US Brass Corporation v. Shell Oil Company

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
For the Fifth Circuit

No. 01-40341

In the Matter of U.S. BRASS CORPORATION,

Debtor.

U.S. BRASS CORPORATION; ELJER PLUMBINGWARE, INC., formerly known as Eljer
Manufacturing, Inc.; ELJER INDUSTRIES, INC.; SHELL OIL COMPANY; CNA HOLDINGS,
INC., formerly known as Hoechst Celanese Corporation,

Appellants,

VERSUS

TRAVELERS INSURANCE GROUP, INC., et al.,

Appellees.

Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Texas

July 31, 2002
Before DUHÉ, BARKSDALE, and DENNIS, Circuit Judges.

DENNIS, Circuit Judge:

A confirmed plan of reorganization provided that certain claims against the Chapter 11 debtor

and its non-debtor affiliates would be resolved in a court of competent jurisdiction and determined

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by settlement or final judgment. The debtor, its affiliates, and the claimants later requested the

bankruptcy court’s approval of a proposed agreement to liquidate the claims through binding

arbitration. The bankruptcy court denied the request, and the district court affirmed that judgment.

This appeal presents a subject matter jurisdiction challenge and the substantive issue of whether the

proposed agreement constitutes an impermissible attempt to modify a substantially consummated plan

of reorganization. We find that the bankruptcy court had jurisdiction over this matter and agree with

its determination that the proposed agreement would modify the plan in violation of the Bankruptcy

Code. Accordingly, we AFFIRM.

I. BACKGROUND

Between 1975 and 1990, United States Brass Corporation manufactured and marketed a

polybutylene plumbing system for residential and commercial construction, repair, and remodeling.

U.S. Brass produced the pipe and fittings used in the plumbing system from raw materials supplied

by Shell Oil Company and CNA Holdings, Inc. (formerly Hoechst Celanese Corporation). The

system turned out to be defective, and, as a consequence, numerous homeowners, homeowners

associations, developers, builders, and plumbing contractors sued U.S. Brass, U.S. Brass’s parent

corporations,1 Shell, and CNA (collectively “the Appellants”). According to U.S. Brass, its insurers’

unwillingness to defend or provide coverage for the lawsuits caused the company to file for

bankruptcy protection in the Eastern District of Texas on May 23, 1994.

Shell and CNA filed a joint claim in the U.S. Brass Chapter 11 case for $1,012,732,856.00,

1
U.S. Brass is a wholly owned subsidiary of Eljer Plumbingware, Inc. (formerly Eljer
Manufacturing, Inc.), which, in turn, is wholly owned by Eljer Industries, Inc. (collectively “Eljer”
or “non-debtor affiliates”).

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representing the companies’ actual and estimated expenditures in connection with the defective

plumbing system and the resulting litigation. Shell also filed a separate proof of claim in the amount

of $53,331,738.00 for funds it expended in settlement of homeowners’ claims involving U.S. Brass

products.

Resolving the Shell/CNA plumbing claims was a principal object in drafting a plan of

reorganization for U.S. Brass. And it became clear early in the drafting process that the debtor and

its affiliates were relying heavily on insurance proceeds to satisfy those claims. Consequently, the

Appellees (“Insurers”), who issued insurance policies to U.S. Brass and Eljer covering the period of

the plumbing system’s manufacture and installation in buildings throughout the country, were active

in the reorganization. In particular, the Insurers objected to the September 24, 1997 version of the

reorganization plan because they feared it would invite collusive behavior among the debtor, Eljer,

Shell, and CNA in the liquidation of the Shell/CNA claims. The Insurers were also concerned that

the proposed plan would prevent them from asserting coverage defenses arising from violations of

the “cooperation” and “no action” provisions of their policies. According to the Insurers, those

provisions require U.S. Brass and Eljer to cooperate with them in defending plumbing claims and

relieve the Insurers of their indemnity obligations unless the claims are fully and fairly adjudicated or

settled with the Insurers’ approval.

