Stanley SLOAN, Plaintiff,
v.
Michael J. ASTRUE, Commissioner, Social Security Administration, Defendant.
Civil Action No. 05-2456.
United States District Court, District of Columbia.
March 13, 2008.MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
DEBORAH A. ROBINSON, United States Magistrate Judge.
Pending for determination by the undersigned United States Magistrate Judge is Plaintiff's Motion for Judgment of Reversal (Document No. 7) and Defendant's Motion for Judgment of Affirmance (Document No. 10).
Upon consideration of the motions, the memoranda in support thereof and in opposition thereto and the entire record herein, the undersigned will deny Defendant's motion, grant Plaintiffs motion, and remand this action for further proceedings consistent with this Order.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff, in this action, seeks judicial review of Defendant's final administrative decision denying his claims for Disability Insurance Benefits and Supplemental Security Income Benefits.[1] Plaintiff moves for a judgment of reversal on the ground that Defendant's decision is not supported by substantial evidence, and is erroneous as a matter of law. In support of his motion, Plaintiff submits that the ALJ "[e]rroneously [r]elied" upon the testimony of the vocational expert who answered a hypothetical question posed by the ALJ which did not include an accurate and complete assessment of Plaintiff's impairments. Memorandum in Support of Plaintiffs Motion for Judgment of Reversal ("Plaintiffs Memorandum") at 3-6; additionally, Plaintiff submits that the ALJ "[e]rroneously [e]valuated" Plaintiffs subjective complaints. Id. at 6-8. Alternatively, Plaintiff moves for an order pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) remanding this case to the Social Security Administration for a new administrative hearing at which the applicable standard will be applied by the Administrative Law Judge to the consideration of Plaintiffs subjective complaints, and all relevant evidence will be considered. Id. at 8.
Defendant moves for a judgment of affirmance on the ground that the final administrative decision is supported by substantial evidence, and that the hypothetical question which the ALJ asked the vocational expert accurately set forth all of Plaintiffs limitations. Memorandum in Support of Defendant's Motion for Judgment of Affirmance and in Opposition to Plaintiffs Motion for Judgment of Reversal ("Defendant's Memorandum") at 7-10. As a further ground of his motion, Defendant submits that "[t]he ALJ [c]orrectly [a]ssessed the [c]redibility of Plaintiffs [s]ubjective [c]omplaints[,]" (see Defendant's Memorandum at 10); however, Defendant acknowledges that "the [ALJ] [failed] to articulate the sentence that forms the first step of the credibility analysis[.]" Id. at 11.
Plaintiff, in his opposition to Defendant's motion and reply to Defendant's opposition, reiterates his contention that the ALJ, in his hypothetical question to the vocational expert, failed to accurately describe Plaintiffs physical impairments. Plaintiffs Response to Defendant's Motion for Judgment of Affirmance ("Plaintiffs Reply") (Document No. 12) at 1-2. Plaintiff again submits that as a consequence, "the Commissioner has failed to meet her burden at step five of the sequential evaluation process, and the final administrative decision of the Commissioner must be reversed." Id. at 3.
Defendant did not file a reply to Plaintiff's opposition.
DISCUSSION
Qualifying for Benefits
A claimant seeking to qualify for and receive disability insurance benefits and supplemental security income under Titles II and XVI of the Social Security Act must establish that he or she is disabled within the meaning of the Act. 42 U.S.C. § 423(a)(1)(D). A claimant has a disability within the meaning of the Act when the claimant is unable "to engage in any substantial or gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months[.]" 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A). With certain exceptions, however, a claimant will qualify "only if his... impairments are of such severity that he is not only unable to do his previous work but cannot, considering his age, education and work experience, engage in any other kind of substantial gainful work which exists in the national economy[.]" 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(A).
Evaluation Process
The Commissioner of the Social Security Administration follows a five-step sequential evaluation process to determine the claimant's eligibility. The sequential process includes a consideration of (1) whether the claimant is working; (2) the severity of the claimant's impairment(s); (3) whether the impairment(s) meets (meet) or equals (equal) the requirements of a listed impairment at 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1 (the Listings); (4) the claimant's "residual functional capacity" and past relevant work, to determine whether the claimant can return to his past relevant work; and if not, (5) whether the claimant can perform any other work that exists in the national economy. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520, 416.920.
The claimant bears the burden of proof with respect to the initial four steps of this evaluation process, but the burden shifts to the Secretary (Commissioner) at the fifth and final step. E.g., Brown v. Bowen, 794 F.2d 703, 705-06 (D.C.Cir.1986). Thus, if the claimant has demonstrated at step four his or her inability to perform past relevant work, "the SSA bears the burden of showing that jobs the claimant could perform exist." E.g., Brown v. Barnhart, 408 F. Supp. 2d 28, 32 (D.D.C.2006) (citation omitted).
