ESTATE OF GAITHER EX REL. GAITHER v. District of Columbia

655 F. Supp. 2d 69 (2009)

ESTATE OF Mikal R. GAITHER, by and through Pearl GAITHER, Personal Representative, Plaintiff,
v.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, et al., Defendants.

Civil Action No. 03-1458 (CKK).

United States District Court, District of Columbia.

September 8, 2009.

Eric I. Goldberg, John Moustakas, Kartik N. Venguswamy, Richard Lee Matheny, Paul Richard Friedman, Goodwin Procter LLP, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff.

Corliss Vaughn Adams, Office of the Attorney General, Shameka L. Gainey, Fulbright & Jaworski, LLP, Dwayne C. Jefferson, Eric Sebastian Glover, Phillip A. Lattimore, III, Zuberi Bakari Williams, D.C. Attorney General's Office, Washington, DC, for Defendants.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY, District Judge.

The above-captioned matter was filed by Plaintiff Pearl Gaither as mother and personal representative of the Estate of Mikal R. Gaither, who was fatally stabbed on December 14, 2002, while incarcerated at the District of Columbia Central Detention Facility ("CDF" or the "Jail"). Plaintiff named as Defendants the District of Columbia ("D.C." or the "District"); Odie Washington, both individually and in his official capacity as Director (now-retired) of the D.C. Department of Corrections; Marvin L. Brown, both individually and in his official capacity as Warden (now-retired) of the Jail; Dennis Harrison, both individually and in his official capacity as Associate Warden of Operations of the Jail; Zerline Brooks, in her individual capacity; Gounod Toppin, in his individual capacity; and Joseph White, in his individual capacity^[1] (collectively, "Defendants").^[2] As set forth in Plaintiff's Second Amended Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that Gaither's death resulted from Defendants' negligence as well as their deliberate and reckless indifference to conditions at the Jail that they knew were unconstitutionally dangerous. Plaintiff asserts three causes of action in her complaint against all Defendants, alleging a claim for violation of Gaither's constitutional rights pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 ("Section 1983"), as well as claims for negligence/survival action and wrongful death.

Presently before the Court are Defendants' [146] Motion for Summary Judgment and Plaintiff's [147] Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. After thoroughly reviewing the parties' submissions, including the attachments thereto, applicable case law, statutory authority, and the record of the case as a whole, the Court shall GRANT-IN-PART and DENY-IN-PART Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment and shall GRANT-IN-PART and DENY-IN-PART Plaintiff's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, for the reasons set forth below.

More specifically, the Court GRANTS Defendants' motion insofar as Defendants seek dismissal of Plaintiff's claims against the Defendant Officials in their official capacity as redundant of her claims against the District and with respect to the Defendant Correctional Officers' claims of qualified immunity as against Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim. The Court, however, DENIES Defendants' motion insofar as Defendants assert that issue preclusion bars Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim. The Court also DENIES Defendants' motion with respect to Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim against the District, Plaintiff's negligence-based claims against all Defendants, and the Defendant Officials' claims of qualified immunity as against Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim, finding that genuine issues of disputed material fact preclude summary judgment.

With respect to Plaintiff's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff's motion as conceded to the extent she seeks an order precluding Defendants from raising an affirmative defense based on allegations that Gaither voluntarily involved himself in an altercation, but DENIES Plaintiff's motion to the extent she seeks a similar order precluding Defendants from raising such affirmative defenses based on allegations that Gaither should have notified Jail officials of his involvement with a grand jury murder investigation.

Accordingly, Plaintiff's remaining claims are as follows: (1) Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim against the District and the Defendant Officials in their individual capacities; and (2) Plaintiff's negligence-based claims against the District, the Defendant Officials in their individual capacities, and the Defendant Correctional Officers in their individual capacities.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

On December 14, 2002, Mikal Gaither was fatally stabbed by a fellow inmate while incarcerated at the Jail. Pl.'s Stmt. ¶ 1.^[3] The stabbing occurred while Gaither was housed in the in the Northeast Three Cellblock ("NE-3") of the Jail. Id. At the time of Gaither's death, Defendant Washington was Director of the D.C. Department of Corrections, Defendant Brown was the Warden for the Jail, and Defendant Harrison was the Deputy Warden for Operations at the Jail. Defs.' Stmt. ¶¶ 5-7. Defendants Toppin, Brooks, and White were the correctional officers assigned to NE-3. Id. ¶¶ 8-10.^[4]

Although neither party in their briefing now before the Court has specifically addressed Gaither's status at the Jail at the time of his death, it is the Court's understanding from previous filings in this case that Gaither was in Jail awaiting sentencing in the D.C. Superior Court, having earlier pled guilty to one felony count of distribution of cocaine.^[5] For reasons that are unclear, however, the Second Amended Complaint incorrectly alleges that "Mr. Gaither was fatally stabbed . . . while he was a pretrial detainee at the Jail awaiting trial on drug charges." Second Amended Complaint, Docket No. [34] ("Sec. Am. Compl.") ¶ 2 (emphasis added).^[6] Quite obviously, having already pled guilty, Gaither was not—as the Second Amended Complaint asserts—awaiting trial, but rather was awaiting sentencing only. The Court highlights this fact at the outset because, as will become clear below, Gaither's status at the Jail at the time of he was stabbed is constitutionally-significant.

In the wake of Gaither's death, the D.C. Metropolitan Police Department ("MPD") conducted an investigation into his stabbing at the Jail, and concluded that two of Gaither's fellow inmates at the Jail, Delonte Kent and Matthew Ingram, had forced Gaither into an open cell in the NE-3 cellblock, where they proceeded to stab him, causing the injuries that ultimately killed Gaither. Pl.'s Stmt. ¶¶ 13-14. A D.C. Superior Court Grand Jury indicted Kent and Ingram for Gaither's First-Degree Murder. Id. ¶ 14. The Grand Jury found that Gaither had been killed because of his previous involvement in the grand jury investigation into the murder of an individual by the name of Kenneth Muldrow, Jr. Pl.'s Stmt. ¶ 15. Ingram and Kent were subsequently tried for Gaither's murder, but were found "not guilty" by the jury on December 13, 2006. See Joint Status Report and Consent Motion to Lift Stay, Docket [30].

The remaining facts surrounding Gaither's incarceration at the Jail in December of 2002 are largely in dispute. In particular, the parties disagree as to many of the material facts relating to the policies, procedures and practices, as well as the conduct of the Defendant Correctional Officers, that Plaintiff alleges led to Gaither's death. Given the sheer number of factual issues raised by the parties and the number of allegations and defendants involved in this lawsuit, for clarity's sake, the Court shall address the remaining facts below in discussing and ruling upon the parties' specific arguments.

B. Procedural Background

As explained above, Plaintiff, as mother and personal representative of the Estate of Mikal R. Gaither, filed the above-captioned lawsuit on July 1, 2003. See Compl., Docket No. [1]. On October 6, 2003—before Defendants' response to Plaintiff's complaint was due—the District moved, with Plaintiff's consent, for an order staying this civil case pending resolution of the criminal investigation into Gaither's death that was being conducted by the MPD. See Consent Mot. of Def. D.C. to Stay Pending Outcome of Criminal Case, Docket No. [7]. The Court granted the District's motion, and the case was stayed, effective October 8, 2003, pending further notice from the parties. See 10/8/03 Min. Order. The stay remained in place until January 4, 2007, when the Court granted the parties' joint request to lift the stay based upon their representation that the criminal investigation into Gaither's death was now complete and the related criminal trials had recently concluded. See Joint Status Report and Consent Mot. to Lift Stay, Docket No. [30]; see also 1/4/07 Min. Order.

Plaintiff filed her Second Amended Complaint on February 9, 2007, shortly after the stay in this case had been lifted. See Sec. Am. Compl., Docket No. [34]. Plaintiff asserts three separate causes of action against Defendants. First, Plaintiff sets forth a claim pursuant to Section 1983 for violation of Gaither's Fifth Amendment rights. More specifically, with respect to the Defendant Officials (in both their official and individual capacities) and the District (whom Plaintiff asserts is liable for the conduct of the Defendant Officials), Plaintiff alleges that they subjected Gaither to a "serious and unreasonable risk of violent injury as a result of the unconstitutional conditions at the Jail that were well-known to the defendant officials," including "pervasive violence; overcrowding; a shortage of necessary correctional officers; inadequate training of correctional officers; negligent supervision of correctional officers; inadequate policies, procedures, and practices for critical staffing, classification, and security; and failure to enforce such policies, procedures, and practices relating to critical staffing and security that were in effect." Id. ¶ 63. According to Plaintiff, the "[d]efendant officials' ongoing failure to address these unconstitutionally dangerous conditions was the result of a conscious and deliberate decision or of reckless disregard for the safety of inmates at the Jail," which conduct violated Gaither's Fifth Amendment rights in two distinct ways: one, by "directly and proximately caus[ing] Gaither's injuries and death in violation of the Fifth Amendment and 42 U.S.C. § 1983;" and two, by being of such an "egregious and outrageous [nature] that it shocks the contemporary conscience, thereby also depriving plaintiff of substantive due process in violation of the Fifth Amendment and 42 U.S.C. § 1983." Id. ¶¶ 64-66.

With respect to the Defendant Correctional Officers, Plaintiff alleges that "one of the three correctional officers assigned to the NE-3 Housing Unit left her post with the acquiescence of the other assigned correctional officers without first arranging for temporary coverage of her post by a relief officer," and that "[t]his and other conduct by the defendant correctional officers was deliberately indifferent to and recklessly disregarded the substantial and unreasonable risk of harm to Gaither," thereby violating Gaither's Fifth Amendment rights in two distinct ways: one, by "proximately caus[ing] his injuries and death," and two, by being of such an "egregious and outrageous [nature] that it shocks the contemporary conscience." Id. ¶¶ 69-71.

Second, Plaintiff alleges a negligence/survival action against all Defendants. With respect to the Defendant Officials, Plaintiff asserts that they "failed to require reasonably frequent and unannounced housing unit, inmate, and cell shakedowns; to provide for the installation of metal detectors and necessary security cameras; to provide adequate numbers of correctional officers to cellblocks at all times; and to provide proper training and supervision for correctional officers and other employees." Id. ¶ 75. Plaintiff further alleges that the "Defendant officials knew, or should have known that, as a result of these and other necessary and generally accepted prison-security policies, practices and resources for which they had responsibility, it was reasonably foreseeable that pre-trial detainees such as Gaither would be attacked and seriously injured by other inmates." Id. ¶ 75. With respect to the Defendant Correctional Officers, Plaintiff alleges that they "knew or should have known that, as a result of their failure to maintain a level of three correctional officers on duty at all times during the day and evening shifts in Northeast Three cellblock; to control contraband; and to take practical steps to control and monitor the activity and movement of inmates when they were permitted to leave their cells, it was reasonably foreseeable that inmates such as Gaither would be attacked and seriously injured by other inmates." Id. ¶ 76. Finally, with respect to the District, Plaintiff alleges that D.C. is "vicariously liable under the doctrine of respondeat superior for the acts or omissions" of both the Defendant Officials and the Defendant Correctional Officers. Id. ¶ 77.

Third, Plaintiff asserts a claim for wrongful death against all Defendants, alleging that "[a]s a direct and proximate result" of the Defendants' negligence, as described above, "Decedent Mikal Gaither died on or about December 15, 2002." Id. ¶ 80.

Currently pending before the Court are Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment, see Docket No. [146], and Plaintiff's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, see Docket No. [147]. The parties have each filed their respective oppositions and replies. See Defs.' Opp'n, Docket No. [157]; Pl.'s Opp'n, Docket No. [155]; Defs.' Reply, Docket No. [162]; Pl.'s Reply, Docket No. [163]. The motions are thus fully briefed and now ripe for the Court's resolution.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, a party is entitled to summary judgment "if the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). See also Tao v. Freeh, 27 F.3d 635, 638 (D.C.Cir.1994). Under the summary judgment standard, the moving party bears the "initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for [its] motion, and identifying those portions of the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits which [it] believe[s] demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S. Ct. 2548, 91 L. Ed. 2d 265 (1986). In response, the non-moving party must "go beyond the pleadings and by [its] own affidavits, or depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, `designate' specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Id. at 324, 106 S. Ct. 2548 (internal citations omitted).

Although a court should draw all inferences from the supporting records submitted by the nonmoving party, the mere existence of a factual dispute, by itself, is insufficient to bar summary judgment. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1986). To be material, the factual assertion must be capable of affecting the substantive outcome of the litigation; to be genuine, the issue must be supported by sufficient admissible evidence that a reasonable trier-of-fact could find for the nonmoving party. Laningham v. U.S. Navy, 813 F.2d 1236, 1242-43 (D.C.Cir.1987); Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 251, 106 S. Ct. 2505 (the court must determine "whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law"). "If the evidence is merely colorable, or is not sufficiently probative, summary judgment may be granted." Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 249-50, 106 S. Ct. 2505 (internal citations omitted). "Mere allegations or denials in the adverse party's pleadings are insufficient to defeat an otherwise proper motion for summary judgment." Williams v. Callaghan, 938 F. Supp. 46, 49 (D.D.C.1996). The adverse party must do more than simply "show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts." Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S. Ct. 1348, 89 L. Ed. 2d 538 (1986). Instead, while the movant bears the initial responsibility of identifying those portions of the record that demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact, the burden shifts to the non-movant to "come forward with `specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.'" Id. at 587, 106 S. Ct. 1348 (citing Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e)) (emphasis in original).