The Insurers eventually withdrew their objections to confirmation, but only after the plan was

amended to preserve their coverage defenses for later adjudication in ongoing coverage litigation.2

2
At the time of the amendment, the debtor and certain named insurers entered into the
following stipulation:
The plan preserves the status quo on the issue of insurance coverage. To that
end, and to clarify any misunderstanding previously existing, section 7.6(b)(II) and

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Through the amendment, the parties also formalized a method for resolving the Shell/CNA claims by

adding plan sections 8.20(b) and 8.21. Section 8.20(b) requires that the claims be asserted “by

institution of litigation in a court of competent jurisdiction,” with recovery to be “determined by

settlement or final judgment”; section 8.21 sets forth a time limit for such litigation to be commenced

or continued.3

8.17(h)(B) of the Plan, which state that confirmation of the Plan shall not “provide
any coverage defense to the Insurers in the Insurance Coverage Litigation that they
would not have had in the absence of the Plan and the transactions contemplated
thereby”, shall be stricken from the Plan.
Stipulation Between Debtor and Certain Named Insurers at 2, ¶ 2.
3
Sections 8.20(b) and 8.21 provide:

8.20. Litigation Obligations

* * *

(b) The Cox Plaintiffs, Shell and/or [CNA] (or the Litigation Trust if it is selected as
an option) shall be entitled to assert the Shell/[CNA] Claims by institution of litigation
in a court of competent jurisdiction against Debtor, EMI [(Eljer Plumbingware, Inc.)],
and EII [(Eljer Industries, Inc.)], subject to the limitation that the Cox Plaintiffs, Shell
and/or [CNA] (or the Litigation Trust, if applicable) may only recover any amount
owing, determined by settlement or final judgment, solely from the proceeds of
Insurance Coverage and shall pay over the proceeds of such recoveries, less all costs
incurred in pursuing the Cox Plaintiffs Claims and/or the Shell/[CNA] Claims, to the
Brass Trust in accordance with the Plan.

8.21. Limitations Periods

Any period fixed under applicable law for commencing or continuing a civil action in
a court on the Cox Plaintiffs Claims and Shell/[CNA] Claims against the Debtor, by
virtue of Confirmation of the Plan, shall not expire until the later of (x) the end of
such period, including any suspension of such period, occurring on or after the
commencement of the Chapter 11 Case, or (y) one hundred eighty days after the
Effective Date.

The Cox Plaintiffs are homeowners, developers, builders, and plumbing contractors who
sought damages for losses allegedly caused by the polybutylene plumbing system. See Tina Cox, et

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 Even before the amendment, however, the parties understood that the Shell/CNA claims

would be litigated. Both the September 1997 and final versions of the plan included section 4.1(e)(i),

which mandates an alternative dispute resolution procedure for the liquidation of other outstanding

plumbing claims, primarily those of homeowners. That procedure permits binding arbitration

proceedings if agreed to by the parties. But section 4.1(e)(iv) exempts the Shell/CNA claims from

the ADR mechanism.4 Thus, the ADR provisions do not conflict with or undermine the later-added

litigation requirement for the Shell/CNA claims.

The bankruptcy court confirmed the amended plan on February 24, 1998, and incorporated

into its Confirmation Order the Stipulation Between the Debtor and Certain Named Insurers. The

stipulation provided that U.S. Brass and Eljer would defend the Shell/CNA claims in good faith and

not seek to end that litigation through collusive trial or settlement with the claimants.

On March 19, 1998, the plan became effect ive, and, as prescribed by its initial funding

provisions, U.S. Brass and Eljer made a cash payment to the Brass Trust, the entity created to receive

and distribute funds to plumbing claimants and other creditors. Pursuant to a settlement agreement

al. v. Shell Oil Co., et al., Civil Action No. 18,844, 1995 WL 775363 (Tenn. Ch. Nov. 17, 1995).
On June 13, 1995, the Chancery Court for Obion County, Tennessee, certified the Cox Plaintiffs as
a nat ionwide class and approved a settlement agreement between the Cox Plaintiffs and Shell and
CNA.
4
“If the Brass Settlement Agreement, the Cox Plaintiffs Settlement Agreement, and the
Shell/[CNA] Settlement Agreement are approved by the Bankruptcy Court, Shell and [CNA] . . . shall
not be entitled to the treatment set forth in Section 4.1(e)(i) of the Plan, above.” Plan § 4.1(e)(iv).
The Shell/CNA Settlement Agreement, which was approved by the bankruptcy court and then
executed by Shell, CNA, U.S. Brass, the Brass Trust, and Eljer on the plan’s effective date, provides
for the liquidation of the Shell/CNA claims “by litigation to final judgment or settlement . . . .”
Moreover, the Debtor’s Disclosure Statement confirms the exemption of the Shell/CNA plumbing
claims from the ADR procedure: “Except for Shell, [CNA], and the Cox Plaintiffs, all other holders
of Plumbing Claims will present their claims to the Brass Trust for payment through an Alternative
Dispute Resolution procedure (“ADR”) attached to the Plan.” Disclosure Statement at 8.

