56. 63 Mich. L. Rev. 579, 589-590. 110 U. of Pa. L. Rev. 554, 562-564. 18 Vand. L. Rev. 847, 852-854. 1962 Wis. L. Rev. 150.
The grounds which have been most frequently urged against allowing recovery are lack of precedent, the avoidance of speculation or conjecture, and the encouragement of fictitious claims. There is no longer lack of precedent. The advancement of medical science should take care of most of these arguments. The element of speculation is not present to any greater extent than in the usual tort *449 claim where medical evidence is offered and the issue of causation must be weighed with great care. Woods v. Lancet, 303 N.Y. 349, 356. The opportunity for fraudulent claims can be faced by the courts as in other types of cases. See Bennett v. Hymers, supra, 486; Smith v. Brennan, supra, 365-366.
We are not impressed with the soundness of the arguments against recovery. They should not prevail against logic and justice. We hold that the plaintiff's intestate was a "person" within the meaning of G.L.c. 229, § 2, as amended.
Exceptions sustained.
NOTES
[1] "A person who (1) by his negligence causes the death of a person in the exercise of due care, or (2) by wilful, wanton or reckless act causes the death of a person under such circumstances that the deceased could have recovered damages for personal injuries if ... death had not resulted ... shall be liable in damages...."