III. DISCUSSION

The Court turns first to consider Defendants' motion for summary judgment, which advances several arguments—many in the alternative—with respect to both Plaintiff's constitutionally-based and negligence-based claims. First, Defendants argue that Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim, as asserted against all Defendants, is barred by the doctrine of issue preclusion. Second, Defendants contend that Plaintiff's claims (both constitutionally-based and negligence-based) against the Defendant Officials in their official capacity, as opposed to their individual capacity, should be dismissed as redundant of her claims against the District. Third, Defendants assert that Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim against the District must fail because Plaintiff cannot substantively prove her claim for municipal liability. Fourth and fifth, Defendants contend that the Defendant Officials and the Defendant Correctional Officers, respectively, are entitled to qualified immunity as against Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim. Fifth and finally, Defendants argue that Plaintiff's negligence-based claims against all Defendants must fail because she cannot show that the Defendants violated any applicable national standards of care.^[7]

The Court will then consider the merits of Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment. Plaintiff has moved on the sole issue of Gaither's contributory negligence and/or assumption of risk, arguing that there is no evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude that Gaither contributed to or caused his own death. Plaintiff therefore seeks an order precluding Defendants from raising the defense of contributory negligence and/or assumption of risk at trial.

A. The Doctrine of Issue Preclusion Does Not Bar Plaintiff's Section 1983 Claim

Defendants first contend that Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim against all Defendants is barred because "the issue of whether there existed constitutional violations at the Jail in December 2002, and whether the Jail officials exhibited deliberate indifference to the health and safety of the pretrial detainees and inmates, was already decided in the negative by the U.S. District Court [of the District of Columbia] in March 2003," in an order issued in two related civil actions: Campbell v. McGruder, Civil Act. No. 71-1462, and Inmates of D.C. Jail v. Jackson, Civil Act. No. 75-1668. Defs.' MSJ at 21. For the reasons set forth below, the Court finds that Defendants have failed to meet their burden of demonstrating that issue preclusion applies to bar Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim.

As an initial matter, although Defendants broadly contend that "[t]he doctrines of res judicata and/or issue preclusion bars [sic] plaintiff's constitutional claims," Defs.' MSJ at 20-21, it is apparent upon closer review that Defendants have in fact relied only on the doctrine of issue preclusion in arguing that Plaintiff is barred from litigating certain issues. The doctrine of res judicata, which is aimed at "`prevent[ing] repetitious litigation involving the same causes of action or the same issues,'" is "`usually [] parsed into claim and issue preclusion.'" NextWave Pers. Commc'n, Inc. v. Fed. Commc'n Comm'n, 254 F.3d 130, 142-43 (D.C.Cir.2001) (quoting I.A.M. Nat'l Pension Fund v. Indus. Gear Mfg. Co., 723 F.2d 944, 946 (D.C.Cir. 1983)). "`Under the claim preclusion aspect of res judicata, a final judgment on the merits in a prior suit involving the same parties or their privies bars subsequent suits based on the same cause of action.'" Id. at 143 (quoting I.A.M Nat'l Pension Fund, 723 F.2d at 946-47). It applies whether or not the new claims were actually litigated in the previous action; rather, "[i]t is sufficient if the claims `could have been raised' at an earlier juncture." Velikonja v. Ashcroft, 355 F. Supp. 2d 197, 201 (D.D.C.2005). By contrast, "`[u]nder the issue preclusion aspect of res judicata, a final judgment on the merits in a prior suit precludes subsequent relitigation of issues actually litigated and determined in the prior suit, regardless of whether the subsequent suit is based on the same cause of action.'" NextWave, 254 F.3d at 147 (quoting I.A.M Nat'l Pension Fund, 723 F.2d at 947).

Defendants, unfortunately, have ignored this distinction. They repeatedly assert in their briefing that Plaintiff's claims are barred by "res judicata and/or issue preclusion" without clarifying whether, by adding the phrase "res judicata," they intended to assert that Plaintiff's claims are barred by claim preclusion as well as issue preclusion. See generally Defs.' MSJ at 19-23. Plaintiff has treated Defendants' arguments on this point as asserting both issue and claim preclusion. See Pl.'s Opp'n at 2-6. It is apparent, however, that Defendants have in actuality relied solely on the doctrine of issue preclusion—and not the related doctrine of claim preclusion— in arguing that Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim is barred. For example, Defendants' memorandum in support of their motion for summary judgment sets forth only the elements for issue preclusion (and not for claim preclusion), and cites solely to case law discussing the doctrine of issue preclusion (and not to the doctrine of claim preclusion). See Defs.' MSJ at 19-23. In addition, Defendants have made no attempt to demonstrate that the particular causes of action in the prior lawsuits are identical to those brought in the pending matter, as is necessary in proving the application of claim preclusion. See generally id.; see also Defs.' Reply at 36-37. Finally, Defendants themselves make clear that their arguments on this point are based on an assertion that "the plaintiff in this case cannot relitigate [certain] issues in this lawsuit" that were, according to Defendants, already raised in and decided by the district court in Campbell and Inmates of D.C. Jail. Defs.' MSJ at 2 (emphasis added). Thus, despite the lack of clarity in Defendants' briefing, it is apparent that Defendants assert a defense of issue preclusion only. Accordingly, the Court proceeds with the understanding that Defendants' res judicata argument is premised solely on the doctrine of issue preclusion.

Turning then to the merits of Defendants' briefing, Defendants argue that Plaintiff's constitutional claim is barred by the litigation in the Campbell and Inmates of D.C. Jail v. Jackson actions. Defs.' MSJ at 21. Campbell and Inmates of D.C. Jail were both class action lawsuits brought in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia by pretrial detainees and convicted prisoners, respectively, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against various allegedly unconstitutional conditions at the Jail. See Campbell v. McGruder, 580 F.2d 521, 524 (D.C.Cir.1978); Inmates of D.C. Jail v. Jackson, 416 F. Supp. 119, 120 (D.D.C.1976). In March of 2003, after more than thirty years of ongoing litigation and court-oversight, Judge William B. Bryant granted the District's motion to terminate all orders for prospective relief previously issued and ordered the cases dismissed. See Campbell v. McGruder, Civil Act. No. 71-1462, Docket No. [867], ("March 21, 2003 Order"). According to Defendants, the March 21, 2003 Order bars Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim because "the issue of whether there existed constitutional violations at the Jail in December 2002, and whether the Jail officials exhibited deliberate indifference to the health and safety of the pretrial detainees and inmates was already decided in the negative by the U.S. District Court [of the District of Columbia] in March 2003." Defs.' MSJ at 21.

In order to demonstrate that issue preclusion applies, the following three conditions must be met:

First, the same issue now being raised must have been contested by the parties and submitted for judicial determination in the prior case. Second, the issue must have been actually and necessarily determined by a court of competent jurisdiction in that prior case. Third, preclusion in the second case must not work a basic unfairness to the party bound by the first determination.

Yamaha Corp. of Am. v. United States, 961 F.2d 245, 254 (D.C.Cir.1992) (internal citations omitted). Claim preclusion is an affirmative defense, and Defendants, as the party proponent, bear the burden of establishing all necessary elements. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(c); see also Am. Fed'n of Gov't Employees v. Fed. Labor Relations Auth., 835 F.2d 1458, 1463 (D.C.Cir.1987) (proponent has "the burden of proving res judicata"). Plaintiff contends that Defendants have failed to demonstrate that the issues now raised by Plaintiff were considered and resolved by the court in Campbell and Inmates of D.C. Jail. Pl.'s Opp'n at 6-9. The Court agrees.

As an initial matter, Defendants paint with too broad a brush. The mere fact that both the instant action and the previous civil matters both involve—at the most abstract level—allegations of "constitutional violations" at the Jail is insufficient, by itself, to demonstrate that Plaintiff's constitutional claims are barred by issue preclusion. There are, quite obviously, a wide variety of "constitutional violations" that an individual may allege, but Defendants have made no effort to identify with any degree of specificity the precise constitutional issues in question. Similarly, Defendants' broad claim that both cases involve claims about "deliberate indifference" by Jail officials is insufficient to show that issue preclusion is appropriate. Of course, when viewed from 20,000 feet, almost any case that raises allegations of unconstitutional jailhouse conditions may be said to raise and resolve the same general "issue." That, however, is not sufficient. Although the issues raised in and resolved by the previous litigation need not be "precisely the same" as those now raised by Plaintiff, the D.C. Circuit has advised that "the basic issue in both" cases must "nevertheless" be the same. McLaughlin v. Bradlee, 803 F.2d 1197, 1203 (D.C.Cir.1986) (internal quotation marks omitted). In considering whether issues are sufficiently similar for purposes of issue preclusion, courts consider whether: (a) "the issues in the two suits are very `closely related;'" (b) "there remains at least `a substantial overlap between the evidence or argument to be advanced in the second proceeding and that advanced in the first;'" and (c) "evidentiary proceedings in the first action could `reasonably be expected to have embraced the matter sought to be presented in the second.'" Id. (quoting Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 27, comment c (1982)). In this case, Defendants have made no effort to address any of these factors or otherwise demonstrate that the constitutional violations alleged in this case are the same as those in the Campbell/Inmates of D.C. Jail litigation. For this reason alone, Defendants' claim of issue preclusion must fail.

Regardless, the Court finds that the specific issues raised by Plaintiff in the instant litigation—when considered in the proper scope—were not actually decided by the March 21, 2003 Order in Campbell/Inmates of D.C. Jail, as Defendants claim. On first blush, Defendants' argument appears to have some merit. Plaintiff's suit alleges that unconstitutional conditions at the Jail in late 2002 led to a series of inmate-on-inmate stabbing attacks in December of that year, including the lethal attack on Gaither. See Sec. Am. Compl. Similarly, the Campbell and Inmates of D.C. Jail actions alleged unconstitutional conditions at the Jail. Although the earlier actions principally focused on environmental and health issues—such as violations of D.C. Building Code, Plumbing Code, Housing Regulations, Health Regulations, Food Regulations and Fire Code— that are not at issue in this case, the actions also appear to have touched upon safety issues, such as overcrowding and inadequate classification systems, that are also at issue in Plaintiff's suit. See Inmates of D.C. Jail, 416 F.Supp. at 123, 125. Nonetheless, upon closer review, it is clear that none of the issues now raised by Plaintiff in fact were raised and decided by the March 21, 2003 Order as Defendants claim.

The Court's analysis begins with the March 21, 2003 Order itself.^[8] That order, however, is little more than two pages long and contains no substantive discussion or description of the issues raised and decided by Judge Bryant. See March 21, 2003 Order. Although Defendants contend that the March 21, 2003 Order "clearly" decided that there were no constitutional violations at the Jail in December 2002, and that Jail officials had not exhibited deliberate indifference to the health and safety of the pretrial detainees and inmates, see Defs.' MSJ at 21, the order itself includes no such sweeping conclusions. Rather, the March 21, 2003 Order states in substance only that "the Court does not find that prospective relief remains necessary to correct current and ongoing violations of Federal rights at the" Jail, without specifying what "Federal rights" were at issue. March 21, 2003 Order at 2. The March 21, 2003 Order itself thus sheds little light on the actual issues decided by Judge Bryant.

Accordingly, to help illuminate the precise issues raised in and decided by the March 21, 2003 Order, Plaintiff, in opposition to Defendants' motion, has provided the Court with copies of the parties' briefing filed in Campbell/Inmates of D.C. Jail with respect to the March 21, 2003 Order. See Pl.'s Opp'n, Ex. 3 (The Special Officer's Report on Issues Related to Environmental Conditions at the D.C. Jail, March 7, 2003); Ex. 4 (Mem. in Opp'n to Defs.' Mot. to Terminate); Ex. 5 (Mem. in Support of D.C.'s Mot. to Terminate Population Limitation); Ex. 6 (Mem. in Support of D.C.'s Mot. to Terminate). As becomes apparent upon review of that briefing, Judge Bryant's decision, as set forth in the March 21, 2003 Order, related only to environmental conditions in the Jail, such as bed space, temperature control and ventilation, clothing requests, maintenance repairs, issuance of basic supplies, clothing and linen exchange, sanitation and housekeeping issues, etc. See generally Pl.'s Opp'n, Ex. 3 (The Special Officer's Report on Issues Related to Environmental Conditions at the D.C. Jail, March 7, 2003); Ex. 4 (Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Opposition to Defendants' Motion to Terminate) at 5; Ex. 6 (Mem. in Support of D.C.'s Mot. to Terminate) at 5-17. These issues are, quite obviously, not the same basic issues raised by Plaintiff in the instant litigation.

Moreover, contrary to Defendants' assertions, the precise issues now raised by Plaintiff in the instant litigation were given little, if any, attention by the parties in their briefing submitted with respect to the March 21, 2003 Order. Indeed, the only mention in either the parties' briefing or the Court's March 21, 2003 Order of inmate-on-inmate violence is a brief one paragraph summary in the District's briefing submitted to Judge Bryant, which includes a mere sentence noting that in December of 2002 "two inmates were murdered in unrelated assaults and a third inmate was stabbed in another unrelated incident." See Pl.'s Opp'n, Ex. 6 (Mem. in Support of D.C.'s Mot'n to Terminate) at 9.