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included in the plan, Shell and CNA received $2,500,000.00 on their claims. The plan provides that

the remainder of the Shell/CNA claims, still exceeding one billion dollars in the companies’ estimate,

could be recovered only from insurance proceeds. Furthermore, the plan requires any proceeds

recovered on the Shell/CNA claims to be paid over to the Brass Trust. Eighty percent of those

proceeds would then be distributed to the claimants in the Cox class action,5 thereby reducing Shell

and CNA’s payment obligations to the class.6 The remaining twenty percent would be available for

other plumbing claimants.

In accordance with the plan, Shell and CNA instituted litigation against Eljer in the courts of

New Jersey and filed suit against U.S. Brass in Collin County, Texas. On March 12, 1999, this court

dismissed as moot an appeal from the bankruptcy court’s Confirmation Order.7 We found that “the

transactions that have taken place to date, the exchange of mutual releases, the disbursements already

made, and the general implementation of the plan by all the involved parties evidence substantial

5
This allotment of the insurance proceeds results from the plan’s incorporation of the Cox
Plaintiffs’ Settlement Agreement. Broadly speaking, the agreement provides a settlement of all Cox
Plaintiffs’ claims in exchange for a cash contribution from the Brass Trust to the Cox settlement fund
and eighty percent of the Brass Trust’s insurance recoveries.
6
Shell and CNA state in their brief that this reduction in their funding obligations to the Cox
Class explains their willingness to initially receive only $2,500,000.00 on their claims.
7
See In re U.S. Brass Corp., 169 F.3d 957 (5th Cir. 1999). The appeal was taken by Insurance
Subrogation Claimants (“ISC”) who, like the Cox Plaintiffs, are designated as Class 5 claimants in
the U.S. Brass reorganization plan. Id. at 958. The relief they sought would have required the Brass
Trust to reallocate its future disbursements of insurance recoveries pro rata among all Class 5
claimants, instead of the 80%/20% split provided for in the Cox Plaintiffs’ Settlement Agreement.
Id. at 961. In order to effectuate this relief, the ISC proposed removing the Cox Plaintiffs’ Settlement
Agreement from t he plan. Id. We held, however, that it “would be inequitable for this court to
consider the merits of the ISC’s appeal,” and our rationale was threefold: (1) the ISC failed to obtain
a stay pending appeal, (2) the plan had been substantially consummated, and (3) granting relief would
“dismantle” the plan and affect the rights of third parties. Id. at 962.

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consummation of the plan.”8

On October 18, 1999, the Appellants filed a “Motion for Order in Aid of Consummation of

Plan and for Approval of Settlement of Plumbing Claims of Shell Oil Company and Hoechst Celanese

Corporation” with the bankruptcy court. The motion requested the court’s approval of a proposed

settlement agreement among U.S. Brass, Eljer, Shell, and CNA. Under the agreement, the Shell/CNA

claims would be liquidated by submission to final and binding arbitration. In addition, the pending

lawsuits in New Jersey and Texas would be dismissed, but the limitations period of plan section 8.21

would be tolled so that those suits could be reinstituted if necessary.

The Insurers filed objections to the motion, contending that arbitration of the claims without

their consent would alter their rights under the plan and constitute a breach of the “cooperation” and

“no action” clauses of the U.S. Brass/Eljer polices. After a full evidentiary hearing, the bankruptcy

court denied the motion on two bases. First, the court found that the proposed agreement “fails to

settle any matter before the courts”:

[T]he testimony offered at the hearing on the Motion made it abundantly clear to this
Court that the proposed agreement will not end, expedite or curtail litigation of the
Shell/[CNA] claims. It is no settlement at all. No arms length bargaining has
occurred. No value has changed hands. No claims have been released or reduced.
The Motion simply seeks to subst itute an arbitration process for the resolution of
those claims which the confirmed Plan required to be litigated in a court of competent
jurisdiction and determined by settlement or final judgment.9

Second, the court recognized that 11 U.S.C. § 1127(b) “prohibits modification of a substantially

consummated plan of reorganization” and concluded that approving the Appellants’ motion would

8
Id. at 961. “Substantial consummation” is a term of art defined in the Bankruptcy Code. See
11 U.S.C. § 1101(2).
9
In re United States Brass Corp., 255 B.R. 189, 193 (Bankr. E.D. Tex. 2000).

