Dennis PARKER Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
AMERICAN FAMILY INSURANCE CO. Defendant-Appellant.
No. 3-97-0534.
Appellate Court of Illinois, Third District.
April 23, 1998.James E. Priestley (argued), James M. Hoffman and Associates, Schaumburg, for American Family Ins. Co.
Anthony F. Mannina (argued), Wheaton, for Dennis Parker.
Justice BRESLIN delivered the opinion of the court:
The issue before the court is whether an insurance policy's underinsured motorist arbitration provision is contrary to public policy if it permits a trial de novo for awards in excess of the minimum liability set forth in *212 the Illinois Safety and Family Financial Responsibility Law (625 ILCS 5/7-100 et seq. (West 1996)). The trial court concluded that such a structure is contrary to public policy and entered a judgment confirming an arbitration panel's award in favor of the insured, Dennis Parker. Defendant American Family Insurance Company (American Family) appeals. We affirm.
FACTS
Parker was injured in a motor vehicle accident while he was a passenger in a car. The vehicle that struck the one in which he was riding had liability insurance limits in the amount of $20,000. Parker filed suit against the driver of that vehicle and settled the case for the $20,000 policy limit. Parker then filed for arbitration with his own insurance company, American Family, as permitted by the arbitration provisions for underinsured motorist coverage in his American Family policy. The pertinent provisions of the policy provided:
"Arbitration
We or an insured person may demand arbitration if we do not agree:
1. That the person is legally entitled to recover damages from the owner or operator of an underinsured motor vehicle.
2. On the amount of payment under this part.
* * *
Any arbitration award not exceeding the minimum limit of the Illinois Safety Responsibility Law:
1. Will be binding; and
2. May be entered as a judgment in any court having jurisdiction.
* * *
If any arbitration award exceeds the minimum limits of the Illinois Safety Responsibility Law, either party has a right to trial on all issues in any court having jurisdiction."
An arbitration panel awarded Parker $75,000 less the $20,000 received in the settlement. Parker filed a petition for judgment on the award in the circuit court. American Family moved to dismiss the petition and filed a counterclaim for a trial on all issues. Relying on Fireman's Fund Ins. Companies v. Bugailiskis, 278 Ill.App.3d 19, 214 Ill. Dec. 989, 662 N.E.2d 555 (1996), the trial court found that the arbitration clause was one of adhesion and violated public policy. The court subsequently denied American Family's petition and entered a judgment on Parker's petition. This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
The arbitration clause in dispute is common to insurance policies. Numerous courts have addressed the issue of whether such clauses are valid. A majority of courts have determined that these "escape hatch" clauses are contrary to public policy. See O'Neill v. Berkshire Mutual Insurance Co., 786 F. Supp. 397 (D.Vt.1992); Field v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 769 F. Supp. 1135 (D.Haw.1991); Mendes v. Automobile Insurance Co., 212 Conn. 652, 563 A.2d 695 (1989); Worldwide Insurance Group v. Klopp, 603 A.2d 788 (Del.1992); Schmidt v. Midwest Family Mutual Insurance Co., 426 N.W.2d 870 (Minn.1988); Hanover Insurance Co. v. Losquadro, 157 Misc. 2d 1014, 600 N.Y.S.2d 419 (1993); Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co. v. Marsh, 15 Ohio St. 3d 107, 472 N.E.2d 1061 (1984) (Sweeney, J., concurring); Pepin v. American Universal Insurance Co., 540 A.2d 21 (R.I.1988).
In finding that the escape hatch clauses are contrary to public policy the courts generally follow two lines of reasoning. In the first line, the courts invalidate the clauses because they conflict with state policies regarding arbitration. Several courts have determined that the clauses frustrate the state's requirement of binding arbitration. E.g., Pepin, 540 A.2d at 22-23. In the second line, courts void the clauses on the basis that they unfairly favor the insurer. E.g., Bugailiskis, 278 Ill.App.3d at 24, 214 Ill. Dec. at 992, 662 N.E.2d at 558. Since our state encourages arbitration, whether it be binding or non-binding, (see Mayflower Insurance Co. v. Mahan, 180 Ill.App.3d 213, 129 Ill. Dec. 159, 535 N.E.2d 924 (1988)), the policy considerations in the first line of reasoning are not relevant. We need address solely whether the clause is void because it is *213 unconscionable. American Family asserts that the clause is proper and not against public policy because it promotes arbitration and does not unreasonably favor itself over the insured.