In addition, although, as discussed above, certain issues—such as overcrowding at the Jail—appear to have been raised in the course of the Campbell/Inmates of D.C. Jail litigation, these matters were not at issue in the March 21, 2003 Order. For example, although Judge Bryant had imposed a population limitation in July 1985 to address the problem of overcrowding, the population cap was subsequently terminated in June of 2002, well before the December 2002 incidents that are the focus of Plaintiff's suit; issues relating to overcrowding and the imposed population cap were thus resolved before Gaither's death and before the March 21, 2003 Order Defendants now rely upon. See Defs.' Stmt. ¶ 2.

Ultimately, the Court finds that Defendants have failed to demonstrate that the particular issues raised by Plaintiff in the instant lawsuit regarding alleged overcrowded conditions and inadequate staffing, training and supervision, as well as deficiencies in security policies and practices that existed in December of 2002, were raised in or decided by Judge Bryant in his March 21, 2003 Order. The mere fact that this case and the Campbell/Inmates of D.C. Jail matters both involve, at the most general level, allegations of unconstitutional violations does not support a finding that issue preclusion bars Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim. Although Defendants appear to believe that the March 21, 2003 Order should be read to preclude any inmate who was incarcerated prior March 21, 2003 from litigating any allegations of constitutional violations at the Jail, the Court is not so persuaded. Accordingly, the Court concludes that the application of the doctrine of issue preclusion is inappropriate in this case. Defendants' motion for summary judgment is therefore DENIED with respect to their res judicata claims.

B. Plaintiff's Claims Against the Defendant Officials in their Official Capacity are Redundant

Defendants next contend that Plaintiff's claims (both her Section 1983 claim as well as her negligence-based claims) against the Defendant Officials in their official capacity—as opposed to their individual capacities—are redundant of the Plaintiff's claims against the District and therefore cannot be maintained. Defs.' MSJ at 23-24. As Defendants correctly observe, "[a]n official capacity suit `is not a suit against the official personally, for the real party in interest is the entity.'" Robinson v. D.C., 403 F. Supp. 2d 39, 49 (D.D.C. 2005). "This Circuit has recognized that `[a] section 1983 suit for damages against municipal officials in their official capacities is ... equivalent to a suit against the municipality itself.'" Id. (quoting Atchinson v. D.C., 73 F.3d 418, 424 (D.C.Cir. 1996)). "Likewise, `a tort action brought against city officials in their official capacities is equivalent to an action against the city itself.'" Id. (quoting Barnes v. D.C., Civ. No. 03-2547, 2005 WL 1241132, at *3 (D.D.C. May 24, 2005)). "Accordingly, `a plaintiff seeking to recover on a damages judgment in an official-capacity suit must look to the government entity itself.'" Id. (quoting Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 166, 105 S. Ct. 3099, 87 L. Ed. 2d 114 (1985)).

In light of this reality, district courts in this Circuit routinely dismiss claims brought against District officials in their official capacities where such claims are duplicative of claims brought against the District itself.

Although neither the Supreme Court nor the District of Columbia Circuit have held that government officials sued in their official capacities in conjunction with suits also filed against the municipality should be summarily dismissed, this is the overwhelming approach that has been taken by members of this Court, as well as the position taken by other courts. This approach is based on the theory that retaining the official as a named defendant is a "redundant and an inefficient use of judicial resources."

Price v. D.C., 545 F. Supp. 2d 89, 94 (D.D.C. 2008) (quoting Chisholm v. Superior Court of D.C., No. 06-2174, 2007 WL 1601718, at *2 (D.D.C. June 4, 2007)) (collecting cases). Pursuant to this approach, courts consistently dismiss as duplicative both Section 1983 and tort claims asserted against District officials in their official capacity. See, e.g., Hardy v. D.C., 601 F. Supp. 2d 182, 186-87 (D.D.C.2009) ("Because plaintiffs make the same claims against the District of Columbia, the same claims against [former Director of D.C. Department of Corrections] and [former Jail Warden] in their official capacities are redundant and will be dismissed."); Price, 545 F.Supp.2d at 94-96 (dismissing Section 1983 and negligence claims against District officials as "not only redundant but also unnecessary when the municipality is also a named defendant"); Cotton v. D.C., 421 F. Supp. 2d 83, 86 (D.D.C.2006) (dismissing tort claims against District officials as "duplicative" where plaintiff also named D.C. as defendant and D.C. had filed an answer to plaintiff's complaint); Robinson, 403 F.Supp.2d at 49 (dismissing plaintiff's Section 1983 and Survival Act claims against Chief of the MPD in his official capacity as "clearly duplicative of her claims against the District itself").

Plaintiff nonetheless objects, arguing that "untimely dismissal [of Plaintiff's claims] would otherwise work an injustice to limit Plaintiff's ability to choose how she presents her claims to a jury." Pl.'s Opp'n at 21. Plaintiff, however, has not directed the Court to any legal authority in support of her position, and the Court is not so persuaded. As her official-capacity claims against the Defendant Officials merge into her claims against the District, Plaintiff suffers no prejudice from dismissal of these claims, and, as demonstrated above, the weight of the case law in this district counsels in favor of dismissing the redundant claims at this stage in the litigation. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendants' motion to the extent they seek dismissal of Plaintiff's claims against the Defendant Officials in their official capacities.

C. Plaintiff's Section 1983 Claim Against the District Survives Summary Judgment

As explained above, Plaintiff's Second Amended Complaint asserts a claim pursuant to Section 1983 for violation of Gaither's Fifth Amendment rights against the District, alleging that the District is liable for the Defendant Officials' actions (or lack thereof).^[9] According to Plaintiff, the Defendant Officials subjected Gaither to a "serious and unreasonable risk of violent injury as a result of the unconstitutional conditions at the Jail that were well-known to the defendant officials," including "pervasive violence; overcrowding; a shortage of necessary correctional officers; inadequate training of correctional officers; negligent supervision of correctional officers; inadequate policies, procedures, and practices for critical staffing, classification, and security; and failure to enforce such policies, procedures, and practices relating to critical staffing and security that were in effect." Sec. Am. Compl. ¶ 63. Plaintiff asserts that the Defendant Officials' "ongoing failure to address these unconstitutionally dangerous conditions" violated Gaither's Fifth Amendment rights. Id. ¶¶ 64-66. Defendants have moved for summary judgment on this claim, arguing that the Plaintiff cannot establish municipal liability against the District as required under Section 1983. Defs.' MSJ at 24-29. Defendants, in so moving, have organized their arguments around four general topics based upon Plaintiff's allegations in her complaint—namely, classification, staffing, security and training/supervision. Accordingly, in addressing Defendants' arguments, the Court shall do the same.

Before doing so, however, the Court first pauses to review the relevant legal standards implicated by Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim against the District—a task which neither party has attempted. Indeed, the parties have both largely failed to provide any discussion of the legal framework necessary for resolution of Plaintiff's claims. As a result, the briefs submitted by the parties focus almost entirely on factual allegations in a manner wholly divorced from the relevant legal standards. One glaring consequence of the poor quality of the parties' briefing is the failure to properly establish the appropriate constitutional standards that apply in this case, a question to which the Court now turns.

Section 1983 allows a plaintiff to seek monetary damages from government officials who have violated his or her constitutional rights. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983. A municipality, such as the District, is also subject to suit under Section 1983, but its liability is limited only to circumstances "when execution of a government's policy or custom ... inflicts the injury that the government as an entity is responsible under § 1983." Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Servs. of City of N. Y., 436 U.S. 658, 694, 98 S. Ct. 2018, 56 L. Ed. 2d 611 (1978). In this case, Plaintiff has brought a Section 1983 claim based on allegations that conditions at the Jail violated Gaither's constitutional rights—and more specifically, his Fifth Amendment rights. Significantly, however, although it is undisputed that the United States Constitution imposes certain obligations on prison officials to ensure the health and safety of incarcerated individuals, whether that right is guaranteed under the Fifth Amendment (as Plaintiff alleges) or under the Eighth Amendment depends upon the status of the incarcerated individual—a point that neither party has addressed.

It is well established that the Eighth Amendment's prohibition on "cruel and unusual punishment" imposes various obligations upon prison officials, including as is relevant to the case at hand, a "duty... to protect prisoners from violence at the hands of other prisoners." Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 833, 114 S. Ct. 1970, 128 L. Ed. 2d 811 (1994) (internal quotation marks omitted). It is equally well settled, however, that the "[Eighth] Amendment's prohibition applies only to persons who are subject to `punishment,'" which excludes "pretrial detainees ... who have not been adjudicated as guilty of any crime and are therefore not subject to `punishment.'" Powers-Bunce v. D.C., 479 F. Supp. 2d 146, 153 (D.D.C.2007). Accordingly, courts have recognized that pretrial detainees have an independent due-process right under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments^[10] to humane conditions while incarcerated. Hardy v. D.C., 601 F. Supp. 2d 182, 188 (D.D.C.2009). Although the exact contours of a pretrial detainee's right under the Fifth Amendment have not yet been established, it is clear that the Eighth Amendment provides a pretrial detainee "at least as great as the analogous Eighth Amendment right." Id. (internal quotations marks omitted) (emphasis in original). Thus, although the rights under the Fifth and Eighth Amendments are comparable, it appears that the Fifth Amendment may provide a greater degree of protection to pretrial detainees who are not yet subject to punishment of any kind.

Accordingly, whether an individual is a pretrial detainee is constitutionally-significant. But, as discussed above, see supra at pp. 75-76, the parties have not actually briefed the issue. The question therefore remains: is Gaither—as an individual who had already pled guilty, but had not yet been sentenced—a pretrial detainee, whose rights are guaranteed under the Fifth Amendment, or is he a convicted inmate, whose rights are guaranteed under the Eighth Amendment.^[11] The majority of courts that have considered this question have held that an individual who has been convicted and/or pled guilty is not a pretrial detainee for purposes of the Fifth Amendment?^[12] It appears from the Court's own brief research that this is an open question in this Circuit, although case law suggests that the D.C. Circuit would follow the majority approach. See Campbell v. McGruder, 580 F.2d 521, 527 (D.C.Cir.1978) ("pretrial detainees ... are presumed innocent. They are unconvicted of any crime.") (emphasis added). Quite clearly, if the Court were to find that an individual who has pled guilty but has not yet been sentenced should be treated as a convicted inmate, rather than a pretrial detainee, for constitutional purposes of evaluating a failure-to-protect claim, Plaintiff's allegations that the Defendants violated Gaither's Fifth Amendment rights are, to say the least, on shaky ground.

Nonetheless, the Court need not—and indeed, shall not—resolve this question on the inadequate record now before it. As an initial matter, although the Fifth Amendment may offer greater protection than the Eighth Amendment, courts have generally employed the same standard of "deliberate indifference" to measure whether prison officials have violated an individual's right to humane conditions under either the Fifth or Eighth Amendment. See, e.g., Hardy, 601 F.Supp.2d at 189 ("Because a pretrial detainee's rights under the Fifth Amendment are at least as great as those afforded to a convicted prisoner under the Eighth Amendment, applying the Eighth Amendment `deliberate indifference' standard to measure whether the plaintiffs have alleged a violation of their clearly established Fifth Amendment rights is appropriate."). Moreover, as presented by the parties, Defendants' motion for summary judgment turns, not on questions of law, but on questions of fact. Defendants have primarily argued that they are entitled to summary judgment because "[P]laintiff cannot show deficiencies in the District's customs, policies, and/or practices." Defs.' MSJ at 28.^[13] The Court concludes that factual disputes preclude Defendants' motion for summary. Accordingly, because it is apparent that genuine disputes of material fact exist regardless of the appropriate legal standard to be applied in this case, the Court finds that— based solely on the arguments presented— Defendants are not entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim.

1. Plaintiff's Allegations that the District's Classification Policies, Procedures and Practices were Inadequate Survive Summary Judgment

As explained above, Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim against the District is based, in part, on allegations that the Defendant Officials failed to address certain unconstitutional conditions, including "inadequate policies, procedures, and practices for ... classification." Sec. Am. Compl. ¶ 63. More specifically, Plaintiff alleges that the Defendant Officials failed to implement "an effective inmate classification system and to evaluate and assign safe housing and supervision" to inmates. Id. ¶ 30; see also id. ¶ 31. Defendants contend that they are entitled to summary judgment as to these allegations because there is no evidence that Gaither himself was improperly classified. Defs.' MSJ at 26-27. Plaintiff has opposed Defendants' motion, asserting that existing factual disputes preclude summary judgment. Pl.'s Opp'n at 11. Upon consideration of the record evidence submitted by the parties, the Court agrees with Plaintiff that disputed issues of material fact render summary judgment inappropriate.

The relevant facts in the record related to the issue of classification are as follows. Upon admission to the Jail in December of 2002, Gaither was classified as Pretrial/General Population. Defs.' Stmt. ¶ 17. Although there is no evidence in the record as to what specific classification Gaither was given at that time—i.e., whether Gaither was classified at the "minimum," "medium," or "maximum" security level—the parties agree that Gaither had never been charged with, or convicted of, a violent crime and had no history of violence in the Jail. See Pl.'s Resp. ¶¶ 36, 37. Nonetheless, on December 14, 2002, Gaither was assigned to the NE-3 cellblock, which at that time housed together both inmates classified as Maximum as well as inmates classified as Pre-Trial Minimum and Minimum. Pl.'s Resp. ¶¶ 36, 45.

