STATE of Oregon, Plaintiff-Respondent, Cross-Appellant,
v.
Gregory James HOPSON, Defendant-Appellant, Cross-Respondent.
03CR0270, A126720.
Court of Appeals of Oregon.
Submitted on Remand January 3, 2008. Decided June 11, 2008.*318 Peter Ozanne, Executive Director, Peter Gartlan, Chief Defender, Legal Services Division, and Marc D. Brown, Deputy Public Defender, Office of Public Defense Services, for appellant-cross-respondent.
Hardy Myers, Attorney General, Mary H. Williams, Solicitor General, and Doug M. Petrina, Assistant Attorney General, for respondent-cross-appellant.
Before HASELTON, Presiding Judge, and ARMSTRONG, Judge, and ROSENBLUM, Judge.
HASELTON, P.J.
Defendant was convicted of first-degree sodomy, ORS 163.405, and first-degree kidnapping, ORS 163.235. At sentencing, the court determined that, under Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2004), and Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000), it could not make factual findings in support of consecutive sentences, ORS 137.123, but that it could make factual findings in support of a sexually violent dangerous offender sentence, under ORS 137.767, on the sodomy conviction. Defendant appealed, arguing that the court erred in imposing a sexually violent dangerous offender sentence because Blakely and Apprendi required jury findings to support such a sentence; the state cross-appealed, arguing that the court erred in concluding that it could not impose consecutive sentences on the convictions in light of Blakely and Apprendi. We reversed and remanded for resentencing on cross-appeal in light of our then-recent decision in State v. Tanner, 210 Or.App. 70, 150 P.3d 31 (2006), and, consequently, did not reach the issue raised on appeal. State v. Hopson, 214 Or.App. 288, 164 P.3d 342 (2007). The Oregon Supreme Court allowed review, vacated our decision, and remanded the case for reconsideration in light of State v. Ice, 343 Or. 248, 170 P.3d 1049 (2007), cert. granted, ___ U.S. ___, 128 S. Ct. 1657, 170 L. Ed. 2d 353 (2008). State v. Hopson, 343 Or. 366, 170 P.3d 1064 (2007).
In Ice, the Oregon Supreme Court held that judicial factfinding in support of consecutive sentences pursuant to ORS 137.123 violated the rule of law announced in Blakely and Apprendi. Consequently, and contrary to our original disposition, the trial court in this case was correct in concluding that it lacked the ability to make factual findings in support of a consecutive sentence.
Given that conclusion, we must now address defendant's assignment of error on appeal: Does judicial factfinding in support of a sexually violent dangerous offender sentence pursuant to ORS 137.765 likewise run afoul of Blakely and Apprendi? As explained below, we conclude that the answer is yes. Accordingly, we remand for resentencing.
ORS 137.767 allows a sentencing court to impose a sentence that includes a lifetime period of post-prison supervision for certain *319 offenses, but only if the court finds that the "person is a sexually violent dangerous offender." ORS 137.765(2)(b). "Sexually violent dangerous offender," in turn, is defined in ORS 137.765(1)(b) as "a person who has psychopathic personality features, sexually deviant arousal patterns or interests and a history of sexual assault and presents a substantial probability of committing a crime listed in subsection (3) of this section."[1]
In this case, defendant argued at sentencing that judicial factfinding in support of a sexually violent dangerous offender sentence would run afoul of the rule of law announced in Blakely, as interpreted in our then-recent case, State v. Warren, 195 Or.App. 656, 98 P.3d 1129 (2004), rev. den., 340 Or. 201, 131 P.3d 195 (2006) (regarding dangerous offender sentences). The sentencing court disagreed, and proceeded to find that defendant displayed psychopathic personality features and sexually deviant arousal patterns of interest, that he had a history of sexual assaults, and that he presented a substantial probability of committing crimes listed in ORS 137.765(3).
Defendant renews his challenge on appeal, reiterating the basic tenets from Blakely and Apprendi: "Other than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt." Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490, 120 S. Ct. 2348. Moreover, a "statutory maximum" is the "maximum sentence a judge may impose solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the defendant." Blakely, 542 U.S. at 303, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (emphasis omitted).