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violate this prohibition:

The proposed “settlement” agreement alters by extension the provisions of the Plan
respecting time limitations with respect to bringing actions if the arbitration results in
giving the carriers a defense to coverage. Plan at 8.21. Moreover, arbitration (as to
the claims which are the subject matter of the proposed “settlement”) was not an
option specifically contemplated and negotiated by the parties at confirmation. The
Court will not and may not allow such a modification of a confirmed and substantially
consummated plan o f reorganization in contravention of 11 U.S.C. § 1127(b)
regardless of Movants’ attempts to clothe it as a settlement or clarification of an
order.10

U.S. Brass, Eljer, Shell, and CNA appealed the bankruptcy court’s order denying the motion

to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. The district court affirmed,

finding that the Appellants’ proposed substitution of arbitration for litigation in a court of competent

jurisdiction “should not be interpreted as a ‘settlement’ because the carefully crafted claims resolution

scheme set forth in the Plan does not contemplate arbitration. If the parties had intended to resolve

the Shell/CNA claims through arbitration, they would have specifically provided for arbitration in the

Plan language.” Thus, the district court agreed that “the Motion is appro priately viewed as an

attempt to ‘modify’ the Plan in violation of 11 U.S.C. § 1127(b).”

The Appellants now seek review in this court.

II. JURISDICTION

Citing the limited nature of post-confirmation jurisdiction, the Insurers contend that the

bankruptcy court lacked authority to entertain the Appellants’ motion. “Both the bankruptcy and

district courts’ finding that they had subject matter jurisdiction is a legal determination that we review

de novo.”11 In asserting jurisdiction, the bankruptcy court relied on both a broad retention-of-

10
Id. at 193–94.
11
In re Canion, 196 F.3d 579, 584 (5th Cir. 1999).

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jurisdiction provision in the confirmed plan and its authority under the Bankruptcy Code to clarify

and enforce its own orders.12 “However, the source of the bankruptcy court’s subject matter

jurisdiction is neither the Bankruptcy Code nor the express terms of the Plan. The source of the

bankruptcy court’s jurisdiction is 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and 157 . . . .”13

Section 1334 grants the federal district court s jurisdiction over four types of bankruptcy

matters: (1) “cases under title 11,” (2) “proceedings arising under title 11,” (3) proceedings “arising

in” a case under title 11, and (4) proceedings “related to” a case under title 11.14 The first category

refers to the bankruptcy petition itself.15 The seco nd, t hird, and fourth categories, all listed in §

1334(b), “operate conjunctively to define the scope of jurisdiction. Therefore, it is necessary only

to determine whether a matter is at least ‘related to’ the bankruptcy.”16 A proceeding is “related to”

a bankruptcy if “the outcome of that proceeding could conceivably have any effect on the estate being

administered in bankruptcy.”17

By way of district-court referral, the bankruptcy court may “hear and determine” certain

12
See In re United States Brass Corp., 255 B.R. at 192.
13
United States Tr. v. Gryphon at the Stone Mansion, Inc., 216 B.R. 764, 769 (W.D. Pa. 1997),
aff’d, 166 F.3d 552 (3d Cir. 1999).
14
28 U.S.C. § 1334(a)–(b). Section 1334 uses the term “proceeding” in its broadest sense.
“‘[A]nything that occurs within a case is a proceeding.’” 1 LAWRENCE P. KING ET AL., COLLIER ON
BANKRUPTCY ¶ 3.01[4][b], at 3-19 (15th ed. rev. 2001) [hereinafter COLLIER] (quoting H.R. REP.
NO. 95-595, at 445 (1977)).
15
In re Wood, 825 F.2d 90, 92 (5th Cir. 1987).
16
Id. at 93.
17
Id. (quoting Pacor, Inc. v. Higgins, 743 F.2d 984, 994 (3d Cir. 1984)).

