Thomas MOSS, Appellant,
v.
The STATE of Texas, Appellee.
No. 03-95-00636-CR.
Court of Appeals of Texas, Austin.
January 23, 1997. Discretionary Review Refused May 7, 1997.*188 Ian Inglis, Austin, for Appellant.
Ken Anderson, District Attorney, John M. Bradley, Assistant District Attorney, Georgetown, for Appellee.
Before JONES, KIDD and B.A. SMITH, JJ.
BEA ANN SMITH, Justice.
We withdraw our original opinion and judgment in this cause, dated December 5, 1996, and substitute this in its place. We overrule the State's motion for rehearing.
This is an appeal from a conviction for aggravated sexual assault of a child.[1] We will dismiss one point of error for lack of jurisdiction and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Appellant, Thomas Moss, was charged with indecency with a child[2] and aggravated sexual assault of a child. Pursuant to a plea bargain agreement, Moss pleaded guilty and judicially confessed to committing the offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child. The district court found the evidence substantiated Moss's guilt. In accordance with the agreement, however, the court deferred further proceedings without adjudicating guilt and placed Moss on community supervision.[3] The court failed to warn Moss that he could not appeal any future adjudication of guilt in the matter, as required by former article 42.12, section 5(a) and (b). The court subsequently revoked supervision on the State's motion, adjudicated Moss guilty, and assessed punishment at imprisonment for life. Moss appeals by three points of error.
DISCUSSION
Jurisdiction
The State moves to dismiss the appeal for want of jurisdiction based on Moss's alleged waiver of his right to appeal and his failure to comply with the requisites of Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 40(b)(1).
Under Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 40(b)(1),[4] a felony defendant who *189 pleads guilty or no contest and is punished in accordance with a plea bargain agreement must obtain the trial court's permission to appeal any matters except rulings on written pretrial motions and jurisdictional issues. Lyon v. State, 872 S.W.2d 732, 736 (Tex. Crim.App.), cert. denied, 512 U.S. 1209, 114 S. Ct. 2684, 129 L. Ed. 2d 816 (1994); Davis v. State, 870 S.W.2d 43, 46 (Tex.Crim.App. 1994); see also Hutchins v. State, 887 S.W.2d 207, 211 (Tex.App.-Austin 1994, pet. ref'd). Pursuant to this rule, a defendant who wishes to appeal a nonjurisdictional error following a negotiated guilty plea must state in his notice of appeal that the matter was raised in a pretrial motion or that he has the trial court's permission to appeal. TEX. R.APP.P. 40(b)(1). In other words, a general notice of appeal following a negotiated guilty plea will not confer jurisdiction on a court of appeals to consider nonjurisdictional errors. Lyon, 872 S.W.2d at 736; Davis, 870 S.W.2d at 46. The rule 40(b)(1) special notice requirements apply to a defendant like Moss who bargains for and receives deferred adjudication and who is later adjudicated guilty. Watson v. State, 924 S.W.2d 711, 714 (Tex. Crim.App.1996).
Until recently, courts were split on the issue of whether a challenge to the voluntariness of a guilty plea was a jurisdictional issue or an exception to the proviso in rule 40(b)(1), and thus appealable by a general notice of appeal.[5] The court of criminal appeals recently decided that a challenge to the voluntariness of a plea is not jurisdictional but is an exception to the proviso in rule 40(b)(1). Flowers v. State, 935 S.W.2d 131, 133-34 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996). Therefore, a defendant who pleads guilty pursuant to a plea bargain agreement may challenge by general notice of appeal (1) jurisdictional errors and (2) nonjurisdictional errors that affect the voluntariness of his plea.
Moss appeals by a general notice. We have jurisdiction if Moss raises jurisdictional issues or if he challenges the voluntariness of his plea. For the reasons set forth below, we conclude we do not have jurisdiction over Moss's second point of error, but do have jurisdiction over his first and third points of error.
In his second point of error, Moss alleges the trial court committed reversible error by failing to give the admonishment required by former article 42.12, section 5(a) and (b). Because this point does not concern the voluntariness of Moss's plea, we assume Moss asserts it as a jurisdictional defect. "Jurisdiction" is comprised of the power of the court over the "subject matter" of the case, conveyed by statute or constitutional provision, coupled with "personal" jurisdiction over the accused. E.g., Fairfield v. State, 610 S.W.2d 771, 779 (Tex.Crim.App. 1981). Moss does not challenge the trial court's jurisdiction over the subject matter of this case, a criminal proceeding involving a defendant charged with aggravated sexual assault of a child. Neither does Moss challenge the court's personal jurisdiction over him. Rather, Moss essentially contends the trial court failed to apply properly the applicable law. This argument cannot be classified as "jurisdictional" under the Fairfield test. See Fontenot, 932 S.W.2d 185, 189-91 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1996, no pet. h.) (citing Morrow v. Corbin, 122 Tex. 553, 62 S.W.2d 641, 644-45 (1933)) (trial court's actions, *190 no matter how erroneous, are not jurisdictional error so long as the court has jurisdiction over parties and subject matter of the case).[6] Because Moss appeals by a general notice and does not allege a jurisdictional defect in his second point of error, we have no jurisdiction to decide the issue. We sustain the State's motion insofar as it pertains to point of error two.