Vocational Expert Testimony
To demonstrate that a claimant is capable of performing gainful work, the agency may rely upon the testimony of a vocational expert. See Brown, 408 F.Supp.2d at 32 (D.D.C.2006). However, [i]n this circuit, "[i]f the ALJ looks to a vocational expert in assessing a claimant's ability to do other work, the ALJ must accurately describe the claimant's physical impairments in any question posed to the expert." Butler v. Barnhart, 353 F.3d 992, 1005 (D.C.Cir. 2004) (internal quotations omitted); See Stackhouse v. Barnhart, 435 F. Supp. 2d 28, 35 (D.D.C.2006). This circuit has further held "that `serious deficiencies' in the ALJ's hypotheticals `undermine the foundation for the expert's ultimate conclusion that there are alternative jobs appellant can do.'" Williams v. Shalala, 997 F.2d 1494, 1499 (D.C.Cir.1993) (quoting Simms v. Sullivan, 877 F.2d 1047, 1053 (D.C.Cir. 1989)); see Stackhouse, 435 F.Supp.2d at 35.
Standard of Review
When reviewing a disability claim decision made by the Social Security Administration, the federal court may not reweigh the evidence presented to it, nor may it replace the Secretary's judgment concerning the weight and validity of the evidence with its own. Davis v. Heckler, 566 F. Supp. 1193, 1195 (D.D.G.1983). Upon review, the court may not merely act as a "rubberstamp" to administrative decision, Per v. Schweiker, 543 F. Supp. 394, 395 (S.D.N.Y.1982), and must scrutinize the entire record in order to determine whether the Commissioner's decision is supported by substantial evidence as provided in 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). The reviewing court gives considerable deference to the decision rendered by the ALJ, but remains obligated to ensure that any decision rests upon substantial evidence. Accordingly, the court must determine whether the ALJ has analyzed all evidence and has sufficiently explained the weight he has given to obviously probative evidence. The broad purposes of the Social Security Act require a liberal construction in favor of disability. See, e.g., Taylor v. Heckler, 595 F. Supp. 489, 493 (D.D.C. 1984).
The undersigned finds that the ALJ erroneously relied upon the testimony of the vocational expert. An ALJ erroneously relies on the testimony of a vocational expert when he fails to accurately describe the claimant's physical impairments in any question posed to the expert. Butler, 353 F.3d at 1000, 1005-1006; Simms, 877 F.2d at 1050 (D.C.Cir.1989) ("Should an ALJ look to the opinion of a VE in determining the claimant's ability to perform other work than he had done before, the ALJ must accurately describe the claimant's physical impairments in any question posed to the expert.").
The District of Columbia Circuit has expressed a desire to mirror the requirements imposed universally by the courts with respect to the quality of the hypothetical questions posed to a vocational expert. See Lockard v. Apfel, 175 F. Supp. 2d 28, 33 (D.D.C.2001). In Lockard, the court cited the Sixth, Eighth and the Eleventh Circuits to explain what constituted an accurate description of the claimant's physical impairments. Lockard, 175 F.Supp.2d at 31. Courts ensure that the hypothetical questions addressed to the vocational expert encompass all relevant impairments of the claimant. Id. Relevant impairments have included a description of the extent and duration of disabling physical impairments, a description of the claimant's actual condition, and a description of his subjective impressions of the condition. Id. Furthermore, at minimum, the hypothetical question should comprehensively describe the limitations of a claimant's ability to function in order for the vocational expert to accurately assess what jobs exist which the claimant has the capacity to perform. Stephens v. Sec. of Health, Educ. & Welfare, 603 F.2d 36, 41 (8th Cir.1979).
The undersigned finds that the ALJ's question was fatally defective, and that the ALJ's reliance on the testimony of the VE was improper. See White v. Barnhart, 451 F. Supp. 2d 1, 5 (D.D.C.2006). There is substantial evidence in the record to support an ALJ's reliance on the testimony of a VE when (1) the ALJ's questions are sufficiently thorough; (2) when the questions properly include the claimant's subjective claims of pain and the claimant's limitations which are supported by objective medical evidence in the record; (3) when the vocational expert is present at the time of the claimant's testimony; and (4) when the ALJ asks the vocational expert to assume that full credibility would be given to the claimant's testimony and that the same testimony was supported by medical evidence. In this instance, the ALJ's hypothetical questions improperly (1) used the phrase "helper hand"; and (2) omitted Plaintiff's limitations, which were supported by objective medical evidence, i.e. Plaintiffs inability to perform various handling and fingering tasks with his left, non-dominant hand. See Williams, 997 F.2d at 1500.