Comments from courts in our sister states have described the clause as creating a "manifest inequit[y]." Mendes, 212 Conn. at 660, 563 A.2d at 698. Although facially equal, they are not truly equal. Marsh, 15 Ohio St.3d at 110, 472 N.E.2d at 1063 (Sweeney, J., concurring). Policies with such clauses have been found to possess "earmarks of an adhesive contract." Schmidt, 426 N.W.2d at 874. They are said to lack mutuality of remedy and are the result of unequal bargaining positions in which the purchaser has little opportunity for arms length negotiation. Schmidt, 426 N.W.2d at 874; see also Losquadro, 157 Misc.2d at 1019, 600 N.Y.S.2d at 423 ("[T]he appearance of mutuality is an illusion."). The fact that both parties are bound by a low award, when an insurance company is unlikely to appeal, and not bound when there is a high award, when an insurance company is more likely to appeal, demonstrates that the benefits of the clause truly only favor the insurer. Klopp, 603 A.2d at 791; Schmidt, 426 N.W.2d at 873-75. In essence, the clauses are escape devices which may be used to escape the unwary claimant. Mendes, 212 Conn. at 659-60, 563 A.2d at 698.
Courts in Florida and New Jersey reject these descriptions. They note that the insurer also has a right to reject an award over the statutorily prescribed level and demand a jury trial. (Roe v. Amica Mutual Insurance Co., 533 So. 2d 279 (Fla.1988); Cohen v. Allstate Insurance Co., 231 N.J.Super. 97, 555 A.2d 21 (1989)). Thus, there is no unconscionable result.
Recently, the second district of our appellate court in Bugailiskis, a case involving underinsured motorist coverage, interpreted a clause similar to the one at issue here. After an analysis of the cases from various jurisdictions, the court concluded that the clause was simply an "escape hatch" for the insurance company and because of its unequal application, cost, delay and the fact that the contract possessed many "earmarks of a contract of adhesion," it violated public policy and was unenforceable. Bugailiskis, 278 Ill.App.3d at 23, 214 Ill.Dec. at 992, 662 N.E.2d at 558. Accordingly, because of the oppressive nature of the agreement, the insurer had no right to a trial and the court held that the arbitration provision was enforceable except to the extent that it provided for a trial de novo. Bugailiskis, 278 Ill.App.3d at 24, 214 Ill. Dec. at 992, 662 N.E.2d at 558.
More recently, this court addressed a similar clause concerning uninsured motorist coverage in Reed v. Farmers Insurance Group, 291 Ill.App.3d 1068, 226 Ill. Dec. 282, 685 N.E.2d 385, (1997), appeal allowed, 175 Ill. 2d 553, 228 Ill. Dec. 725, 689 N.E.2d 1146 (1997). In Reed, this court held that "the clause's structural inequality coupled with its mandatory presence in the policy render it particularly oppressive and unconscionable," and thus unenforceable. 291 Ill.App.3d at 1075, 226 Ill. Dec. at 285-86, 685 N.E.2d at 388-89. Unlike Bugailiskis, the entire arbitration clause was held to be unenforceable. Furthermore, the court held that Section 143a of the Illinois Insurance Code (Code), (215 ILCS 5/1 et seq. (West 1996)), which requires that policies include arbitration clauses for claims relating to uninsured motorist coverage, was unconstitutional because it interfered with an insured's right to contract. Reed, 291 Ill.App.3d at 1076, 226 Ill. Dec. at 287-88, 685 N.E.2d at 390-91.
Although we agree with American Family that the policy promotes arbitration and that Illinois law encourages arbitration as an alternate method of dispute resolution, (Johnson v. Baumgardt, 216 Ill.App.3d 550, 159 Ill. Dec. 846, 576 N.E.2d 515 (1991); Kostakos v. KSN Joint Venture No. 1, 142 Ill.App.3d 533, 96 Ill. Dec. 862, 491 N.E.2d 1322 (1986)), we believe the escape clause favors the insurance company in such a way as to render the agreement oppressive. Such agreements are entered with little opportunity for any meaningful negotiation. The result is to allow a safety net to protect the insurer from larger awards, while at the same time insulating the insurer from additional litigation when a small award is granted. Under this system, the insured would truly benefit only if an *214 award were over $20,000, but yet less than the amount desired. However, as a matter of common sense, the party who is likely to be dissatisfied with an amount over $20,000 is the insurer, not the insured. The right granted to the insured is merely theoretical. The true benefits of the agreement inure solely to the insurer. This is an unacceptable structure which unequivocally favors American Family. Thus, we agree with Bugailiskis and hold that the trial de novo clause is unconscionable and contrary to public policy.
What remains to be determined is whether the entire arbitration scheme of the policy should be voided, or whether only the escape hatch provision should be stricken.