We overrule the State's motion to dismiss as it pertains to Moss's first and third points of error. In those points, Moss challenges the voluntariness of his plea. Points one and three are exempt from the requirements of rule 40(b)(1) under Flowers, supra. Furthermore, we do not agree that Moss's written and oral "waivers of right to appeal," made at the time he pleaded guilty and adjudication was deferred, deprive us of jurisdiction. First, when the district court adjudicated the previously deferred finding of guilt, no punishment had been assessed or sentence imposed. See Issa v. State, 826 S.W.2d 159, 161 (Tex.Crim.App.1992). A waiver of appeal signed before sentence is imposed is premature and not binding. Ex parte Thomas, 545 S.W.2d 469, 470 (Tex. Crim.App.1977); Ex parte Townsend, 538 S.W.2d 419, 420 (Tex.Crim.App.1976); see also Lerma v. State, 758 S.W.2d 383, 384 (Tex.App.-Austin 1988, no pet.). Second, Moss's right to appeal his conviction pursuant to article 42.12, section 5(b) had not arisen at the time Moss executed the waivers. Finally, article 42.12, section 5(b) permits a defendant to appeal "as if the adjudication of guilt had not been deferred." The statute does not limit the appeal to matters that occurred after the defendant was placed on deferred adjudication. Compare Tex. Code Crim.Proc.Ann. art. 42.12, § 5(b) with Tex.Code Crim.Proc.Ann. art. 44.01(j) (West Supp.1997) and Dillehey v. State, 815 S.W.2d 623, 626 (Tex.Crim.App.1991). For these reasons, we construe Moss's "waivers" to apply only to the right to appeal he had at the time he was placed on deferred adjudication. We do not construe the "waivers" as precluding his challenge to the voluntariness of his plea pursuant to article 42.12, section 5(b). Therefore, we conclude we have jurisdiction over Moss's first and third points of error involving the voluntariness of his guilty plea.
Voluntariness of Plea
In his first point of error, Moss alleges his plea was involuntary because the trial court did not admonish him in accordance with former article 42.12, section 5(a) and (b). The State responds that Moss failed to preserve error on this point. A trial court may accept a guilty plea only upon a showing that the plea is entered voluntarily. Tex. Code Crim.Proc.Ann. art. 26.13(b) (West 1989 & Supp.1997). We consider this requirement to be absolute and unwaivable. For that reason, we must review Moss's point of error, despite his failure to first raise it before the trial court. See Marin v. State, 851 S.W.2d 275, 280 (Tex.Crim.App.1993).
The State further contends the issuance of the admonishment was not relevant to the voluntariness of Moss's plea. We agree. When a trial court, pursuant to former article 42.12, section 5(a) and (b), deferred adjudication and placed a defendant on community supervision, the court was required to warn the defendant that he had no right to appeal any subsequent decision to adjudicate guilt. Former art. 42.12, § 5(a), (b); Ward v. State, 906 S.W.2d 182 (Tex. App.-Austin 1995, pet. ref'd). However, failure to adhere to former article 42.12, section 5(a) and (b) did not render a felony guilty plea involuntary. See Ray v. State, 919 S.W.2d 125, 127 (Tex.Crim.App.1996) (open plea); Brown v. State, 915 S.W.2d 533, 536 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1995, pet. granted) (negotiated plea); but see Graham v. State, 873 S.W.2d 709, 710 (Tex.App.-Eastland 1994, no pet.) (failure to admonish in negotiated *191 plea situation rendered prior plea involuntary). As discussed in Ray and Brown, the trial court was not obligated to give the admonishments called for by former article 42.12, section 5(a) and (b) before it accepted the guilty plea.[7] In fact, a court could decide to give deferred adjudication only after it accepted the plea and heard evidence. See Brown, 915 S.W.2d at 538. It would be absurd to require a court to give the deferred adjudication admonishments before accepting the plea and deciding to place the defendant on deferred adjudication. The legislature knows how to make an admonishment a condition precedent to a guilty plea, as is evidenced by the admonishments required by article 26.13. See Tex.Code Crim. Proc.Ann. art. 26.13 (West 1989 & Supp. 1997). Because the legislature clearly meant the former article 42.12, section 5(a) and (b) admonishment to be informational and not a condition precedent to a guilty plea, we hold the failure to admonish Moss pursuant to former article 42.12, section 5(a) and (b) did not render his prior guilty plea involuntary.