Plaintiff has introduced testimony from two expert penologists that this practice, as well as the Jail's classification system in general, was inadequate. For example, Plaintiff's expert E. Eugene Miller has opined that "the Jail's approach to classification at the time of Gaither's murder did not comply with generally accepted practices in the field," and that, had the Jail implemented the recommended changes to its classification system (as referenced in Plaintiff's Second Amended Complaint), "Gaither—with no convictions for violent crimes and no institutional history of violent behavior—would not have been housed with predatory inmates with violent convictions and/or violent institutional histories." Pl.'s Opp'n, Ex. 8 (Expert Report of E. Eugene Miller) (hereinafter, "Miller Report") at 10. Similarly, Plaintiff's expert James E. Aiken has opined that "Gaither should have been separate (i.e., assigned to a different cellblock) from violent inmates," and that the "absence of a system for separating predatory inmates from non-disruptive inmates created an unsafe environment for many inmates, including Gaither." Pl.'s Opp'n, Ex. 20 (Expert Report of James E. Aiken) (hereinafter "Aiken Report") at 19-20. Defendants, in filing for summary judgment, have not provided any expert testimony to rebut these conclusions.

Despite the above evidence, Defendants have moved for summary judgment, arguing that Plaintiff cannot establish that "Mikal Gaither was improperly classified when he was housed with murderers." Defs.' MSJ at 26. Defendants' argument is not well taken. As demonstrated above, Plaintiff has introduced expert testimony supporting her position that the Jail's classification system was inadequate and that Gaither was inappropriately housed in the same cellblock as violent offenders. Although Defendants contend that Plaintiff's experts "have failed to support those allegations," Defendants' argument on this point is based upon a mischaracterization of the expert's deposition testimony. See id. Defendants appear to concede as much as they have failed to respond in their Reply to Plaintiff's assertion, as set forth in her opposition, that Defendants have misstated the record evidence. See generally Defs.' Reply. Indeed, Defendants' Reply is silent as to Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim against the District based upon alleged deficiencies in the Jail's classification system. Accordingly, based on the record above, the Court finds that genuine issues of disputed material fact preclude summary judgment and therefore DENIES Defendants' motion with respect to Plaintiff's allegations that the District failed to implement an adequate classification system.

2. Plaintiff's Allegations that the District's Staffing Policies, Procedures and Practices were Inadequate Survive Summary Judgment

In support of her Section 1983 claim against the District, Plaintiff has also alleged that the Defendant Officials failed to address the "shortage of necessary correctional officers" at the Jail as well as the Jail's "inadequate policies, procedures, and practices for critical staffing," and also "fail[ed] to enforce such policies, procedures and practices relating to critical staffing ... as were in effect." Sec. Am. Compl. ¶ 63. Defendants move for summary judgment on these allegations, arguing that "[t]here is [] no evidence in this record that the District's staffing levels did not satisfy the demand standard required." Defs.' MSJ at 27. According to Defendants, the Jail's staffing policy in effect in December of 2002 required only "that two officers be present at all times," and, because it is undisputed that "two officers were present when the stabbing occurred," Plaintiff's allegations with respect to staffing must fail. Id. at 28. Defendants' argument is thus predicated entirely on the factual premise that the critical staffing complement^[14] for the NE-3 cellblock, effective in December of 2002, was two correctional officers. See, e.g., Defs.' Reply at 30-34 (arguing that "Defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff's constitutional claims concerning staffing because the undisputed evidence establishes that the Jail did not routinely fall below the critical staffing minimum for NE-3"). In response, Plaintiff argues that the critical staffing complement for the NE-3 cellblock in December of 2002 was in fact three—not two—correctional officers. Pl.'s Opp'n at 17. The evidence on this issue is contradictory.

For example, Plaintiff has submitted a declaration by Defendant Washington that was previously filed in 2002 as part of a separate civil action, Fraternal Order of Police/Dep't of Corr. Labor Comm. v. Williams, Civ. Act. No. 02-461. Pl.'s Opp'n, Ex. 16 (Declaration of Odie Washington) (hereinafter "March 2002 Washington Decl."). Attached to the March 2002 Washington Declaration is the then-current "Critical Staffing Complement," which states that the critical staffing complement for the NE-3 cellblock for all shifts at that time was two correctional officers. See id. ¶ 6 & pp. 5-7. Although the March 2002 Washington Declaration itself is undated, it is apparent from the face of the document that it was originally filed in the Williams matter on March 25, 2002. See generally id. The March 2002 Washington Declaration and its attachments therefore support a finding that, at least as of March 25, 2002, the critical staffing complement for NE-3 was only two correctional officers.^[15]

By contrast, Plaintiff has also submitted excerpts of the deposition of Defendant Brown, who was Warden of the Jail in December of 2002, that was taken on October 4, 2007, as part of the litigation in Beale v. D.C., Civ. Act. No. 04-959. See Pl.'s Opp'n, Ex. 11 (Deposition Excerpt of Marvin Brown). In the excerpted testimony, Brown is referred back to an exhibit that had previously been entered on the record in the deposition and that is described in the transcript as "Odie Washington's declaration." Id. at 121:2-7. Brown was asked to review the exhibit, and to testify as to the substance of the document. Id. at 121:2-12. According to the deposition excerpt, Brown testified that the exhibit described the critical staffing complement for NE-3 as three correctional officers. Id. From this Plaintiff concludes that the critical staffing complement at the time of Gaither's attack was three correctional officers. See Pl.'s Resp. ¶ 46. Brown's excerpted testimony, however, does not definitively demonstrate that the critical staffing complement in December of 2002 was three correctional officers as it is entirely unclear from the deposition excerpt what precise time period Brown is referring to when he states that the critical staffing complement was three correctional officers. See id. Plaintiff has not provided the Court with any evidence clarifying the specific time frame referred to in the deposition nor has Plaintiff submitted a copy of the declaration Brown referred to in the deposition, which may have shed light on this issue.^[16] Although the deposition excerpt was taken during discovery for the Beale matter, which also focused on the same time period in December 2002 that is in issue in this case, Plaintiff has not directed the Court to any evidence conclusively demonstrating that the testimony was in fact referring to the critical staffing complement in place in December of 2002 and not, for example, the policy in place at the time of the deposition itself. Accordingly, the Court cannot conclude that the cited testimony accurately describes the policy in place during the relevant time period.

Ultimately, then, the Court is not in a position to determine what the specific critical staffing complement was in December of 2002. Because Defendants' arguments in favor of summary judgment on this issue are premised on a finding that the critical staffing complement in effect at the time of Gaither's stabbing was only two correctional officers—a fact which remains in dispute—summary judgment is inappropriate at this time.^[17] Accordingly, the Court shall DENY Defendants' motion for summary with respect to Plaintiff's allegations of inadequate staffing.

3. Plaintiff's Allegations that the District's Security Policies, Procedures and Practices were Inadequate Survive Summary Judgment

In support of her Section 1983 claim against the District, Plaintiff alleges that the Defendant Officials failed to address the Jail's "inadequate policies, procedures, and practices for ... security" and also "fail[ed] to enforce such policies, procedures and practices relating to ... security as were in effect." Sec. Am. Compl. ¶ 63. More specifically, the alleged "[i]nadequacies in security at the Jail included the failures to control contraband; to install metal detectors and necessary security cameras; to control movement of inmates within the Jail; and to conduct and document reasonably frequent and unannounced housing unit, inmate, and cell shakedowns." Id. ¶ 35. Defendants have moved for summary judgment solely on the allegation in Plaintiff's Second Amended Complaint that the Defendant Officials failed to ensure that reasonably frequent and unannounced housing unit, inmate, and cell shakedowns were conducted and documented, arguing that Plaintiff cannot establish any deficiencies in the Jail's shakedown policies or practices. See Defs.' MSJ at 27; Defs.' Reply at 21-26.^[18] Plaintiff opposes Defendants' motion, arguing that material issues of disputed fact preclude summary judgment.

The facts relevant to this issue are as follows. Defendants contend that it was the Jail's policy and practice in December of 2002 to require correctional officers to: (1) search inmates for weapons every time they entered or exited the NE-3 cellblock and to record those searches in which an item of contraband was located, see Defs.' Stmt. ¶ 20; Defs.' MSJ, Ex. E (Deposition Excerpt of Gary Brinson) at 150:13-151:11; (2) conduct 5 random shakedowns of 5 different cells in each housing unit each shift and make a written record of each of these random shakedowns, see Defs.' Stmt. ¶ 22; Defs.' MSJ, Ex. E (Deposition Excerpt of Gary Brinson) at 155:1-156:11; (3) shakedown an entire housing unit each day, and record the shakedowns in the daily shift logs, see Defs.' Stmt. ¶ 23; Defs.' MSJ, Ex. E (Deposition Excerpt of Gary Brinson) at 163:1-165:16; and (4) conduct mass shakedowns of the entire Jail on a quarterly basis, and make a written record of these shakedowns as well, see Defs.' Stmt. ¶ 23; Defs.' MSJ, Ex. E (Deposition Excerpt of Gary Brinson) at 169:1-7.

Plaintiff does not dispute that this accurately describes the policy in effect at the time of Gaither's stabbing nor does Plaintiff appear to dispute that the policy as written is adequate. Rather, Plaintiff asserts that the policy was not actually followed. See generally Pl.'s Opp'n at 10; Pl.'s Resp. ¶¶ 21-24. As Plaintiff emphasizes, the Jail's own policy required shakedowns of cells, housing units and the Jail as a whole to be recorded, see supra at p. 92, but Defendants' records produced to Plaintiff during discovery do not support Defendants' assertion that the required shakedowns were conducted and documented. See id. ¶¶ 21-24. As support for this assertion, Plaintiff intends to introduce at trial the testimony of her expert penologists that Jail employees were required to document all shakedowns and to retain those documents for five years,^[19] but that no such records were produced, thereby impeaching Defendants' claim that the shakedowns had in fact occurred and been documented. See Aiken Rep. at 14-15; Miller Rep. at 11.

In response, Defendants attached various records and documents to their Reply, which they assert demonstrate that—contrary to Plaintiff's claims—the Jail's policy of conducting and documenting frequent, unannounced shakedowns was followed in practice. See Pl.'s Reply at 23-24 & Ex. 3 (Log Book Entries for NE-3) & Ex. 4 (Contraband Reports from June 14, 2002; July 15, 2002; August 15, 2002; August 20, 2002; September 13, 2002; October 15, 2002; and November 15, 2002). It does not appear, however, that these materials were actually produced to Plaintiff as part of this litigation, given that the documents are either labeled as having been produced in the Beale litigation or contain no bates-label at all. The reasonable inference, then, is that Plaintiff's experts also did not have access to these documents when they reviewed the documents produced in this litigation and formed the opinions discussed above.

Ultimately, given the unsettled record now before the Court and Defendants' late-presentation of records that do not appear to have been produced to or reviewed by Plaintiff's experts, the Court declines to grant summary judgment to Defendants. At a minimum, Plaintiff's experts should be permitted to review the newly-submitted records to determine whether the existence of such records alters their opinions in this case. Accordingly, the Court shall DENY Defendants' motion for summary judgment with respect to Plaintiff's allegations in support of her Section 1983 claim that the Defendant Officials failed to ensure that reasonably frequent and unannounced housing unit, inmate, and cell shakedowns were conducted and documented.

4. Plaintiff's Allegation that the Defendant Officials Inadequately Trained the Correctional Officers Survives Summary Judgment

Plaintiff also alleges in support of her Section 1983 claim that the Defendant Officials failed to adequately train the Jail's correctional officers. Sec. Am. Compl. ¶ 63.^[20] Defendants have moved for summary judgment, arguing that Plaintiff cannot show that the District's correctional officers were inadequately trained. Defs.' MSJ at 27. In particular, Defendants contend that Plaintiff has failed to specify any particular deficiency in training—i.e., what specific training the correctional officers were required to, but did not, receive—and that Plaintiff has not demonstrated how the alleged lack of adequate training contributed to Gaither's death. Id.; see also Defs.' Reply at 26-29.

The relevant facts in the record related to the issue of training are as follows. Plaintiff asserts, and Defendants do not object, that both generally-accepted practice and national standards require that the Jail's correctional officers annually receive at least 40 hours of in-service training on relevant topics. Pl.'s Resp. ¶ 50. Plaintiff has also introduced evidence into the record suggesting that correctional officers did not receive any training in 2002. Id. ¶ 53 ("Q. You say the training area closed at Lorton ... ? A. Yes. Q. Where was the training conducted if the facility at Lorton was closed? A. It was not. Q. So do you recall if officers received training during 2002? A. I would have to say no."). Plaintiff's expert, Miller, has suggested that a failure to train the Defendant Correctional Officers on the proper procedures for obtaining relief contributed to Gaither's death, and has explicitly opined that the failure to train the correctional officers "in the procedure of locking cell doors after the inmates had been let out for recreation ... directly facilitated the assault in that Gaither's assailants were able to pull him into an open cell and fatally stab him." Miller Rep. at 12. Defendants have not offered any evidence to the contrary, other than evidence that Defendants Brooks and Toppin received approximately six weeks of training when they were originally hired and received some sporadic training thereafter. Defs.' Reply Stmt. ¶¶ 51-53; Defs.' Reply, Ex. 1 (Deposition Excerpt of Zerline Brooks) 121:14-19; 124:10-125:3 (testifying that she received six weeks of training when hired and thereafter received some weapons training and yearly CPR training); Defs.' Reply, Ex. 2 (Deposition Excerpt of Gounod Toppin) at 17:8-20:20 (testifying that he received six weeks of training when hired and thereafter received minimal sporadic training).