Relying on Reed, American Family contends that the proper remedy is to strike the entire arbitration section from the contract and remand the case to the circuit court for trial. Although this court took that approach in Reed, we do not believe a remand is mandated in the instant case. Reed involved uninsured motorist coverage and thus mandatory arbitration under section 143(a)(1) (215 ILCS 5/143a(1) (West 1996)). The concerns in Reed stemmed from the statute's requirement that all uninsured motorist claims be arbitrated and that all such clauses contain the type of escape hatch which is in dispute in this casea directive which we held to be inconsistent with our Constitution. Reed, 291 Ill.App.3d at 1076, 226 Ill. Dec. at 287-88, 685 N.E.2d at 390-91. Accordingly, it was appropriate to strike the entire arbitration scheme of the policy.
In this case, the parties were not statutorily required to enter into an arbitration agreement. Unlike section 143a, section 143a-2 of the Code, (215 ILCS 5/143a-2 (West 1996)), which applies to underinsured motorist provisions, does not require arbitration. Mayflower Insurance Co. v. Mahan, 180 Ill.App.3d 213, 129 Ill. Dec. 159, 535 N.E.2d 924 (1988). As noted above, however, arbitration is an encouraged form of dispute resolution and in order to preserve the parties' agreement to the greatest extent possible, we hold that only the trial de novo clause is unenforceable and that the trial court properly entered a judgment confirming the arbitration panel's decision. See Bugailiskis, 278 Ill.App.3d at 24, 214 Ill. Dec. at 992, 662 N.E.2d at 558; Klopp, 603 A.2d at 791-92; Schmidt, 426 N.W.2d at 875.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of DuPage County is affirmed.
Affirmed.
SLATER, J., concurs.
HOLDRIDGE, J., dissents.
Justice HOLDRIDGE, dissenting:
I respectfully dissent. In order for the majority to find that the trial de novo provision is unconscionable, and thus unenforceable, it has engaged in the unsupported assumption that only the insurance company would seek to avoid an arbitration award of more than $20,000. Such an assumption is nothing more than pure speculation. I see no empirical evidence to support the majority's bald assertion that "as a matter of common sense, the party who is likely to be dissatisfied with an amount over $20,000 is the insurer, not the insured."
Unlike appeals based upon the law, appeals to common sense often depend upon who is the appellant. Indeed, as long as we are engaging in pure speculation and appeals to common sense to support our holdings, I could speculate that a plaintiff expecting a $100,000 award from an arbitrator would invoke the de novo provision to avoid an arbitration award of $21,000, much to the chagrin of the insurance company that would have been happy to pay the arbitrator's award.
I admit that from among our sister states that have ruled on this identical issue, only the Florida Supreme Court (Roe v. Amica Mutual Insurance Co., 533 So. 2d 279 (Fla. 1988)), the New Jersey Appellate Court (Cohen v. Allstate Insurance Co., 231 N.J.Super. 97, 555 A.2d 21 (1989)), and the Arizona Appellate Court (Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. v. Mandile, 259 Ariz. Adv. Rep. 71, ___ Ariz. ___, ___ P.2d. ___ [1997 WL 792756] (December 30, 1997)) have rejected the temptation to speculate that an insured would never reject an arbitral award above the *215 statutory financial responsibility limit. However, I find their analysis more persuasive.
I agree with the reasoning of the Arizona court in Mandile that:
"When a plaintiff who thinks his case is worth $300,000 gets only $50,000 from the arbitrators, that plaintiff will want the option of appeal (and may use that option as a leverage point in settlement discussions). Conversely, an insurance company that thinks a case is defensible, and is ordered to pay $14,999, may wish it could appeal but will lack the right to do so. The de novo appeal right, overall, is probably as important to plaintiffs as to defendants." Mandile, 259 Ariz. Adv. Rep., slip op. at 6, ___ Ariz. at ___, ___ P.2d at ___.
Similarly, in rejecting the same unsupported speculation adopted by the majority in this matter, the Cohen court noted that:
"A variety of situations can be hypothesized in which an insured would welcome the opportunity to reject an arbitration award and demand a trial. * * * In short, while we might speculate that the policy provision is unfairly tilted in favor of Allstate, that would be nothing more than guesswork. We cannot properly base a determination of unconscionability on unsubstantiated impressions and personal intuition. Evaluation and adjustment of the competing public and private interests are best left to the legislative and administrative process." Cohen, 231 N.J.Super. at 102, 555 A.2d at 24.
For the reasons articulated above, I would reverse the trial court judgment for Parker and grant American Family's counterclaim for a trial on all issues. I dissent on that basis.