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matters falling within the jurisdictional grant of § 1334.18 Specifically, § 157(b)(1) gives bankruptcy

courts full judicial power over “all cases under title 11 and all core proceedings arising under title 11,

or arising in a case under title 11, referred under . . . this section . . . .”19 Non-core proceedings that

are “otherwise related to a case under title11” may be heard by a bankruptcy judge, but any final

order or judgment must be entered by the district court.20 Thus, if a matter within the broad scope

of § 1334(b) satisfies the more precise notion of a core proceeding, § 157 authorizes the bankruptcy

court to decide the matter and enter a final judgment. Although the statute does not define co
re

proceedings, subsection (b)(2) does provide a nonexclusive list of examples.21 Moreover, we have

held that § 157 equates core proceedings with the categories of “arising under” and “arising in”

proceedings; therefore, a “proceeding is core under section 157 if it invokes a substantive right

provided by title 11 or if it is a proceeding that, by its nature, could arise only in the context of a

bankruptcy case.”22

With this general framework in mind, we acknowledge that the post-confirmation posture of

this case complicates our analysis somewhat. Section 1334 does not expressly limit bankruptcy

jurisdiction upon plan confirmation. Consequently, several courts have adapted the broad “related

18
See 28 U.S.C. § 157(a)–(b).
19
Id. § 157(b)(1).
20
Id. § 157(c)(1). If the parties consent, however, a bankruptcy judge may determine a non-
core “related to” proceeding and enter appropriate orders and judgments. See id. § 157(c)(2).
21
See id. § 157(b)(2).
22
Wood, 825 F.2d at 97.

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to” test for application in post-confirmation disputes.23 Those courts find that a proceeding falls

within the jurisdictional grant if it has “a conceivable effect on the debtor’s ability to consummate the

confirmed plan . . . .”24 In the recent case of In re Craig’s Stores of Texas, Inc., however, we

rejected this expansive view in favor of a “more exacting theory”: “After a debtor’s reorganization

plan has been confirmed, the debtor’s estate, and thus bankruptcy jurisdiction, ceases to exist, other

than for matters pertaining to the implementation or execution of the plan.”25 Although we can

imagine cases where the two approaches would produce different results, bankruptcy jurisdiction

existed over the Appellants’ motion in this case, even under the narrower test.

The U.S. Brass reorganization plan has been substantially consummated, but it has not been

fully consummated. The Appellants still have an obligation to resolve the Shell/CNA claims, and that

obligation is at the heart of this dispute. Although section 8.20(b) of the plan provides that Shell and

CNA are entitled to assert their claims “by institution of litigation in a court of competent

jurisdiction,”26 they now intend to submit the claims to binding arbitration. Thus, in opposition to the

23
See, e.g., United States Tr. v. Gryphon at the Stone Mansion, Inc., 166 F.3d 552, 555–56 (3d
Cir. 1999); Eubanks v. Esenjay Petroleum Corp., 152 B.R. 459, 463–64 (E.D. La. 1993).
24
Eubanks, 152 B.R. at 464.
25
266 F.3d 388, 390–91 (5th Cir. 2001). Our authority to engraft limitations on § 1334 is
subject to debate. See generally Frank R. Kennedy & Gerald K. Smith, Postconfirmation Issues: The
Effects of Confirmation and Postconfirmation Proceedings, 44 S.C. L. REV. 621, 631–44 (1993);
see also In re Almac’s, Inc., 202 B.R. 648, 655 (D.R.I. 1996) (“Section 1334(b) does not evince an
intent to curtail bankruptcy jurisdiction upon confirmation or substantial consummation, and this
Court will not read one into the statute.”); 8 COLLIER, supra note 14, ¶ 1142.04[1], at 1142-7
(“Bankruptcy jurisdiction is governed by 28 U.S.C. § 1334; this is so whether the matter at issue
arises before or after confirmation of a plan. Confirmation does not alter the basic jurisdictional
analysis applicable to bankruptcy courts.”).
26
See supra note 3.

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motion, the Insurers rely on the Bankruptcy Code’s prohibition on modification of a substantially

consummated plan of reorganization.27 The Appellants contend, on the other hand, that their

proposed agreement—including the arbitration provision—is fully consistent with the plan.

Bankruptcy law will ultimately determine this dispute, and the outcome could affect the parties’ post-

confirmation rights and responsibilities. Furthermore, this proceeding will certainly impact

compliance with or completion of the reorganization plan. Consequently, the Appellants’ motion

pertains to the plan’s implementation or execution and therefore satisfies the Craig’s Stores test for

post-confirmation jurisdiction.

