STATE of Oregon, Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
Isaac S. HARDING, true name Isaac S. Harden, Defendant-Appellant.
970432879; A133051.
Court of Appeals of Oregon.
Argued and Submitted July 31, 2008. Decided October 1, 2008.*1056 Robin A. Jones, Senior Deputy Public Defender, argued the cause for appellant. With her on the brief was Peter Gartlan, Chief Defender, Legal Services Division, Office of Public Defense Services.
Jamie Contreras argued the cause for respondent. On the brief were Hardy Myers, Attorney General, Mary H. Williams, Solicitor General, and Anna M. Joyce, Assistant Attorney General.
Before ROSENBLUM, Presiding Judge, and BREWER, Chief Judge, and RICHARDSON, Senior Judge.
BREWER, C.J.
In 1999, defendant was convicted after a jury trial of one count of attempted murder, ORS 163.115, ORS 161.405, and one count of second-degree assault, ORS 163.175. The trial court imposed an upward departure sentence of 144 months' imprisonment for the attempted murder conviction based on its findings of departure factors, and a concurrent mandatory minimum sentence of 70 months for the assault. This court affirmed without opinion in 2002, and the Oregon Supreme Court denied review. State v. Harding, 183 Or.App. 533, 53 P.3d 471, rev. den., 335 Or. 90, 58 P.3d 821 (2002).
After the appellate judgment issued, defendant moved in the trial court for correction of errors in the judgment pursuant to ORS 138.083(1)(a).[1] He made two arguments: *1057 (1) The judgment erroneously failed to include language indicating that defendant could be considered for alternative programs pursuant to ORS 137.750 during a portion of one of his sentences, and (2) the judgment erroneously imposed an upward departure sentence of 144 months' imprisonment for the attempted murder on the basis of findings made by the court, in violation of defendant's Sixth Amendment rights. See generally Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004). In particular, as to the upward departure sentence, defendant requested that the trial court delete the purportedly erroneous 144-month departure sentence, and substitute a 90-month mandatory minimum sentence for the attempted murder. The trial court concluded that it had authority to correct the first of those errors pursuant to ORS 137.754, which specifically contemplates such corrections, but further concluded that it lacked "jurisdiction" to correct the second error pursuant to ORS 138.083. Accordingly, the court entered an amended judgment that remedied the first error but retained the provision from the earlier judgment that defendant would serve a departure sentence on the attempted murder conviction on the basis of findings made by the court. Defendant appeals. For the reasons explained below, we vacate the judgment and remand to the trial court for further consideration of the matter.
In response to defendant's argument that the trial court erred in failing to correct the erroneous departure sentence, the state first asserts that (1) the amended judgment is not appealable, and (2) the issue is not reviewable. As explained below, the state is incorrect in both regards. "Appealability" concerns whether this court has appellate jurisdiction over an appeal and is determined by reference to statutes that identify particular types of judgments or orders as appealable or not. See generally State v. Stubbs, 193 Or.App. 595, 91 P.3d 774 (2004) (discussing issue). Whether a judgment or order is appealable is determined by examination of the judgment or order itself; it is not determined by reference to the arguments made on appeal. "Reviewability," on the other hand, concerns what issues a court may consider on appeal. See generally State v. Montgomery, 294 Or. 417, 420, 657 P.2d 668 (1983) ("Appealability generally is concerned with whether an appeal can be taken at all. * * * Reviewability generally involves the consideration of a variety of rulings and orders made by the court, usually before judgment." (Emphasis in original.)).
ORS 138.053(1) provides, in part, that a judgment entered in a criminal case
"is subject to the appeal provisions and limitations on review under ORS 138.040 and 138.050 if the disposition includes * * *
"(a) Imposition of a sentence on conviction."