Moss argues that because his plea was negotiated, as opposed to open, we should reach a different result. He cites our opinion in Ward, where we stated that the existence of a plea bargain agreement calling for deferred adjudication was a significant fact that "arguably distinguished" the case from a situation in which the guilty plea was not negotiated. See 906 S.W.2d at 185, n. 3. Our holding today does not contradict our statement in Ward. There may be constitutional support for the contention that an admonishment like that required by former 42.12, section 5(a) and (b) should be given to a defendant before he enters a negotiated guilty plea. Cf. Ray, 919 S.W.2d at 131 (Justice Overstreet, dissenting) (failure to warn may violate constitutional due process). However, Moss does not argue his position in constitutional terms. We, therefore, decline to issue an advisory opinion on whether a trial court abridges a defendant's constitutional rights by failing to warn him, before he pleads guilty in accordance with a bargain for deferred adjudication, that he has no right to appeal a subsequent decision to adjudicate guilt. Our opinion addresses only the issue of whether the failure to admonish pursuant to former article 42.12, section 5(a) and (b) rendered a negotiated plea involuntary. The effect of a failure to comply with former 42.12, section 5(a) and (b) on a defendant's prior guilty plea is the same whether the plea was open or negotiated. We overrule Moss's first point of error.
Moss argues in his third point of error that his guilty plea was involuntary because he did not know whether he was pleading to the charge of indecency of a child or aggravated sexual assault with a child. Count I of the indictment alleged that Moss caused his sexual organ to "contact or penetrate" the mouth of a victim younger than fourteen years of age. Moss argues his confession of guilt to Count I was consistent with both indecency with a child and aggravated sexual assault. The record reveals Moss made express confessions, both oral and written, to the offense of aggravated sexual assault. There is no evidence in the record suggesting Moss intended to plead guilty to indecency with a child rather than aggravated sexual assault. Therefore, we hold Moss's plea was voluntary and overrule point of error three.
CONCLUSION
Because Moss's second point of error does not raise a jurisdictional defect and does not constitute an exception to the special notice requirements of rule 40(b)(1), we dismiss the point for lack of jurisdiction. Because we find the other two points of error to be without merit, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
NOTES
[1] See Act of May 26, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 573, § 1, 1987 Tex.Gen. Laws 2274 and Act of July 18, 1987, 70th Leg., 2d C.S., ch. 16, § 1, 1987 Tex.Gen. Laws 80 (Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.021, since amended).
[2] See Act of May 24, 1973, 63d Leg., R.S., ch. 399, § 9, 1973 Tex.Gen. Laws 883, Act of May 12, 1981, 67th Leg., R.S., ch. 202, § 1, 1981 Tex.Gen. Laws 471 and Act of May 29, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 1028, § 1, 1987 Tex.Gen. Laws 3473 (Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 21.11, since amended).
[3] See Act of May 29, 1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 785, § 4.17, 1989 Tex.Gen. Laws 3471, 3500-01 (Tex.Code Crim.Proc.Ann. art. 42.12, § 5, since amended). For convenience, we will refer to the version of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 42.12, section 5, in effect at the time of the deferred adjudication hearing as "former article 42.12, section 5."
[4] In pertinent part, Rule 40(b)(1) states:
Appeal is perfected in a criminal case by giving timely notice of appeal ... Notice of appeal shall be given in writing filed with the clerk of the trial court. Such notice shall be sufficient if it shows the desire of the defendant to appeal from the judgment or other appealable order; but if the judgment was rendered upon his plea of guilty or nolo contendere ... and the punishment assessed does not exceed the punishment recommended by the prosecutor and agreed to by the defendant and his attorney, in order to prosecute an appeal for a nonjurisdictional defect or error ... the notice shall state that the trial court granted permission to appeal or shall specify that those matters were raised by written motion and ruled on before trial.
Tex.R.App.P. 40(b)(1) (emphasis added).
[5] See Fontenot v. State, 932 S.W.2d 185, 189-91 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1996, no pet. h.) (neither jurisdictional issue nor exception to requirements of Rule 40(b)(1)); Martinez v. State, 907 S.W.2d 34, 36 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1995, no pet.) (same). But see Forcha v. State, 894 S.W.2d 506, 509 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, no pet.) (exception to requirements of Rule 40(b)(1)); Brown v. State, 915 S.W.2d 533, 536 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1995, pet granted) (same); Rodriguez v. State, 850 S.W.2d 603, 606 (Tex. App.-El Paso 1993, no pet.) (same); Miller v. State, 879 S.W.2d 336, 337 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, pet. ref'd) (same).
[6] See also Tillman v. State, 919 S.W.2d 836, 839 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1996, no pet.) (failure to admonish is not jurisdictional error); Martinez v. State, 906 S.W.2d 651, 653 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1995, pet. filed) (same); Alfaro v. State, 904 S.W.2d 173, 174-75 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1995, no pet.) (same); Brown, 915 S.W.2d at 536 (same); McGowin v. State, 912 S.W.2d 837, 841 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1995, no pet.) (same). But see Ramos v. State, 928 S.W.2d 157, 159-60 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, no pet. h.) (treating appeal of failure to admonish under article 26.13 as exception to rule 40(b)(1) requirements).
[7] Former art. 42.12, § 5(a) did not specify when the admonishments were to be given. The legislature has since amended art. 42.12, § 5(a) to clarify its intent that the trial court issue the admonishments after the court has placed the defendant on deferred adjudication. See Act of May 29, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 318, § 53, 1995 Tex.Gen. Laws 2734, 2750 (Tex.Code Crim. Proc.Ann. art. 42.12, § 5(a)).