Having found that subject matter jurisdiction exists over the parties’ dispute, we must now

decide whether the bankruptcy court could hear and determine this matter as a core proceeding.28

To this end, we have noted already that a proceeding is core if it arises under title 11 or arises in a

case under title 11. In their motion, the Appellants invoke 11 U.S.C. § 1142(b), which authorizes

post-confirmation bankruptcy orders “necessary for the consummation of the plan.”29 Some courts

27
See infra Part III.B (discussing 11 U.S.C. § 1127(b)).
28
See In re Wood, 825 F.2d 90, 91 (5th Cir. 1987).
29
Section 1142(b) provides:
The court may direct the debtor and any other necessary party to execute or deliver
or to join in the execution or delivery of any instrument required to effect a transfer
of property dealt with by a confirmed plan, and to perform any other act, including
the satisfaction of any lien, that is necessary for the consummation of the plan.
11 U.S.C. § 1142(b).
Courts sometimes cite § 1142(b) as a source of post-confirmation jurisdiction. See, e.g., Beal
Bank, S.S.B. v. Jack's Marine, Inc., 201 B.R. 376, 378–79 (E.D. Pa. 1996) (“Title 11 U.S.C. §
1142(b) specifically confers subject matter jurisdiction on bankruptcy courts to resolve
postconfirmation issues necessary to execute the confirmed plan.”). Those courts, however, miss the
point that the Bankruptcy Code does not confer jurisdiction. See supra note 13 and accompanying
text. Although § 1142(b) assumes—and our holding in Craig’s Stores confirms—that post-
confirmation jurisdiction exists for disputes concerning the implementation or execution of a

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hold that when a movant seeks an order pursuant to § 1142(b), the proceeding arises under title 11.30

We find, however, t hat § 1142(b) does not confer substantive rights so much as it empowers the

bankruptcy court to enforce the unperformed terms of a confirmed plan.31 Thus, proceedings within

the contemplation of § 1142(b) are more appropriately viewed as “arising in” a case under title 11.

“‘[A]rising in’ proceedings are those that are not based on any right expressly created by title

11, but nevertheless, would have no existence outside of the bankruptcy.”32 Proceedings invoking

the bankruptcy court’s statutory authority to enter orders necessary for the consummation of a

confirmed plan meet this criteria because the authority can be exercised only in the context of a

bankruptcy case. In other words, such proceedings arise only in bankruptcy. Here, the Appellants

sought an order pursuant to § 1142(b), and, although the Insurers opposed the requested relief, each

side argued that a ruling in its favor was necessary to the implementation or execution of the U.S.

Brass plan. This dispute would not exist outside of this bankruptcy case. As a result, the proceeding

on the Appellants’ motion constitutes a core proceeding.33

confirmed plan, 28 U.S.C. § 1334 remains the source of this jurisdiction. See supra note 25.
30
See, e.g., In re Polar Molecular Corp., 195 B.R. 548, 556 (Bankr. D. Mass. 1996) (finding
that the issues raised by a Chapter 11 trustee, who filed a complaint seeking an order compelling the
debtor to remit certain post-confirmation income for distribution to creditors as required by the
debtor’s reorganization plan, “arise under § 1142 of the Code and . . . [therefore] fall well within the
jurisdictional grant of § 1334 . . .”); In re Harlow Props., Inc., 56 B.R. 794, 797 (B.A.P. 9th Cir.
1985) (“A motion for an order [pursuant to § 1142(b)] requiring the debtor or other necessary party
to execute the provisions of a confirmed plan is a proceeding arising under Title 11.”).
31
See Wood, 825 F.2d at 97 (stating that an “arising under” proceeding “involves a right created
by the federal bankruptcy law”).
32
Id.
33
Although not essential to our finding on this issue, the present dispute qualifies as a core
proceeding on the additional basis that it affects the adjustment of the debtor–creditor relationship.

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 In sum, the present matter falls within the jurisdictional grant of 28 U.S.C. § 1334 and

qualifies as a core proceeding over which the bankruptcy court had full judicial power. Furthermore,

under 28 U.S.C. § 158, t he district court had jurisdiction to review the bankruptcycourt’s order

denying the motion,34 and we now have jurisdiction over this appeal.35

III. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review

“This Court, acting as a second review court, reviews the bankruptcy court’s findings of fact

under the clearly erroneous standard, and the bankruptcy court’s conclusions of law de novo.”36 And

we review a bankruptcy court’s decision to approve or disapprove a settlement under an abuse of

discretion standard.37 In t he present case, the bankruptcy court determined that the proposed

agreement was not a settlement, but rather an attempt to modify a substantially consummated plan

of reorganization in contravention of 11 U.S.C. § 1127(b). This determination presents a mixed