The undersigned is mindful that a question will not be deficient merely because it does not include precise physical conditions whose existence rested solely on a claimant's subjective complaints. See Williams, 997 F.2d at 1500. However, in this matter, Plaintiffs conditions did not rest solely on his subjective complaints; rather, his limitations were contained throughout the record medical evidence. Where there exists in the record medically undisputed evidence of specific impairments not included in a hypothetical question to a vocational expert, an ALJ errs by relying on it. Burns v. Barnhart, 312 F.3d 113, 122 (3rd Cir.2002). The undersigned notes that the record medical evidence, undisputed by either party, showed the following: Plaintiff had limited range of motion in his wrist, that his gripping ability was limited, that movement with gravity was eliminated in the left grip and left manual dexterity categories, that Plaintiff was limited in his ability to push with the upper extremities, that he had a limited ability to perform gross and fine manipulation, and that he had a limited ability to feel with his left hand. None of these specific impairments were mentioned in the ALJ's hypothetical question. Therefore, the ALJ erred by omitting Plaintiffs limited ability to perform various handling and fingering tasks.
The undersigned further finds that the matter must be remanded because the court cannot assume that the vocational expert would have answered in a similar manner had the ALJ asked a proper hypothetical question. See Burns, 312 F.3d at 122.
The undersigned further finds that the ALJ did not correctly assess Plaintiffs subjective complaints. There is a two step process for analyzing and weighing an applicant's statements about pain or other symptoms. Butler, 353 F.3d at 1004. First, "[m]edical signs and laboratory findings... must show the existence of a medical impairment(s) ... which could reasonably be expected to produce," 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1529(b), 416.929(b), "the actual pain, in the amount and degree, alleged by the claimant." Butler, 353 F.3d at 1004 (citing Craig v. Chater, 76 F.3d 585, 594 (4th Cir.1996)). Defendant contends that Plaintiff did not complain of any pain; however, Plaintiff complained of a loss of feeling altogether in his left hand and testified that he stopped seeking medical attention because the doctor's explained that they had done all they could do for his hand.
The record does not reflect the ALJ's consideration of these subjective complaints. The second step of the evaluation process requires the ALJ to assess the persistence and intensity of the claimant's pain as well as the extent to which it impairs his ability to work. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1529(c)(1), 416.929(c)(1); Butler, 353 F.3d at 1004. This assessment requires the ALJ to make a determination as to the credibility of the applicant's subjective claims of pain and its functional effects. The court in Craig, 76 F.3d at 592, established that the claimant need not show objective evidence of the pain itself but need only to show by objective evidence the existence of an underlying impairment that could cause the pain alleged. Plaintiff has established that his useless left hand has caused dependence on his right hand. The physician credited Plaintiffs complaints of pain in his right hand as being caused by his principal reliance upon his right hand due to the functional limitations in his left hand. Plaintiff relies upon Byrnes v. Shalala, 60 F.3d 639, 641-642 (9th Cir.1995), which explained that once a claimant has produced objective medical evidence of an underlying impairment, an adjudicator may not reject a claimant's subjective complaints based solely on the lack of objective medical evidence to fully corroborate the alleged severity of the pain. This court relied upon this principle in its decision in Brown v. Barnhart, 408 F. Supp. 2d 28 (D.D.C.2006). The court in Brown determined that a judge dismisses a claimant's complaints arbitrarily when he discredits a plaintiffs testimony regarding pain based solely on a lack of objective medical evidence to fully corroborate the severity of the pain. In the instant case, the judge appears to have discredited Plaintiffs complaints of pain in his right hand based solely on its absence from medical reports. The ALJ asked Plaintiff what was wrong with his right hand and suggested that there was no medical evidence of anything being wrong with Plaintiffs right hand. Thus, the ALJ failed to correctly assess Plaintiffs subjective claims of pain.
CONCLUSION
For all of the foregoing reasons, the motions, the memoranda in support thereof and in opposition thereto and the entire record herein, it is, this 13th day of March, 2008,
ORDERED that Defendant's Motion for Judgment of Affirmance (Document No. 9) is DENIED; and it is
FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiffs Motion for Judgment of Reversal (Document No. 7) is GRANTED, and that this matter is hereby remanded to the Commission, pursuant to Sentence 4 of Section 205(g) of the Social Security Act, 41 U.S.C. § 405(g), for further administrative proceedings. This is a final, appealable order.
NOTES
[1] The circumstances which occasioned the filing of the applications for benefits are not disputed: Plaintiff, a man with a high school education who was 50 years old at the time this action was commenced, whose work history included operating a truck for a sanitation company, suffered a severe "crush" injury to his left (non-dominant) hand in a work-related accident in October, 2002. Thereafter, he underwent six surgeries, including one in which his left thumb and index finger were amputated. The physician who evaluated Plaintiff's claim on behalf of Defendant described Plaintiff's left hand, as "useless[.]" Administrative Record ("AR") (Document No. 3) at 13, 47-49, 58, 144, 149-150, 157-161, 174.