Based on this record, the Court finds that Defendants have not shown that they are entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff's allegations that the Defendant Officials failed to ensure the correctional officers were adequately trained. As the Supreme Court has observed,

[i]t may seem contrary to common sense to assert that a municipality will actually have a policy of not taking reasonable steps to train its employees. But it may happen that in light of the duties assigned to specific officers or employees the need for more or different training is so obvious, and the inadequacy so likely to result in the violation of constitutional rights, that the policymakers of the city can reasonably be said to have been deliberately indifferent to the need. In that event, the failure to provide proper training may fairly be said to represent a policy for which the city is responsible, and for which the city may be held liable if it actually causes injury.

City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 390, 109 S. Ct. 1197, 103 L. Ed. 2d 412 (1989). Here, Plaintiff has introduced evidence—unrebutted by Defendants—that the District failed to provide any training whatsoever to the Jail's correctional officers in 2002. Moreover, contrary to Defendants' assertion, Plaintiff has identified two specific areas of training that she contends the correctional officers should have received, namely, training on the procedures for obtaining relief and for closing cellblock doors upon the inmates' departure. Given the duties generally assigned to the Jail's correctional officers to protect the inmates' health and safety, the Court concludes that there is sufficient evidence in the record from which a reasonable jury could find that the Defendant Officials' failure to implement any training program in 2002—including training on security procedures, such as the closing of cellblock doors and obtaining relief to ensure staffing remains adequate at all times—was deliberately indifferent to the safety of Gaither. Moreover, although the record regarding causation is minimal, the Court is cognizant of the D.C. Circuit's position that "`the proximate cause of an injury is ordinarily a question for the jury.'" Smith v. D.C., 413 F.3d 86, 103 (D.C.Cir. 2005) (quoting Hicks v. United States, 511 F.2d 407, 420 (D.C.Cir.1975)). The Court therefore DENIES Defendants' motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiff's allegation of inadequate training.

D. Genuine Disputes of Material Fact Preclude the Defendant Officials' Claim of Qualified Immunity as to Plaintiff's Section 1983 Claim

Defendants next argue that the Defendant Officials are entitled to qualified immunity from Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim asserted against them in their personal capacities. Defs.' MSJ at 29-35. Plaintiff has opposed the Defendant Officials' claim of qualified immunity, arguing that (1) the Defendant Officials have waived their right to assert a qualified immunity defense, and (2) even assuming the Defendant Officials did not waive the defense, they are not substantively entitled to qualified immunity in this case. Pl.'s Opp'n at 18-20. For the reasons set forth below, the Court finds that the Defendant Officials did not waive their right to claim qualified immunity, but that genuine disputes of material fact preclude summary judgment on the asserted defense.

1. Legal Standard for Qualified Immunity

"The doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials `from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.'" Pearson v. Callahan, ___ U.S. ___, 129 S. Ct. 808, 815, 172 L. Ed. 2d 565 (2009) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S. Ct. 2727, 73 L. Ed. 2d 396 (1982)). The doctrine is available only to government officials sued in their personal, rather than official, capacity, see Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 556, n. 10, 105 S. Ct. 2806, 86 L. Ed. 2d 411 (1985), and serves as "an immunity from suit rather than a mere defense to liability," Pearson, 129 S.Ct. at 815 (quoting Mitchell, 472 U.S. at 526, 105 S. Ct. 2806). As explained by the Supreme Court, there are two inquiries involved in the qualified immunity analysis. First, "[t]aken in the light most favorable to the party asserting the injury, do the facts alleged show the officer's conduct violated a constitutional right?" Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201, 121 S. Ct. 2151, 150 L. Ed. 2d 272 (2001). If the first question is answered in the negative, the analysis is over and the officer is entitled to qualified immunity. Id. If, however, the court determines that there is a constitutional violation, the court must then turn to the second step in the analysis, which asks "whether the right was clearly established." Id. "The relevant, dispositive inquiry in determining whether a right is clearly established is whether it would be clear to a reasonable officer that his conduct was unlawful in the situation he confronted." Id. at 202, 121 S. Ct. 2151. This second inquiry "must be undertaken in light of the specific context of the case, not as a broad general proposition.... The contours of the right must be sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.'" Id. at 201-02, 121 S. Ct. 2151.^[21]

2. The Defendant Officials Did Not Waive Their Right to Assert Qualified Immunity

Plaintiff first contends that the Defendant Officials waived their right to assert qualified immunity. Pl.'s Opp'n at 18-19. Plaintiff argues that all Defendants were required by this Court to address and brief claims of qualified immunity, if any, by no later than September 7, 2008; accordingly, because the Defendant Officials did not file any such motion by September 7, 2008 and instead waited until their motion for summary judgment to assert their claims of qualified immunity, Plaintiff contends that they have waived their right to do so now. Id. Although Plaintiff correctly notes that qualified immunity is an affirmative defense that may be waived, see Anderson-Bey v. D.C., 466 F. Supp. 2d 51, 61 (D.D.C.2006), the Court does not agree with Plaintiff's assertion that the Defendant Officials have waived their right to claim qualified immunity.

Plaintiff's argument relies on the Court's August 7, 2007 Scheduling and Procedures Order, in which the Court provided that (a) Defendants were to notify the Court by August 21, 2007, if they intended to file a motion to dismiss on the question of qualified immunity and (b) if they intended to file such a motion, Defendants were required to do so by September 7, 2007. See 8/7/07 Scheduling and Procedures Order, Docket No. [59], at 6 (hereinafter "August 7, 2007 Scheduling Order"). Contrary to Plaintiff's assertions, the Court's August 7, 2007 Scheduling and Procedure Order required only that, in the event Defendants chose to file a pre-discovery motion to dismiss on the issue of qualified immunity, they were required to give notice and file the motion by a date certain. The August 7, 2007 Scheduling and Procedure Order says nothing about waiver, and in no way suggests that Defendants would be deemed to have waived their qualified immunity claims if they decided that it was inappropriate to file a pre-discovery motion on the issue of qualified immunity. See August 7, 2007 Scheduling Order. Moreover, as "[w]aiver is traditionally defined as `the intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right,'" Anderson-Bey, 466 F.Supp.2d at 61 (quoting Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464, 58 S. Ct. 1019, 82 L. Ed. 1461 (1938)), it would be both unreasonable and unfair to hold that Defendant Officials waived any claim of qualified immunity in this case, given that they pled qualified immunity in their answer and have now asserted it in their first motion for summary judgment. Accordingly, the Court finds that quality immunity defense has not been waived by the Defendant Officials.

3. The Defendant Officials Have Not Shown That They are Entitled to Qualified Immunity

Having determined that the Defendant Officials did not waive their right to assert qualified immunity, the Court turns next to the merits of their claim that they are immune from Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim. Although Defendants' briefing on this point is less than clear, it appears that Defendants' arguments are principally directed at the first prong of the two-factor qualified immunity analysis, which considers whether the facts alleged, taken in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, show that the Defendant Officials' conduct violated a constitutional right.^[22] That is, Defendants assert that there is "no evidence in this record that defendants Washington, Brown and/or Harrison operated the Jail with deliberate indifference to or a reckless disregard for the safety of Gaither." Defs.' MSJ at 35.

At the outset, the Court notes that, in arguing that qualified immunity applies, Defendants have apparently assumed that Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim is properly predicated on a claim that Defendants violated Gaither's Fifth Amendment. See id. As discussed above, it is not clear on the record now before the Court whether Plaintiff may in fact assert a predicate constitutional claim under the Fifth Amendment as opposed to the Eighth Amendment. See supra at pp. 85-87. However, because Defendants' arguments with respect to qualified immunity principally turn on questions of fact, rather than issues of law, and because the Fifth and Eighth Amendments both require a showing of deliberate indifference (although, as explained above, the Fifth Amendment may provide greater protection), the Court concludes that it may nonetheless consider Defendants' arguments.

The Defendant Officials first contend that the facts do not support a finding that they were deliberately indifferent to Gaither's safety because "there is no evidence in this record that these defendants knew or should have known that Mikal Gaither was at risk to be stabbed by Matthew Ingram" or that "these defendants [had] notice of Gaither's impending stabbing." Defs.' MSJ at 31-32. Accordingly, Defendants conclude that, because government officials "can only be held liable" under Section 1983 "in those instances when plaintiffs can prove that they were `deliberately indifferent' to a known risk of serious harm," Plaintiff cannot show that the Defendant Officials violated Gaither's constitutional rights. Id. at 31. Although Defendants are correct that a plaintiff must show that the government employees were deliberately indifferent in order to succeed on a failure-to-protect claim under Section 1983, Defendants' argument on this point nonetheless fails because it is based on a fundamental misunderstanding of Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim with respect to the Defendant Officials.

Plaintiff does not allege that the Defendant Officials knew or should have known that Gaither would be stabbed by Ingram on December 14, 2002. Indeed, Plaintiff has readily conceded to Defendants' assertion that the Defendants in this case did not have any notice that there were specific threats made to Gaither and that Gaither never affirmatively sought protective custody from other inmates. Pl.'s Resp. ¶ 18. Rather, the essence of Plaintiff's allegations against the Defendant Officials is that they failed to address various unconstitutionally dangerous conditions at the Jail; that this failure was the result of a conscious and deliberate decision or of reckless disregard for the safety of the inmates at the Jail; and that this deliberate indifference and reckless disregard for the substantial risk of harm to individuals incarcerated at the Jail directly and proximately caused Gaither's injuries and death. Sec. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 63, 64. Plaintiff's allegations are not based on any assertion that the Defendant Officials were deliberately indifferent to a known risk that Gaither in particular would be specifically attacked by Ingram.

Second, Defendants more broadly contend that the facts do not support a finding that the Defendant Officials were deliberately indifferent to Gaither's safety for the same reasons that form the basis of their arguments against municipal liability under Section 1983—for example, that there is no evidence that "Gaither should not have been placed in the same housing unit with Matthew Ingram," Defs.' MSJ at 31; that the critical staffing complement for NE-3 required only two correctional officers be present at the time of Gaither's stabbing, id. at 34; that Plaintiff has failed to "point to any evidence that a systematic training defect caused Mikal Gaither's death," Defs.' Reply at 42; and that Plaintiff failed to show that the Jail's shakedown policy was not actually enforced, see id.; see also Defs.' MSJ at 34-35.

The Court, however, has already found that genuine disputes of material fact exist, precluding summary judgment with respect to Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim against the District. See supra at pp. 88-94. Based on the record now before it, the Court concludes that these disputes equally preclude summary judgment on the Defendant Officials' claims of qualified immunity. "A defendant's entitlement to qualified immunity is, of course, a pure question of law to be decided by the Court." Halcomb v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth., 526 F. Supp. 2d 20, 22 (D.D.C.2007). Where, however, the material facts underlying a defendant's claim of qualified immunity are in dispute, "it is impossible for the court to determine, as a matter of law, what predicate facts exist to decide whether or not the officer's conduct clearly violated established law." Id.; see also Bolger v. D.C., 608 F. Supp. 2d 10, 22 (D.D.C.2009). In other words, the Court cannot determine at the summary judgment stage whether the challenged conduct would be viewed as lawful by an objectively reasonable officer if the "very facts establishing what that conduct was are legitimately in dispute." Halcomb, 526 F.Supp.2d at 22. Accordingly, Defendant's motion for summary judgment as to the Defendant Officials' qualified immunity claims is DENIED.

E. The Defendant Correctional Officers are Entitled to Qualified Immunity as to Plaintiff's Section 1983 Claim

Defendants also contend that the Defendant Correctional Officers are entitled to qualified immunity with respect to Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim against them in their personal capacities. As explained above, Plaintiff alleges that, shortly before Gaither was stabbed on December 14, 2002, Defendant Brooks "left her post with the acquiescence of the other assigned correctional officers without first arranging for temporary coverage of her post by a relief officer." Sec. Am. Compl. ¶ 69. According to Plaintiff, "Defendant correctional officers knew that this act violated the critical staffing requirements for the housing unit and created an unreasonable risk of serious inmate-on-inmate violence." Id. In addition, Plaintiff alleges that the "defendant correctional officers failed to take necessary steps they could have taken to control activity and movement of the inmates and the presence of weapons in the housing unit." Id. Plaintiff concludes that this "conduct by the defendant correctional officers was deliberately indifferent to and recklessly disregarded substantial and unreasonable risk of harm to Gaither and proximately caused his injuries and death" in violation of his constitutional rights. Id. ¶ 70.

Although Defendants' briefing on this point is less than a model of clarity, it appears that the Defendant Correctional Officers principally argue that they are entitled to qualified immunity because the Plaintiff cannot show that they were "deliberately indifferent" to Gaither's safety, as is required under Section 1983. That is, it appears that Defendants' arguments are primarily directed to the first prong of the two-factor qualified immunity test, arguing that it is not met in this case—i.e., demonstrating that the facts alleged, taken in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, do not show that the Defendant Correctional Officers' conduct violated a constitutional right.