The amended judgment in this case replaced the earlier judgment, and it imposed sentences on defendant's convictions. It thus is subject to the appeal provisions of ORS 138.040.[2] ORS 138.040(1)(b)(A) provides, in part, that an appellate court may determine whether a disposition described in ORS 138.053 "[e]xceeds the maximum allowable by law." It is beyond dispute that, pursuant to ORS 138.040, numerous defendants have successfully raised challenges to the constitutionality of their departure sentences. See, e.g., State v. Dilts, 337 Or. 645, 103 P.3d 95 (2004) (the Sixth Amendment precludes judicial factfinding in support of upward departure sentences under Oregon's sentencing guidelines). The state, however, asserts in the present case that, although the court entered an amended judgment, "the denial of defendant's motion to correct the judgment was not independently appealable because it does not fall under the scope of appealable orders under ORS 138.053," citing State v. Hart, 188 Or.App. 650, 72 P.3d 671, rev. den., 336 Or. 126, 81 P.3d 709 (2003).
*1058 The state fails to appreciate a significant difference between the present case and Hart. In Hart, the defendant filed a motion to correct a judgment pursuant to ORS 138.083, and the trial court denied the motion in its entirety. The defendant "appealed from the trial court's order denying his motion to correct the judgment." Id. at 652, 72 P.3d 671 (emphasis added). We examined the order denying the motion and concluded that, under ORS 138.053(1), "only post-judgment orders that impose a sentence, suspend imposition or execution of a sentence, or affect probation can be appealed." Hart, 188 Or.App. at 653, 72 P.3d 671. An order denying a motion to correct a judgment did not meet any of those criteria. Here, by contrast, defendant is not appealing an order denying a motion to correct a judgment; instead, he appeals from an amended judgment that imposed sentences for two crimes, and one of the sentences imposed in that amended judgment is a departure sentence based on judicial factfinding.[3] The judgment appealed from falls squarely within the type of judgment described in ORS 138.053(1)(a).
The state next argues that the issue raised is not reviewable, because it is not a claim that the "sentencing court failed to comply with requirements of law in imposing or failing to impose a sentence[.]" ORS 138.222(4)(a). The state offers no support for that proposition, and it is squarely at odds with our prior case law interpreting that provision. In State v. Arnold, 214 Or. App. 201, 164 P.3d 334 (2007), we recently reiterated the broad scope of sentencing errors that may be reviewed under ORS 138.222(4)(a). The state's argument requires no extended discussion. Suffice it to say that the assignment of error raised here falls squarely within the ambit of the types of error that we have reviewed regularly under ORS 138.222(4)(a).[4]
Next, we address the state's argument that the error was not preserved. Because it is undisputed that defendant raised this specific issue in his motion to correct the judgment pursuant to ORS 138.083, we understand the state to suggest that the issue nonetheless is unpreserved because defendant did not raise it when he originally was sentenced. We disagree. The present situation differs from cases such as State v. Hammond, 218 Or.App. 574, 180 P.3d 137 (2008), and State v. Layton, 163 Or.App. 37, 986 P.2d 1221 (1999), rev den, 330 Or. 252, 6 P.3d 1099 (2000). In those cases, defendants appealed original judgments in criminal cases, arguing that they had preserved the errors by raising the issues in post-trial motions that the respective courts had denied. We rejected the notion of "retroactive preservation" in those instances. Hammond, 218 Or.App. at 584, 180 P.3d 137. Here, by contrast, the judgment that defendant appeals from was entered after he made his argument in support of his motion to correct the judgment. In such instances, arguments made in the trial court in support of, or against, corrections pursuant to ORS 138.083, are preserved. See, e.g., State v. Easton, 204 Or.App. 1, 126 P.3d 1256, rev. den., 340 Or. 673, 136 P.3d 743 (2006) (considering arguments made in the trial court in support of and against correction of judgment); State v. Lavitsky, 171 Or.App. 506, 17 P.3d 495 (2000), rev. den., 332 Or. 430, 30 P.3d 1183 (2001) (same).