See 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(O) (classifying as core those “proceedings affecting . . . the adjustment
of the debtor–creditor . . . relationship . . .”). Although we have declined to read § 157(b)(2)(O)
broadly, see Wood, 825 F.2d at 95, we have also not hesitated to apply it in proceedings falling within
the plain meaning of the statutory text. See, e.g., In re Case, 937 F.2d 1014, 1020 (5th Cir. 1991)
(finding, in a post-confirmation disput e regarding a promissory note executed in settlement of a
creditor’s claim as part of a reorganization plan, that an alleged agreement between the debtor and
the creditor to satisfy the note with pro fessional services rather than cash payments “would have
altered the express terms of the reorganization plan and would have constituted an ‘adjustment of the
debtor–creditor relationship’ under § 157(b)(2)(O)”).
34
See 28 U.S.C. § 158(a).
35
See id. § 158(d).
36
In re T-H New Orleans Ltd. P’ship, 116 F.3d 790, 796 (5th Cir. 1997). We do not defer to
the district court’s decision. See In re Killebrew, 888 F.2d 1516, 1519 (5th Cir. 1989).
37
In re Continental Airlines Corp., 907 F.2d 1500, 1520 (5th Cir. 1990).

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question of law and fact that is subject to de novo review.38

B. The Appellants’ Motion

“[A]rbitration is simply a matter of contract between the parties; it is a way to resolve those

disputes—but only those disputes—that the parties have agreed to submit to arbitration.”39 But the

Appellants’ contractual freedom is not unlimited. Because the U.S. Brass reorganization plan

functions as a contract in its own right, obligations creat ed by the plan potentially constrain the

Appellants’ ability to submit the Shell/CNA claims to arbitration.40 The gravamen of the Appellants’

argument, then, is that the agreement to arbitrate the claims is a “settlement” within the contemplation

of plan section 8.20(b). We note, as a preliminary matter, that section 8.20(b) does not require

bankruptcy-court approval of a settlement liquidating the Shell/CNA claims.41 So if the agreement

is indeed consistent with the plan, the question becomes why did the Appellants file the motion for

approval.

The answer lies in the Bankruptcy Code. Section 1127(b) “allows post-confirmation

modification of a Chapter 11 plan after notice and a hearing, so long as the proposed modification

is presented to the Court ‘before substantial consummation of such plan.’ The section operates to

38
See In re Bass, 171 F.3d 1016, 1021 (5th Cir. 1999) (“Mixed questions of fact and law, and
questions concerning the application of law to the facts, are reviewed de novo.”).
39
First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 943 (1995).
40
See 8 COLLIER, supra note 14, ¶ 1142.04[2], at 1142-8 (“After confirmation, the plan
essentially functions as a contract between the debtor and the other entities affected by the plan . .
. .”).
41
See supra note 3.

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prohibit modification once ‘substantial consummation’ has occurred.”42 This court has already

determined that the U.S. Brass plan has been substantially consummated.43 Thus, § 1127(b)’s

prohibition applies, and the Appellants concede that they presented their proposed agreement to the

bankruptcy court because the Insurers took the position that it would, in fact, modify the plan. We

therefore find that the bankruptcy court correctly concluded, from its mere involvement in this post-

confirmation dispute, that the true issue is whether the proposed agreement constitutes an

impermissible attempt to modify the plan, despite the Appellants’ characterization of the agreement

as a settlement.

We also agree with the bankruptcy court’s holding on this issue. As confirmed, the plan

contemplates liquidation of the claims through “litigation in a court of competent jurisdiction” rather

than arbitration. Although the plan permits the Appellants to end the required litigation by settling

the claims, the Insurers were confident at the time of confirmation that a voluntary settlement

reducing the claims to a fixed dollar amount would be subject to their approval under the terms of

the policies. And if the Appellants chose, instead, to pursue the claims to final judgment, the

proceedings would be adversarial and each side would enjoy the safeguards associated with a judicial

forum. Accordingly, under either method of determination, “settlement or final judgment,” there

were factors minimizing the risk of collusion. The Insurers now fear that, through arbitration, the

42
In re Charterhouse, Inc., 84 B.R. 147, 151 (Bankr. D. Minn. 1988) (quoting 11 U.S.C. §
1127(b) (“The proponent of a plan or the reorganized debtor may modify such plan at any time after
confirmation of such plan and before substantial confirmation of such plan . . . .”)); see also 7
COLLIER, supra note 14, ¶ 1127.04, at 1127-8 n.5 (“A chapter 11 plan may not be modified after
substantial consummation.”).
43
See In re U.S. Brass Corp., 169 F.3d 957, 961 (5th Cir. 1999); see also supra text
accompanying note 8.