Significantly, Plaintiff has not opposed the Defendant Correctional Officers' assertion that they are entitled to qualified immunity. Indeed, although Plaintiff has opposed the Defendants Officials' assertions of qualified immunity, Plaintiff's opposition is silent with respect to the Defendant Correctional Officers' claim of qualified immunity. See generally Pl.'s Opp'n. Plaintiff has thus conceded the Defendant Correctional Officers' arguments on this point. "It is well understood in this Circuit that when a plaintiff files an opposition to a dispositive motion and addresses only certain arguments raised by the defendant, a court may treat those arguments that the plaintiff failed to address as conceded." Hopkins v. Women's Div., General Bd. of Global Ministries, 284 F. Supp. 2d 15, 25 (D.D.C.2003), aff'd 98 Fed.Appx. 8 (D.C.Cir.2004); see also Franklin v. Potter, 600 F. Supp. 2d 38, 60 (D.D.C.2009) (treating defendant's argument in motion for summary judgment as conceded where plaintiff failed to address it in his response). Accordingly, because Plaintiff had the opportunity to respond to the Defendant Correctional Officers' assertion of qualified immunity—and more particularly, their claim that they were not deliberately indifferent to Gaither's health and safety—but did not do so, the Court shall construe her failure as a concession with respect to the merit's of the Defendant Correctional Officers' qualified immunity claim. See Hopkins, 284 F.Supp.2d at 25. The Court therefore GRANTS the Defendants' motion insofar as it argues that the Defendant Correctional Officers are entitled to qualified immunity with respect to Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim.^[23]

F. Plaintiff's Negligence-Based Claims Survive Summary Judgment

In addition to Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim, she has also asserted two claims based on allegations that the Defendants were negligent in breaching the duty of care owed to Gaither: (1) a negligence/survival action against all Defendants (Count Two); and (2) a claim for wrongful death against all Defendants (Count Three). With respect to the Defendant Officials, Plaintiff alleges that they "failed to require reasonably frequent and unannounced housing unit, inmate, and cell shakedowns; to provide for the installation of install [sic] metal detectors and necessary security cameras; to provide adequate numbers of correctional officers at all times; and to provide proper training and supervision for correctional officers and other employees." Sec. Am. Comp. ¶ 75. According to Plaintiff, the Defendant Officials "knew or should have known that, as a result of the absence of these and other necessary and generally accepted prison-security policies, practices, and resources for which they had responsibility, it was reasonably foreseeable that [incarcerated individuals] would be attacked and seriously injured by other inmates." Id. With respect to the Defendant Correctional Officers, Plaintiff alleges that they "knew or should have known that, as a result of their failure to maintain a level of three correctional officers on duty at all times during the day and evening shift in Northeast Three housing unit; to control contraband; and to take practical steps to control and monitor the activity and movement of inmates when they were permitted to leave their cells, it was reasonably foreseeable that inmates such as Gaither would be attacked and seriously injured by other inmates." Id. ¶ 76. Finally, with respect to the District, Plaintiff alleges that D.C. is "vicariously liable under the doctrine of respondent superior for" the alleged negligence of the Defendant Officials and the Defendant Correctional Officers. Id. ¶ 77.

Defendants have moved for summary judgment on these negligence-based claims. Their arguments on this issue generally fall into two categories—first, that Plaintiff has failed to establish an applicable standard of care, as required to prove negligence, and, second, that Plaintiff has not shown any deficiencies in the Defendants' policies, procedures, and practices or conduct that could support a finding of negligence. Defs.' MSJ at 38-41. The Court shall address each argument in turn below.

1. To the Extent Defendants Challenge the Sufficiency of the Plaintiff's Expert Testimony, Defendants' Motion is Denied

First, Defendants argue that Plaintiff has failed to establish the applicable standard of care necessary to succeed on her negligence-based claims. "It is well settled under District of Columbia law that a plaintiff in a negligence action must establish three elements: an applicable standard of care, a deviation from that standard by the defendant, and injury resulting from that deviation." Scott v. D.C., 101 F.3d 748, 757 (D.C.Cir.1996). "Failure to prove a standard of care is thus fatal to a negligence claim." Id. "Furthermore, where the alleged negligent act is not `within the realm of common knowledge and everyday experience,' proof of the applicable standard of care must be established by expert testimony." Id. (quoting Toy v. D.C., 549 A.2d 1, 6 (D.C.1988)).

Neither party disputes that expert testimony is required in this case to establish the requisite standards of care. See Briggs v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth., 481 F.3d 839, 845 (D.C.Cir.2007) ("Pursuant to the expert testimony requirement, a plaintiff must put on expert testimony to establish what the standard of care is if the subject in question is so distinctly related to some science, profession or occupation as to be beyond the ken of the average layperson.") (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see also D.C. v. Carmichael, 577 A.2d 312, 314-16 (D.C.1990) (requiring expert testimony to establish applicable standards of care in suit by prisoner who was assaulted by fellow prisoners alleging that injuries were caused by District's failure to control contraband). Plaintiff has in fact submitted copies of expert reports written by her two expert penologists, Miller and Aiken, that set forth the various national standards Plaintiff asserts are applicable in this case. See Miller Rep.; see also Aiken Rep.; see also Pl.'s Opp'n at 14. Accordingly, as the Court understands Defendants' argument, they are not challenging a lack of expert testimony, but rather the sufficiency of the expert testimony that is provided by Plaintiff —namely, whether the Plaintiff's two designated expert penologists have sufficiently set forth the applicable standards of care.

This question, however, is by no means a simple one. Under District law, expert testimony

is not sufficient if it merely consists of the expert's opinion as to what he or she would do under similar circumstances. Nor is it enough for the expert simply to declare that the [defendant] violated the national standard of care. Rather, the expert must clearly articulate and reference a standard of care by which the defendant's actions can be measured. Thus the expert must clearly relate the standard of care to the practices in fact generally followed by other comparable... facilities or to some standard nationally recognized by such units.

Briggs, 481 F.3d at 846 (quoting Clark v. D.C., 708 A.2d 632, 635 (D.C.1997)) (emphasis and alterations in Briggs). "Generalized references" to standards are insufficient; rather the "expert must proffer `a specific, articulable (and articulated) standard of care,'" and must relate those standards "directly to the defendant's conduct." Briggs, 481 F.3d at 846-47 (quoting D.C. v. Moreno, 647 A.2d 396, 400 (D.C.1994); Carmichael, 577 A.2d at 315-16; and Phillips v. D.C., 714 A.2d 768, 773 (D.C.1998)). Moreover, "articulation of a specific standard is essential `[e]specially in circumstances in which ... the defendant is alleged to have failed to protect the plaintiff from harm.'" Briggs, 481 F.3d at 847 (quoting Varner v. D.C., 891 A.2d 260, 269 (D.C.2006)) (alterations in Briggs).

Nonetheless, despite the complexity of this issue and the importance of it to Plaintiff's case, the parties' briefing on this point is wholly inadequate. Defendants, for their part, have entirely ignored the expert reports and opinions of Plaintiff's expert penologists, Miller and Aiken, and do not include any citation to relevant case law specifically supporting their position that Plaintiff has not sufficiently set forth the applicable standard of care in this case. Indeed, Defendants' opening brief provides only the barest of analysis on this issue, and their reply brief fails to even mention it. Plaintiff has similarly failed to provide the Court with an adequate analysis. Although Plaintiff has cited generally to her experts' reports, she has not provided the Court with any case law demonstrating that the opinions set forth by her experts are legally sufficient to establish the required standard of care. This is particularly troublesome given that, upon the Court's own brief review of the relevant case law, it appears that Defendants' assertions may have some merit, at least as to some of Plaintiff's allegations. See, e.g., Carmichael, 577 A.2d at 315 (finding that expert's testimony regarding use of metal detectors at jail was insufficient where the testimony failed to discuss, "for example, that a certain percentage of comparable facilities did have metal detectors" and that "[w]ithout such evidence the jury had not basis for comparing [the jail] with any other institution, and hence no basis for finding that [the jail's] failure to have functioning metal detectors in place amounted to a deviation from a demonstrated standard of care").

In light of the paucity of both parties' briefing on this issue, the Court concludes that it is in no position at this time to make a definitive ruling regarding the sufficiency of the Plaintiff's experts' testimony in establishing the necessary standard of care for her negligence-based claims. Accordingly, the Court DENIES Defendants' motion for summary judgment on this point.^[24]

2. Genuine Disputes of Material Fact Preclude Summary Judgment

Moving then to the second argument, Defendants appear to generally argue that Plaintiff cannot show that Defendants' policies, procedures, and practices or conduct were deficient, such that her claims fail regardless of the applicable standard of care. As an initial matter, although Defendants' briefing purports to seek summary judgment on Plaintiff's negligence-based claims in their entirety, upon closer review of Defendants' briefing, it is apparent that they have asserted this second argument only with respect to the following specific allegations asserted by Plaintiff: (a) that Defendant Officials negligently failed to provide adequate numbers of correctional officers to housing units at all times; (b) that Defendant Officials negligently failed to require reasonably frequent and unannounced housing unit, inmate, and cell shakedowns; and (c) that Defendant Officials negligently failed to provide proper training and supervision for correctional officers. See Defs.' MSJ at 39-41.

The Court has already held that material factual disputes exist with respect to the Jail's staffing policies, its shakedown policies and practices, and the training of correctional officers in 2002. See supra at pp. 88-94. These same issues of disputed fact also preclude summary judgment with respect to Defendants' arguments relating to Plaintiff's negligence-based claims premised on the same factual allegations.

With respect to Plaintiff's allegations that the Defendant Officials negligently failed to provide adequate supervision, an issue which the Court has not yet had an opportunity to examine, it is also clear that summary judgment in Defendants' favor is inappropriate. Defendants' entire argument on this point consists of a single sentence in their opening brief. See Defs.' MSJ at 41. Moreover, Defendants have entirely ignored the proffered expert report by Aiken, Plaintiff's expert penologist, that catalogues a litany of deficiencies in the supervision of the Jail's correctional officers and employees. See Aiken Rep. at 16-18. Given Defendants' perfunctory analysis of this issue, the Court finds as well that Defendants have not shown they are entitled to summary judgment with respect to Plaintiff's allegations of inadequate supervision. Accordingly, the Court shall DENY Defendants' motion for summary judgment with respect to Plaintiff's negligent-based claims.

G. Plaintiff's Partial Motion for Summary Judgment is Denied-in-Part and Granted-in-Part

Having resolved Defendants' motion for summary judgment, the Court now turns to Plaintiff's motion for partial summary judgment. Plaintiff has moved for summary judgment solely on the issue of whether Defendants may raise the defense of contributory negligence/assumption of risk at trial. Defendants indicated during discovery that they intend to assert the affirmative defense of contributory negligence and/or assumption of risk, and that this defense is based on two alternative theories: (1) that Gaither had "involved himself in an altercation with one or more inmates," which led to his stabbing, see Pl.'s MSJ, Ex. 18 (Defs.' Responses to Plaintiff's Second Set of Discovery Requests, Interrogatory No. 2); and (2) that Gaither "failed to notify the District of Columbia of his participation as a witness in a murder investigation and never requested protective custody," id. Plaintiff argues that there is no evidence in the record to support either theory of contributory negligence/assumption of risk, and the Court should therefore preclude Defendants from raising any such defenses at trial.

Defendants filed an opposition to Plaintiff's motion. In so doing, Defendants responded only to Plaintiff's arguments concerning the second theory of contributory negligence—i.e., that Gaither failed to notify the District of his grand jury testimony—and did not address Plaintiff's arguments with regards to the first theory. Moreover, Defendants have admitted that there is no record evidence that Gaither voluntarily involved himself in any such altercation on December 14, 2002. Defs.' Resp. ¶ 20. The Court therefore understands Defendants to have conceded that there is no evidence in the record to support a possible defense of contributory negligence and/or assumption of risk based on Gaither's alleged voluntarily involvement in an altercation with other inmates. See Hopkins, 284 F.Supp.2d at 25 ("[W]hen a plaintiff files an opposition to a dispositive motion and addresses only certain arguments raised by the defendant, a court may treat those arguments that the plaintiff failed to address as conceded."); see also Franklin, 600 F.Supp.2d at 60. Accordingly, the Court deems Defendants to have waived any affirmative defense of contributory negligence and/or assumption of risk based upon claims that Gaither voluntarily involved himself in an altercation and GRANTS Plaintiff's motion to the extent she seeks an order precluding Defendants from raising an affirmative defense based on such allegations.

The Court thus proceeds with the understanding that the only issue in dispute is whether Defendants can prove contributory negligence/assumption of risk based upon Gaither's alleged failure to notify Jail officials about his grand jury testimony. Defendants oppose Plaintiff's motion, arguing that there is ample evidence in the record from which a jury could reasonably conclude that Gaither was contributorily negligent.

1. Factual Background

As is relevant to Plaintiff's motion, several months prior to his incarceration in December of 2002, Gaither had testified before a Grand Jury investigating the murder of Kenneth Muldrow, Jr. Pl.'s Stmt. ¶ 15. According to the findings of a D.C. Superior Grand Jury, Gaither was ultimately killed because of this testimony. See id. ¶¶ 14-15. As previously explained, the Grand Jury indicted two of Gaither's fellow inmates, Delonte Kent and Matthew Ingram, for Gaither's First-Degree Murder, concluding that they had killed him because of his testimony before the Grand Jury investigating Muldrow's murder. Id. Ingram and Kent were subsequently tried for Gaither's murder, but were found "not guilty" by the jury on December 13, 2006. See Joint Status Report and Consent Motion to Lift Stay, Docket [30].

Although the fact of Gaither's participation in the grand jury proceedings is undisputed, the relevant substance of his testimony is a matter of some debate between the parties—in particular, with respect to whether Gaither identified Ingram as a participant in Muldrow's murder.^[25] According to Plaintiff, Gaither did not mention Kent in his grand jury testimony and affirmatively testified that Ingram was not a participant in the fatal attack on Muldrow. Id. ¶¶ 16, 17; see also Pl.'s MSJ, Ex. 10 (Decl. of Kartik N. Venguswamy) ¶¶ 7, 9. Defendants initially claimed that Gaither had identified Ingram as a participant in the attack on Muldrow, see Defs.' Stmt. ¶ 11, but failed to produce any evidence to that effect and have subsequently acknowledged that they "have been unable to locate defendants' copy of the tape of Mikal Gaither's grand-jury testimony," Defs.' Resp. ¶¶ 16, 17. As Defendants have failed to refute Plaintiff's statement of fact with countervailing evidence, the Court proceeds with the understanding that Gaither did not identify Kent in his testimony before the Grand Jury and stated that Ingram was not involved with Muldrow's murder.