Finally, we turn to the merits of the trial court's decision that it lacked jurisdiction under ORS 138.083 to correct the *1059 upward departure sentence. As noted, the trial court based that conclusion on the fact that defendant's sentences had been executed, that is, he had been delivered to the custodial authority and had begun serving them. Under the common law, a trial court lacked authority to modify an executed sentence. See State ex rel O'Leary v. Jacobs, 295 Or. 632, 669 P.2d 1128 (1983) (discussing common-law rule). We have held, however, that ORS 183.083 abrogated that common-law rule. See, e.g., State v. French, 208 Or.App. 652, 145 P.3d 305 (2006); Easton, 204 Or.App. at 5-6, 126 P.3d 1256; State v. Horsley, 168 Or.App. 559, 7 P.3d 646 (2000). Under ORS 138.083, notwithstanding that a defendant has begun serving his or her sentences and irrespective of any notice of appeal, a trial court may "modify any erroneous term in the judgment."
Under the current state of the law, a departure sentence that is based on judicial findings of fact may constitute an "erroneous term in the judgment" under Blakely and Dilts. Where that is the case, a trial court would be authorized to "modify" that erroneous term. Accordingly, the trial court in this case did not lack jurisdiction to consider defendant's motion asserting that sentencing error.
We emphasize, however, that, consistently with the discretionary nature of the trial court's error-modification authority under ORS 138.083, the trial court was not required to correct the asserted error. In particular, even assuming that the departure sentence constitutes an erroneous term in the judgment in this case, in exercising its discretion whether to correct that error, the trial court properly may take into account such factors and circumstances as the fact that the relief sought by defendantthe trial court's outright deletion of the departure sentence and imposition of a presumptive sentenceis broader than the relief that would be available on remand to a defendant who asserted a meritorious Blakely challenge to a sentence on appeal; and the fact that defendant did not request the latter form of reliefnamely, the empaneling of a jury to make the relevant factual findings.[5]Cf. also Miller v. Lampert, 340 Or. 1, 12-13, 125 P.3d 1260 (2006) (the rule that a criminal defendant has a Sixth Amendment right to have a jury find beyond a reasonable doubt the facts supporting an enhanced sentence does not apply retroactively to defendants whose convictions and sentences became final before the rule was announced). In short, although it would not be beyond a trial court's authority to grant relief in this case, it also would not necessarily be an abuse of discretion for the trial court to decline to do so.
Because the trial court failed to consider defendant's challenge to his departure sentence on the ground that it lacked jurisdiction to do so, we conclude that the proper disposition is to remand the case to the trial court for further consideration of that issue and for entry of an amended judgment consistent with the trial court's disposition of it.
Judgment vacated; remanded for further proceedings.
NOTES
[1] ORS 138.083(1)(a) provides:
"The sentencing court shall retain authority irrespective of any notice of appeal after entry of judgment of conviction to modify its judgment and sentence to correct any arithmetic or clerical errors or to delete or modify any erroneous term in the judgment. The court may correct the judgment either on the motion of one of the parties or on the court's own motion after written notice to all the parties."
[2] ORS 138.050 contains limitations on appeal from cases involving guilty or no contest pleas and has no applicability in the present case.
[3] The corrected judgment provides, in part:
"This sentence is a durational departure upward, and the Court finds substantial and compelling reasons as stated in the record for this departure;
1. Persistent involvement in similar offense,
2. On supervision at the time of this offense,
3. Use of a weapon[.]"
(Emphasis added.)
[4] The state also suggests that we cannot review the assignment of error pursuant to ORS 138.222(4)(a) "because of the discretionary nature of a motion to correct the judgment" under ORS 138.083. We understand the state to mean that, because ORS 138.083 indicates that a court "may" correct a judgment but contains no suggestion that a court must do so, its decision is discretionary and, hence, unreviewable. As explained below, we agree with the state's premise that the court's decision whether to correct a judgment pursuant to ORS 138.083 is discretionary. However, ORS 138.222 contains no provision that suggests that discretionary decisions by a trial court are per se unreviewable.
[5] We express no opinion as to whether such relief would be available in a proceeding under ORS 138.083.