The determination that a convicted defendant is a sexually violent dangerous offender has very substantial practical consequences. In this case, for example, but for defendant's designation as a sexually violent dangerous offender, he would have been required to serve only a three-year term of post-prison supervision after his incarceration term. OAR XXX-XXX-XXXX(2). As sanction for violation of the terms of post-prison supervision, an offender serving a three-year term of post-prison supervision may be required to serve up to a maximum of 12 months' incarceration. OAR XXX-XXX-XXXX(3)(c).
In contrast, as a sexually violent dangerous offender, defendant is required to serve a lifetime term of post-prison supervision after his incarceration. OAR XXX-XXX-XXXX(2)(b)(B); OAR XXX-XXX-XXXX(3). Moreover, the limits on sanctions provided in OAR XXX-XXX-XXXX(3) do not apply. OAR XXX-XXX-XXXX(4). Rather, for violations of post-prison supervision, defendant "may be incarcerated up to 180 days for any violation of post-prison supervision. The sanction may be imposed repeatedly during the term of the post-prison supervision for subsequent post-prison supervision violations." OAR XXX-XXX-XXXX(5). In addition, as a sexually violent dangerous offender, defendant "shall be subject to intensive supervision for the full period of post-prison supervision[.]" OAR XXX-XXX-XXXX(2). He "may not reside near locations where children are the primary occupants or users." OAR XXX-XXX-XXXX(1); see also OAR XXX-XXX-XXXX(1).
Despite those enhanced aspects of defendant's sentence, the state argues that the rule of law from Blakely and Apprendi should not apply, because that rule should be applicable only when an "enhanced punishment involves a particularly heightened stigma and liberty deprivation"and, in the state's view, lifetime intensive post-prison supervision does not meet that standard. In support of that view, the state relies on United States v. Nachtigal, 507 U.S. 1, 113 S. Ct. 1072, 122 L. Ed. 2d 374 (1993). As explained below, we do not view Nachtigal as supporting the state's contention.
In Nachtigal, the defendant, who was charged with a misdemeanor offense of driving under the influence, argued that he should be entitled to a jury trial because, even though the offense only carried a maximum term of imprisonment of six months, the court could alternatively impose a five-year *320 probationary term and could also impose numerous discretionary conditions of probation. 507 U.S. at 2, 113 S. Ct. 1072. The Supreme Court rejected that argument.
In so holding, the Court observed that whether a defendant is entitled under the Sixth Amendment to a jury trial depends on "objective indications of the seriousness with which society regards the offense." Id. at 3, 113 S. Ct. 1072 (quoting Blanton v. North Las Vegas, 489 U.S. 538, 541, 109 S. Ct. 1289, 103 L. Ed. 2d 550 (1989)). The Court then reiterated the analysis that it had employed in Blanton:
"The best indicator of society's views is the maximum penalty set by the legislature. Ibid. While the word `penalty' refers both to the term of imprisonment and other statutory penalties, we stated that `[p]rimary emphasis * * * must be placed on the maximum authorized period of incarceration.' [Blanton, 489 U.S.] at 542[, 109 S. Ct. 1289]. We therefore held that offenses for which the maximum period of incarceration is six months or less are presumptively `petty.' A defendant can overcome this presumption, and become entitled to a jury trial, only by showing that the additional penalties, viewed together with the maximum prison term, are so severe that the legislature clearly determined that the offense is a `serious' one. Id. at 543[, 109 S. Ct. 1289]."
Nachtigal, 507 U.S. at 3-4, 113 S. Ct. 1072 (first brackets and ellipsis in original). Applying that analysis, the Court in Nachtigal concluded that, "[b]ecause the maximum term of imprisonment is six months, [the DUII] is presumptively a petty offense to which no jury trial right attaches." Id. at 4, 113 S. Ct. 1072. The Court further concluded that the fact that the defendant in Nachtigal was subject to, inter alia, a maximum five-year term of probation as an alternative to incarceration did not overcome the Blanton presumption because,
"[l]ike a monetary penalty, the liberty infringement caused by a term of probation is far less intrusive than incarceration. The discretionary probation conditions do not alter this conclusion; while they obviously entail a greater infringement on liberty than probation without attendant conditions, they do not approximate the severe loss of liberty caused by imprisonment for more than six months."