The parties dispute whether Gaither was ever directly asked during the intake process whether he had provided testimony against any individuals. According to Defendants, the Jail's intake policy and practice requires that "inmates are interviewed and asked if they: a) have any enemies in the Jail, b) are testifying against anybody, and c) feel safe?" Defs.' Stmt. ¶ 14. Plaintiff does not dispute that inmates, including Gaither, are asked whether they have enemies in the Jail and whether they feel safe, but argues that inmates are not asked whether they "are testifying against anybody." Pl.'s Resp. ¶ 14. The evidence on this issue is conflicting. On the one hand, Defendants rely on testimony indicating that inmates are asked a series of questions during intake, including whether the inmate is "testifying against anybody." Pl.'s Opp'n, Ex. 7 (Deposition Testimony of Gary Brinson) at 97:15-22.^[26] As Plaintiff points out, however, Brinson also testified that Gaither would not have been asked more specifically "if he was participating as a witness in a murder investigation," because information regarding an inmate's status as a testifying witness should be recorded automatically in the Jail's computer system. Id. at 102:15-103:22. These statements appear to be contradictory to some extent. In addition, Gaither's intake sheet itself reflects only that Gaither reported that he was "not separated from anyone" and did not "have any known enemies at the D.C. Detention Facility;" it includes no mention of whether Gaither ever testified against anyone. Defs.' MSJ, Ex. G (intake form). Factual disputes therefore exist as to what Gaither was asked during the intake process and, more specifically, whether he was asked if he had previously testified against anyone.

Upon admission to the Jail, Gaither was first assigned to the Northwest Three Housing unit. Pl.'s Stmt. ¶ 24. He was not moved to NE-3, where Ingram and Kent were housed, until 2:50 p.m. on December 14, 2002—i.e., only three hours before he was stabbed. Id. at 26. Plaintiff contends that there is no evidence in the record that Gaither was aware that Ingram was an inmate in the Jail in December of 2002. Pl.'s Stmt. ¶ 27. Although Defendants dispute this fact, Defendants have not produced any evidence demonstrating that Gaither was in fact aware that Ingram was incarcerated at the Jail in the weeks and days before his attack. At most, Defendants have introduced evidence that Gaither saw Ingram a few minutes before the attack on December 14, 2002. Defs.' Resp. ¶ 26. In support of this position, Defendants' rely soley on the testimony of another inmate who apparently indicated during an interview with the MPD that he had seen Gaither and Ingram walk up the stairs in the Jail together shortly before the attack. Id.; Defs.' Opp'n, Ex. E (Excerpt of Testimony provided by James E. Simpkin during Kent and Ingram's criminal trial). Although it is somewhat unclear, it appears that the witness later recanted his statements that he had seen Gaither and Ingram together.^[27]See Pl.'s Reply at 4-5.

2. Legal Standards

Under District law, contributory negligence will generally bar recovery on a claim for negligence. C & E Servs., Inc. v. Ashland, Inc., 498 F. Supp. 2d 242, 263 (D.D.C.2007). Contributory negligence is defined as "the failure `to act with the prudence of an ordinary reasonable person under the circumstances.'" Krombein v. Gali Serv. Industr., Inc., 317 F. Supp. 2d 14, 18 (D.D.C.2004) (quoting Queen v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 842 F.2d 476, 479 (D.C.Cir.1988)). "The District of Columbia has adopted the Restatement (Second) of Torts' definition of contributory negligence which explains: `[a] plaintiff's contributory negligence may be either (a) an intentional and unreasonable exposure of himself to danger created by the defendant's negligence, of which danger the plaintiff knows or has reason to know, or (b) conduct which, in respects other than those stated in Clause (a), falls short of the standard to which the reasonable man should conform in order to protect himself from harm.'" Id. (quoting D.C. v. Brown, 589 A.2d 384, 388, n. 6 (D.C.1991)). The existence of contributory negligence is normally a question of fact for the jury, and "`[o]nly in exceptional cases is evidence so clear and unambiguous that contributory negligence should be found as a matter of law.'" Id. (quoting Lynn v. D.C., 734 A.2d 168, 172 (D.C. 1999)).

The affirmative defense of assumption of risk also presents a complete bar to a plaintiff's recovery under D.C. law. Krombein, 317 F.Supp.2d at 20. It applies "only where `the plaintiff ... subjectively know[s] of the existence of the risk and appreciate[s] its unreasonable character.'"^[28]Maalouf v. Swiss Confederation, 208 F. Supp. 2d 31, 42 (D.D.C.2002). "The standard is heavily fact-based, and summary judgment based on assumption of risk should therefore be granted only if no real dispute exists as to the plaintiff's awareness of the relevant danger." Id.

3. Plaintiff Has Not Shown that she is Entitled to Summary Judgment on the Affirmative Defenses of Contributory Negligence and/or Assumption of Risk Based on Allegations that Gaither Should Have Disclosed his Involvement in a Grand Jury Investigation

As explained above, Plaintiff has moved for summary judgment, arguing that no reasonable jury could find that either of these affirmative defenses apply based on the record evidence in this case. The Court disagrees. Taken in a light most favorable to Defendants as the non-moving party, the evidence shows that Gaither had participated as a witness in a grand jury murder investigation less than a year before he was incarcerated at the Jail and that he failed to disclose this fact to Jail officials at anytime during his incarceration in December of 2002. Although the parties dispute whether Gaither was specifically asked about this information during his intake process and whether he actually knew that Ingram was also incarcerated at the Jail, a reasonable jury could nonetheless question whether Gaither was negligent in failing to affirmatively disclose his participation in a grand jury investigation to Jail officials. As Plaintiff herself admits, being viewed as a "snitch" or cooperator is "dangerous." See Pl.'s Reply at 3. Given that Gaither was no stranger to the Jail environment, having previously been incarcerated that same year, a reasonable jury could conclude that Gaither, as a cooperating witness in a homicide investigation, should have reasonably notified Jail officials of this fact upon admission to the facility—regardless of whether the Jail officials specifically asked him about any prior involvement in a grand jury investigation or whether he knew of Ingram's incarceration at the Jail. Admittedly, the evidence on this record relevant to the affirmative defenses of contributory negligence and/or assumption of risk is minimal, but given the "heavily-fact based" nature of these inquiries, the applicability of both defenses is best left to the jury at this point. The Court therefore DENIES Plaintiff's motion for partial summary judgment and Defendants are not precluded from raising these affirmative defenses at trial based upon allegations that Gaither should have informed Jail officials about his grand jury testimony.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, the Court GRANTS-IN-PART and DENIES-IN-PART Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment and GRANTS-IN-PART and DENIES-IN-PART Plaintiff's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment as follows. First, with respect to Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment, the Court hereby orders that:

(1) Defendants' motion is DENIED insofar as Defendants assert that issue preclusion bars Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim;

(2) Defendants' motion is GRANTED insofar as it seeks dismissal of Plaintiff's claims against Defendant Officials in their official capacity as redundant of her claims against the District;

(3) Defendants' motion is DENIED with respect to Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim against the District based upon the existence of genuine disputes of material fact;

(4) Defendants' motion is DENIED with respect to the Defendant Officials' claims of qualified immunity as against Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim based upon the existence of genuine disputes of material fact;

(5) Defendants' motion is GRANTED with respect to the Defendant Correctional Officers' claims of qualified immunity as against Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim; and

(6) Defendants' motion is DENIED with respect to Plaintiff's negligence-based claims based upon the existence of genuine disputes of material fact.

Second, with respect to Plaintiff's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff's motion as conceded to the extent she seeks an order precluding Defendants from raising an affirmative defense based on allegations that Gaither voluntarily involved himself in an altercation, but DENIES Plaintiff's motion to the extent she seeks a similar order precluding Defendants from raising such affirmative defenses based on allegations that Gaither should have notified Jail officials of his involvement with a grand jury murder investigation.

Third, Plaintiff shall file a status report with the Court, on or before September 30, 2009, explaining why John Does 1-20 have not been served. If no such explanation is timely filed, the Court shall dismiss Does 1-20 as Defendants in this action, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m). An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

NOTES

[1] For convenience, the Court shall refer to Defendants Washington, Brown, and Harrison collectively as "Defendant Officials," and shall refer to Defendants Brooks, Toppin and White collectively as "Defendant Correctional Officers."

[2] Plaintiff also named as Defendants in this action John Does 1-20. Although discovery in this case is now closed, the docket does not reflect any efforts on Plaintiff's part to identify or serve the Defendants named only as "John Does 1-20" in the Second Amended Complaint. Plaintiff is therefore required to file a status report with the Court, on or before September 30, 2009, explaining why John Does 1-20 have not been served. If no such explanation is timely filed, the Court shall dismiss Does 1-20 as Defendants in this action, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m).

[3] The Court notes that it strictly adheres to the text of Local Civil Rules 7(h) and 56.1 when resolving motions for summary judgment. Accordingly, as the Court advised the parties, it "assumes that facts identified by the moving party in its statement of material facts are admitted, unless such a fact is controverted in the statement of genuine issues filed in opposition to the motion." See 9/4/08 Order, Docket No. [133] at 2-3. Thus, in most instances the Court shall cite only to Plaintiff's Statement of Material Facts submitted in support of her Partial Motion for Summary Judgment ("Pl.'s Stmt.") or Defendants' Statement of Material Facts submitted in support of their Motion for Summary Judgment ("Defs.' Stmt.") unless a statement is contradicted by the opposing party. Where either party has objected to relevant aspects of the other side's proffered material fact, the Court shall cite to Plaintiff's Response to Defs.' Stmt. ("Pl.'s Resp."); Defendants' Response to Pl.'s Stmt. ("Defs.' Stmt."); Plaintiff's Reply Statement to Defs.' Resp. ("Pl.'s Reply Stmt."); or Defendants' Reply Statement to Pl.'s Resp. ("Defs.' Reply Stmt."). In addition, where appropriate, the Court shall cite directly to evidence in the record.

[4] As set forth in Plaintiff's Second Amended Complaint, Gaither's stabbing was the last of three such incidents that took place at the Jail during a four-day period in December of 2002. On December 11, 2002, Gavin Pendleton was stabbed and subsequently died as a result of his injuries. Two days later, on December 13, 2002, a second inmate, Bradley Autman, was stabbed in the neck by another inmate, resulting in his hospitalization. This was followed a day later by Gaither's stabbing. Sec. Am. Compl. ¶ 3. Although these facts are material to Plaintiff's suit, neither party actually addressed the prior stabbings in their statement of material facts or provided the Court with record support for these statements. Accordingly, although the Court makes note of these facts in order to provide a fuller background of this case, the Court has not relied on these statements in ruling on the parties' motions.

[5] See, e.g., Def.'s Mot. to Strike Pl.'s Expert Michele Roberts and One of Plaintiff's Penologists as Duplicative, [Docket No. 113], Ex. C, (Report of Michele A. Roberts, Esq.) at 1 ("Having pleaded guilty to one count of distribution of cocaine, Mikal Gaither was in the custody of the D.C. Jail pending sentencing on December 14, 2002."); Pl.'s Mem. of Law in Support of her Obj. to Magistrate Judge Kay's Order Striking Plaintiff's Sentencing Expert, Docket No. [122-2], at 5 ("At the time of his death, Mr. Gaither was awaiting sentencing in the D.C. Superior Court on a felony drug conviction. Mr. Gaither pled guilty to one felony count of distribution of cocaine.. . .").

[6] Indeed, Gaither is referred to throughout the Second Amended Complaint as a "pretrial detainee." See, e.g. Sec. Am. Compl. at ¶¶ 2, 63, 76. Plaintiff's use of this term in the Second Amended Complaint perhaps reflects the Jail's apparent practice of referring to all inmates who have not yet been sentenced as "pretrial detainees," regardless of whether they are awaiting trial or have already been convicted and/or pled guilty.

[7] Defendants originally included a sixth argument in their motion for summary judgment—namely, that Gaither's contributory negligence and/or assumption of the risk barred Plaintiff's claims. See Defs.' MSJ at 42-46. This argument has since been withdrawn by Defendants. See Notice of Withdrawal of Argument, Docket No. [148].

[8] Curiously, although Defendants' argument rests on the preclusive effect of this March 21, 2003 Order, Defendants have not actually provided the Court with a copy of that order. Rather, Defendants have submitted only a copy of Judge Bryant's July 22, 2003 Order dismissing the Campbell and Inmates of D.C. Jail cases in their entirety and a copy of the D.C. Circuit mandate affirming the dismissal. See Defs.' MSJ, Ex. A (copy of D.C. Circuit mandate and July 22, 2003 Order). Nonetheless, because the March 21, 2003 Order is electronically available on the public docket, the Court was able to review the order for itself.

In addition, the Court notes that Defendants have also cited to "transcripts of the Campbell proceedings" in support of their argument that issue preclusion applies in this case, but did not actually provide such material to the Court. See Defs.' MSJ at 21. Similarly, Defendants cited to various docket entries in the Campbell litigation, but failed to actually attach the cited material to their motion. See id. at 13. The Court was able to review the cited filings in the Campbell case only because Plaintiff—rather than Defendants —provided the Court with copies of the cited material. Defendants, as the party proponents, have the burden of demonstrating that the doctrine of issue preclusion applies, and that includes providing the Court with all relevant cited material; Defendants' failure to do so is inexcusable.