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Appellants will collusively generate a binding award that is inconsistent with the facts and applicable

law, but enforceable against the Insurers as if it were a final judgment. Whether this fear is well-

founded is immaterial, for we are persuaded that the Insurers would not have withdrawn their

objections to confirmation if the plan’s process for resolving the Shell/CNA claims did not ensure the

substantive, procedural, and evidentiary protections of litigation, including U.S. Brass and Eljer’s

right to appeal on the basis of legal error. In short, the Insurers wanted litigation, and that is what

they received in the confirmed plan.

In reaching this same conclusion, the bankruptcy court found that arbitration of the Shell/CNA

claims “was not an option specifically contemplated and negotiated by the parties at confirmation.”44

We attributed similar significance to the parties’ pre-confirmation interactions in our March 1999

dismissal of an appeal from the Confirmation Order, relying, in part, on the “negotiations of the

parties interest ed in the Chapter 11 case and the bargains they secured by voting in favor of the

plan.”45 Because the plan provides that the U.S. Brass/Eljer policies are the sole source of recovery

for any proven Shell/CNA claims, the dispute resolution process was of critical importance to the

Insurers, hence their active participation in plan negotiations. Aware of the Insurers’ exposure and

their concern with preventing collusive behavior among the parties responsible for liquidating the

claims, the bankruptcy court did not confirm the plan until the Insurers withdrew their objections.

To substitute arbitration for litigation at this point would alter the bargain the Insurers secured in

exchange for their approval of the plan—in violation of § 1127(b).

44
In re United States Brass Corp., 255 B.R. 189, 194 (Bankr. E.D. Tex. 2000). Although the
plan contains an ADR mechanism, the drafters expressly excluded the Shell/CNA claims from those
provisions. See supra note 4 and accompanying text.
45
U.S. Brass Corp., 169 F.3d at 961. See supra note 8.

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 In addition to approval of the substitution, the Appellants also sought a bankruptcy-court

order tolling the limitations period of plan section 8.21. This component of the motion was

undoubtedly a response to the Insurers’ position that arbitration of the Shell/CNA claims over their

objections would contravene the “cooperation” and “no action” provisions of the U.S. Brass/Eljer

policies. Under the proposed agreement, Shell and CNA would dismiss the New Jersey and Texas

lawsuits—actions that had been timely instituted in accordance with the plan.46 If approved, the

extension of the limitations period would allow the Appellants to refile those actions should

arbitration of the claims ultimately give rise to valid coverage defenses.47 Yet they could avoid this

risk altogether by complying with the clear terms of the plan, and so their request is self-defeating.

By its very nature, the tolling provision would modify section 8.21’s requirement that litigation

commence within 180 days of the plan’s effective date. Therefore, the bankruptcy court properly

determined that 11 U.S.C. § 1127(b) prohibited it from granting the extension.

Because the Appellants’ proposed agreement would alter the parties’ rights, obligations, and

expectations under the plan, the bankruptcy court’s denial of the motion was correct as a matter of

law.

46
Section 8.21 of the plan provides that any “period fixed under applicable law for commencing
or continuing a civil action in a court” on the Shell/CNA claims shall not expire until the end of such
period or 180 days after the plan’s effective date, whichever occurs later. See supra note 3.
Throughout the proceedings in the bankruptcy court, the district court, and this court, the parties
have referred to section 8.21 as establishing a 180-day limitations period; they have not mentioned
a longer-running state-law period. It therefore follows that Shell and CNA timely filed the New
Jersey and Texas actions because they did so within 180 days of the effective date.
47
At the evidentiary hearing in the bankruptcy court, George Hanthorn, the former general
counsel of U.S. Brass and Eljer who structured the proposed agreement on their behalf, admitted that,
in the absence of the tolling provision, the lawsuits could not be refiled without violating the 180-day
limitations period.

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IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s judgment affirming the bankruptcy

court’s denial of the “Motion for Order in Aid of Consummation of Plan and for Approval of

Settlement of Plumbing Claims of Shell Oil Company and Hoechst Celanese Corporation.”

AFFIRMED.

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