Id. at 5, 113 S. Ct. 1072 (citation omitted).
The state here, invoking Nachtigal, argues that "any liberty deprivation or stigma" associated with the enhanced supervision term resulting from the judicial imposition of a sexually violent dangerous offender designation is more closely analogous to the probationary term and conditions implicated in Nachtigal than to an increased period of incarceration, as in Apprendi and Blakely.
We note, as an initial matter, that Nachtigal does not purport to describe when a defendant who was entitled to a jury trial on a felony charge is entitled to have a jury find sentence enhancement factors. Rather, Blakely and Apprendi do thatand they do it without reference to Nachtigal, Blanton, or any other case about discerning the difference between a "petty" and a "serious" offense. Moreover, the test announced in Blakely and Apprendi bears no resemblance to the test described in Nachtigal and Blanton.
Further, and in a related sense, the Blanton/Nachtigal formulation is predicated on an assessment of the maximum totality of punishment to which the defendant is exposed. That inquiry does not purport to permit a court, in a sentencing context, to segregate and remove from the jury's consideration "nonserious," as opposed to "serious," sanctions. Thus, even under its own terms, if we were to apply the Blanton/Nachtigal "seriousness" formulation here, we would be obligated to consider the entire putative sentencing "package"that is, the combination of the "additional penalties" attending the sexually violent dangerous offender designation (viz., lifetime intensive post-prison supervision with unlimited incarcerative sanctions) and the "maximum prison term." Nachtigal, 507 U.S. at 4, 113 S. Ct. 1072.
In this case, defendant received a mandatory minimum sentence on his sodomy conviction of 100 months pursuant to ORS 137.700(2)(a)(L) (Measure 11). Because, under ORS 137.700(1), he will not be eligible for *321 any reductions in that term, that is his "prison term" for purposes of the test set forth in Nachtigal. Under Oregon law, there are only a handful of crimes that carry sanctions as severe or more severe. See generally ORS 137.700 (murder, attempted aggravated murder, manslaughter, and certain first-degree sexual offenses); ORS 163.095 (aggravated murder). In addition, the only crimes for which a defendant must serve lifetime post-prison supervision are aggravated murder and murder, unless the defendant has been found to be a sexually violent dangerous offender. OAR XXX-XXX-XXXX. Given the seriousness of the offense and the extent of the sanctions involved, the state's suggestion, under Nachtigal, that the sanctions at issue here are "petty" rather than "serious" is not well taken.
Conversely, application of Blakely and Apprendi here is straightforward. Post-prison supervision is part of a sentence. See, e.g., Haskins v. Palmateer, 186 Or.App. 159, 63 P.3d 31, rev. den., 335 Or. 510, 73 P.3d 291 (2003); OAR XXX-XXX-XXXX(3); OAR XXX-XXX-XXXX. A court is limited to the "statutory maximum" sentence that can be imposed based on the facts found by the jury or admitted by defendant, other than prior convictions. In particular, as the Court noted in Blakely, the statutory maximum is the "maximum sentence a judge may impose solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the defendant." 542 U.S. at 303, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (original emphasis omitted; emphasis added). In order to impose post-prison supervision beyond the three-year term otherwise authorized by OAR XXX-XXX-XXXX(2) (that is, the "statutory maximum"), the sentencing court needed to make additional factual findingsthose required by ORS 137.765(2)(b). Because those facts were not found by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt, the court erred in imposing a sexually violent dangerous offender sentence.
On appeal, sentence vacated; remanded for resentencing; otherwise affirmed. On cross-appeal, affirmed.
NOTES
[1] ORS 137.767(6) and (7) currently make provisions for jury determination of facts relevant to sexually violent dangerous offender sentencing, but those provisions were not in place when defendant was sentenced. Or. Laws 2007, ch. 16, § 7.