[9] The Court notes that Plaintiff alleges only that the District is liable for the Defendant Officials' conduct under Section 1983. See Sec. Am. Compl. ¶ 68. Plaintiff makes no similar allegation that the District is also liable for the conduct of the Defendant Correctional Officers under Section 1983. See generally id. ¶¶ 69-71.

[10] Individuals suing the District for constitutional due process violations must do so under the Fifth Amendment, and not the Fourteenth, as the District—which is not a state— is subject to the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. See Atherton v. D.C. Off. of Mayor, 567 F.3d 672, 689 (D.C.Cir.2009) (citing Butera v. D.C., 235 F.3d 637, 645 n. 7 (D.C.Cir.2001)).

[11] On this point, the Court notes that, although the Second Amended Complaint nominally characterizes Gaither as "pretrial detainee," this label likely reflects only the Jail's policy of classifying all non-sentenced inmates as pretrial detainees—and does not appear to reflect whether Gaither is a "pretrial detainee" for purposes of the Fifth Amendment.

[12] See Tilmon v. Prator, 368 F.3d 521 (5th Cir.2004) ("We hold that a prisoner who has been convicted but has not yet been sentenced has the same status as a sentenced prisoner for purposes of purposes of analyzing whether the prison has a liberty interest in certain procedural protections...."); Berry v. City of Muskogee, 900 F.2d 1489, 1493 (10th Cir. 1990) ("We see no reason to treat incarcerated persons whose guilt has been adjudicated formally but who await sentencing like pretrial detainees, who are detained primarily to ensure their presence at trial and who cannot be punished, and we perceive every reason to treat those awaiting sentencing the same as inmates already sentenced."); but see Fuentes v. Wagner, 206 F.3d 335, 341 (3rd Cir.2000) ("When Fuentes was placed in the restraint chair he was a convicted inmate awaiting sentencing. His status under the Constitution was therefore that of a pretrial detainee.").

[13] In addition to the arguments discussed below, Defendants also allege in passing that even assuming "[P]laintiff can show deficiencies in the District's customs, policies, and/or practices," the District is nonetheless entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim in its entirety because "there is insufficient evidence in the record to establish that the District's asserted failures proximately caused Mikal Gaither's death." Defs.' MSJ at 28-29. According to Defendants, because Gaither "failed to notify the District defendants that he had provided testimony to the grand jury," the "District had no way of knowing of any potential risk of harm that Gaither's assailant posed." Id. at 29. First, to the extent this argument is premised on an allegation that Gaither should have notified the Jail of his grand jury testimony, this argument is, in essence, based on the same allegations that underlie Defendants' argument that Plaintiff's claims are barred by the affirmative defenses of contributory negligence and/or assumption of the risk. For the reasons discussed below, material factual disputes preclude summary judgment on these asserted defenses. See infra at pp. 102-06 Second, to the extent Defendants argue more generally that Plaintiff has failed to show that Defendants' conduct proximately caused Gaither's death, the Court declines to consider this argument. Defendants failed to provide any factual or legal citations in support of this assertion, dedicating less than a paragraph to this argument in their motion for summary judgment and ignoring it altogether in their Reply. See id. at 28-29. In light of this cursory treatment, the Court is not in a position to consider Defendants' argument on this point. See also Smith, 413 F.3d at 103 ("`the proximate cause of an injury is ordinarily a question for the jury.'") (quoting Hicks v. United States, 511 F.2d 407, 420 (D.C.Cir. 1975)).

The Court also notes that Defendants have raised a new arguments for the first time in their Reply—namely, that they are entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim because of the absence of inmate violence in NE-3 prior to December 14, 2002. See Defs.' Reply at 35. The Court, however, shall not consider this argument raised for the first time in reply. See, e.g., Am. Wildlands v. Kempthorne, 530 F.3d 991, 1001 (D.C.Cir. 2008) ("We need not consider this argument because plaintiffs ... raised it for the first time in their reply brief."); McBride v. Merrell Dow & Pharm., 800 F.2d 1208, 1211 (D.C.Cir. 1986) ("Considering an argument advanced for the first time in a reply brief ... is not only unfair to an appellee, but also entails the risk of an improvident or ill-advised opinion on the legal issues tendered.") (internal citation omitted).

[14] The critical staffing complement is the number of correctional officers that must be in a unit at all times. See Pl.'s Opp'n, Ex. 11 (Deposition Excerpt of Marvin Brown) at 93:9-22; 121:19-122:3; see also id., Ex. 22 (Deposition Excerpt of Pamela Chase) at 118:9-17.

[15] Plaintiff argues that, to the contrary, the March 2002 Washington Declaration should be read to state that the critical staffing complement in NE-3 was three correctional officers, not two. In so arguing, Plaintiff focuses on language in the declaration that states that "[c]ellblocks that are double-celled will be staffed with 3 officers on the day and evening shifts." See Pl.'s Opp'n at 17 & n. 7. Plaintiff argues that, because NE-3 was a double-celled cellblock, this language demonstrates that the critical staffing complement for NE-3 was three correctional officers, not two; to the extent the attached "Critical Staffing Complement" contradicts this quoted statement, Plaintiff simply contends the attachment should be disregarded as inconsistent. See Pl.'s Resp. ¶ 29 & p. 16, n. 4. As Defendants point out, however, Plaintiff's argument ignores the distinction between the number of correctional officers that may be staffed on a particular cellblock on a particular shift and the "critical staffing complement"—i.e., the absolute minimum number of correctional officers that must be assigned to a cellblock for a particular shift. See Defs.' Reply at 31-32; see also id., Ex. 6 (Deposition Excerpt of Stephen Minus) at 107:4-19; 109:10-21. Accordingly, the statement that double-celled cellblocks, such as NE-3, would be staffed with three correctional officers does not necessarily contradict the statement that the critical staffing complement for NE-3 was only two correctional officers. Regardless, as explained above, the March 2002 Washington Declaration provides evidence only as to the critical staffing complement that was in effect in March of 2002, and, absent indication that the numbers remained the same in December of 2002, does not definitely resolve the critical staffing complement that was in effect during the time period relevant to the instant litigation.

[16] Defendants have assumed that the declaration referred to in this deposition excerpt is the same March 2002 Washington Declaration discussed above and therefore argue that Brown's testimony does not create an issue of disputed fact because it is based on a misreading of the March 2002 Washington Declaration, which clearly provides that the critical staffing complement is three correctional officers. See Defs.' Reply at 33. On the record now before it, however, the Court has no means of confirming whether the "Odie Washington declaration" referred to in the October 4, 2007 Brown deposition is the same March 2002 Washington Declaration filed in Fraternal Order of Police. Neither party has attached a copy of the exhibit used in the October 4, 2007 Deposition, and it is unclear from the deposition excerpt itself whether Brown is referring to the March 2002 Washington Declaration. One possible explanation for the apparent contradiction is that Washington authored a second declaration for the Beale litigation, which—unlike the March 2002 Washington Declaration—states that the critical staffing complement for NE-3 was three correctional officers. That is, it may be that the critical staffing complement for NE-3 Unit was two correctional officers in March of 2002, but subsequently changed to three correctional officers at some undisclosed date. Any such conclusion, however, is speculative at this point, given the lack of evidence in the record.

[17] Moreover, the Court notes that even if the critical staffing complement in NE-3 in effect on December 14, 2002 was for two correctional officers, as Defendants contend, Plaintiff has presented expert testimony—unrebutted by Defendants—that such a policy would have itself been deficient. See Miller Rep. at 7 ("In my opinion, having three (3) officers on duty at all times during the second and third shifts in the Northeast Three cellblock was the absolute bar minimum staffing required to provide even a hope of adequate protection from harm.") (emphasis added). Thus, even assuming the Court were to find that Defendants' policy in effect in December of 2002 required only two correctional officers be present in NE-3 at all times, Defendants would not necessarily be entitled to summary judgment on allegations that the District's staffing policies, procedures, and practices were inadequate.

[18] Defendants have not moved for summary judgment as to any of Plaintiff's remaining allegations with respect to the District's security policies, procedures and practices that underlie Plaintiff's Section 1983 claim. See generally Defs.' MSJ at 24-29.

[19] Defendants dispute that the Jail's policy required the records be retained for five years, arguing instead that the shakedown records were typically retained for only 30 days. See Defs.' Reply at 25. In support of this claim, Defendants rely on the deposition testimony of Brinson, in which he states that he "would assume they would keep a copy of that [shakedown] sheet for 30 days at least." See id., Ex. 5 (Deposition Excerpt of Gary Brinson) at 167:11-13; see also id. at 160:8-11 ("Q. During your tenure as major of operations, can you tell me how long the shakedown sheets were kept. A. No. My man would take them for 30 days. Keep a copy for 30 days."). Brinson's recollection that shakedown records were kept at least 30 days does not, however, directly refute Plaintiff's assertion that the Jail's policy required such records be retained for five years.

[20] In addition, Plaintiff alleges as part of her Section 1983 claim against the District that the Defendant Officials negligently supervised the correctional officers. Sec. Am. Compl. ¶ 63. Defendants have not addressed this allegation. See generally Defs.' MSJ at 24-29.

[21] Pursuant to the Supreme Court's recent decision in Pearson, courts now have discretion regarding which of the two prongs of the qualified immunity analysis to address first. See Pearson, 129 S.Ct. at 818.

[22] The Court notes that Plaintiff has entirely failed to address this argument by the Defendant Officials. See generally Pl.'s Opp'n at 19-20. Indeed, Plaintiff's abbreviated analysis of Defendants' qualified immunity claim provides little assistance to the Court, as it simply states that, as a general matter, prisoners have a constitutional right to be protected from violence at the hands of other inmates. See id. Nonetheless, it is ultimately the Defendant Officials' burden to show that they are entitled to qualified immunity, a burden which the Court finds Defendant Officials have not satisfied, given the existence of disputed issues of material fact.

[23] The Court notes that Defendants raised for the first time in their Reply an assertion that Defendant White is also entitled to summary judgment because "nothing in the record would support a finding of liability" against him. Defs.' Reply at 43. Although the Court agrees that the record now before it is sparse with respect to Defendant White, the Court shall not consider an argument raised by Defendants for the first time in their Reply. See supra at pp. 87, n. 13.

[24] The Court may permit Defendants to re-raise this issue at a later date in advance of trial, if appropriate.

[25] It appears that Ingram was eventually charged with Muldrow's murder. See Defs.' Opp'n at 1. Although this fact is significant in understanding the issues raised in Plaintiff's motion, neither party actually addressed this fact in their statement of material facts nor is there any record evidence suggesting the accuracy of this statement. Accordingly, the Court has not relied on this statement in ruling on Plaintiff's motion.

[26] Defendants have also relied on the deposition testimony of Defendant Harrison. See Defs.' Stmt. ¶ 14. As Plaintiff correctly notes, however, the cited portion of the testimony does not support the specific assertion that inmates are asked if they "are testifying against anybody" during the intake process. See Pl.'s Resp. ¶ 14.

[27] It is not altogether clear from the transcript that Defendants filed with this Court whether this witness recanted the entirety of his previous statement to the MPD or whether only certain statements. See Defs.' Opp'n, Ex. E (Excerpt of Testimony provided by James E. Simpkin during Kent and Ingram's criminal trial). As is relevant, after Simpkin confirmed that he had previously told the MPD that he had seen Gaither walk up the stairs with Ingram shortly before the attack, the following dialogue occurred:

Q. And after that you said you saw Mat putting something up into a slot by cell 53?

A. I guess so, yes.

Q. Well you say "you guess so," do you not remember this?

A. No, I don't. I told you I didn't see this and so I made something up and now you're trying to refresh my memory to make me remember it, I'm going along but I can't tell you that I said it, I'm not saying this is a lie and I didn't say what you just said; I don't recall this.

Q. So you don't recall seeing Mat—or excuse me you don't' recall saying that you saw Mat put an object in the cell—excuse me, an object in a slot?

A. I don't recall it, but if you said I said it, then I said it.

Id. at p. 6 (82:3-16). Although the witness states that he "didn't see this" and therefore "made something up," it is unclear from the transcript itself whether the witness is referring only to the immediately-preceding question (i.e., that "Mat put[] something into a slot") or whether he is referring to the entire preceding exchange, including the statement that he saw Ingram and Gaither walk up the stairs together.

[28] Curiously, although Plaintiff has moved for summary judgment on the issue of contributory negligence and/or assumption of risk, she failed to actually identify the relevant legal standards in her briefing. See generally Pl.'s MSJ; Pl.'s Reply. Perhaps as a result of this oversight, Plaintiff has argued—without legal citation—that both "contributory negligence and assumption of risk require a showing that Gaither actually knew and understood the full scope and magnitude of the risk posed by waiver and that he, nonetheless, exposed himself to it intentionally and unreasonably." Pl.'s Reply at 2. This assertion, however, is incorrect. As the case law makes clear, "[w]hile it may look like the doctrines of assumption of risk and contributory negligence overlap, a clear distinction exists between the two. As opposed to the objective standard employed under contributory negligence, assumption of risk applies where the plaintiff subjectively knows of the existence of the risk and appreciates its unreasonable character." See Krombein, 317 F.Supp.2d at 20 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).