This is an action for damages for the death of the husband of plaintiff through the alleged negligent acts of the defendants. The jury assessed the damages at the sum of $5,000, and judgment was thereupon entered for that amount.
This appeal is from said judgment and from the order declining to grant the defendants a new trial.
The deceased, Daniel Watts, husband of plaintiff, was, on the twenty-eighth day of March, 1902, the day on which the accident occurred resulting in his death, and had been for two years prior thereto, employed by the defendants as janitor of their building, situated on the northeast corner of California and Kearny streets, in the city of San Francisco. Said building was used as an office building and as such occupied by tenants of the defendants, and, for the purpose of carrying passengers and freight from one floor to another in said building, the defendants maintained an elevator propelled and operated by means of electricity. It had been the custom of the deceased to transport himself and his implements from floor to floor during the course of his work as janitor. Between the hours of 12 and 1 o'clock each day, when the person regularly in charge of the elevator was absent, the deceased operated the same and carried passengers to the various floors. In addition to the duties ordinarily incident to the position of janitor, the deceased was required, under the terms of his employment, to see that the elevator was at all times kept in running order, and, whenever repairs thereof were necessary, either to attend to the matter himself (he claimed, according to the defendant, E. P. Murphy, to have some skill and experience as a machinist, although, as we understand the evidence, made no pretentions to knowledge of electrical mechanism) or otherwise have the same attended to by an electrician. The evidence discloses that some time before the accident the insulation of the lever handle, by means of which the elevator was operated, had become worn, the result of which was that the operator would, occasionally, receive a shock from the electricity, not *Page 566 severe enough, however, to do any serious damage. This defect, according to the testimony of Frank Walton, who was the regular operator of the elevator on the day the accident happened, was known to the deceased for a considerable time before he met his death. The accident occurred between the hours of 8 and 9 o'clock in the morning. No one was in the elevator with the deceased at the time he lost his life. The witness, Amark, testified that just before half-past 8 o'clock he "climbed up" the stairs to the fifth floor. When he entered the building he saw and saluted Watts, who was then engaged in mopping the first floor. After reaching the fifth floor, Amark returned by the stairway to a point between the fifth and fourth stories, where there was a landing on which he was resting and waiting for some one he desired and expected to meet, when the elevator came up to the fourth story and "stopped for a second and then flew up" and stopped at the fifth floor. This witness, on making an inspection, saw blood running from the direction of the fifth floor down to the fourth. He hastened to the fifth floor and found the body of the deceased lying in the elevator, with his head wedged in between the fifth floor of the building and the shaft of the elevator.
There is no evidence in the record and presumably, from the circumstance that Watts was alone in the elevator none was available, from which the precise manner in which the accident and consequent death of Watts occurred can or could be determined. It is the theory of the respondent, however, that while engaged in operating the elevator for the purpose of transporting himself from one floor to another for the purpose of performing his duties as janitor, the deceased received an electric shock of sufficient force to throw him to the floor, and, as the elevator was ascending, his head was in such position as to have been caught between the elevator shaft and the fifth floor of the building, thus producing a fracture of his skull, from the effects of which death followed.
The appellants complain of certain instructions which were read to the jury by the court, and further contend that, inasmuch as there is evidence showing that the deceased was fully aware of the defect in the machinery of the elevator which was the cause of the accident resulting in his death, he assumed the increased risk occasioned by such defect. It is *Page 567 also urged that, as there was no duty resting on the deceased within the scope of his employment to operate the elevator for the purpose of transporting passengers at the time at which the accident occurred, and as he was using it, when he met his death, for his own personal convenience, he was, therefore, a mere licensee, and as such assumed all risks attending its operation.
But it will be unnecessary to consider in detail all the errors which are assigned and all the questions arising therefrom. I think the court committed serious and prejudicial error by the giving of the following instruction: "I instruct you that persons maintaining an elevator in a building are common carriers, and the same duties and responsibilities rest upon them as to care and diligence as on the carriers of passengers by railways. Though they are not insurers of the absolute safety of the passengers or operators (italics ours), they are bound to use the utmost care and diligence of very cautious persons in providing proper and safe machinery as far as human care and foresight can go, and are responsible for injury occasioned by the slightest neglect against which human prudence and foresight might have guarded. The responsibility is proportioned to the danger, and is of the highest character in the care of those who operate elevators for lifting persons from one level to another."
Thus the jury were told that the liability of a common carrier to an employee, suffering injury while engaged in operating a contrivance or vehicle for the transportation of passengers, was the same as its liability to passengers. Or, to state the proposition in a different way, that a common carrier is bound to the same degree of care in the matter of the protection of employees against injury or loss as is required of it with reference to passengers.
The instruction states the law correctly as to passengers, but as to operators or employees it is not only opposed to the rule as declared by the text-writers and the courts, but is in plain conflict with the express provision of our statutory law upon the subject.
Section 1971 of the Civil Code reads: "An employer must in all cases indemnify his employee for losses caused by the former's want of ordinary care." The rule is thus stated by Shearman Redfield in their work on "Negligence": "The master is bound to use ordinary care, diligence and skill for *Page 568 the purpose of protecting his servants from unnecessary risks in his service; but he is not bound to use any higher degree of care. A railroad company, for example, although bound to use the utmost care and diligence for the protection of its passengers from injury, owes no such duty to its servants, although they may be exposed to the same perils. . . ." (SeeDolan v. Sierra Ry. Co., 135 Cal. 435, [67 P. 686]; Brymer v.Southern Pacific R. R., 90 Cal. 496, [27 P. 371]; Smith v.St. Louis etc. R. R., 69 Mo. 32, 33 Am. Rep. 484; Warner v.Erie R. R. Co., 39 N.Y. 471; Sappenfield v. Main St. etc. R. R.Co., 91 Cal. 48, [27 P. 590].)
In the last-mentioned case the plaintiff, while employed on one of the defendant's street-cars, met with an accident in which he sustained personal injuries. The court instructed the jury as follows: "It is the duty of one who employs another in his business to furnish to such employee such tools, implements, appliances, and machinery as may be needed in the work to be done for the employer, in good order, of sound material, and in safe condition for use, such as will be reasonably best calculated to insure safety in their use by the employee, and such as combine the greatest safety with practical use. . . ." The supreme court, speaking of and condemning this instruction, as applied in that case, says: "This instruction was erroneous in declaring that the obligation upon the master required him to furnish such appliances 'as combine the greatest safety with practical use.' By this the jury were told that the appliances required must be such as in practical use will be found to afford the greatest safety; that is, those appliances which from experience are found to combine all the provisions for safety that are capable of being used. The instruction is substantially the same as one given in the case of Treadwell v. Whittier, 80 Cal. 574, [13 Am. St. Rep. 175, 20 P. 266], which was approved by this court; but the circumstances which rendered such instruction proper in that case do not exist here. The court in that case was defining the duties of the proprietor of a passenger elevator, and likening them to the duties imposed upon the carrier of passengers, which required him to keep pace with modern improvement and invention, and adopt such newly invented appliances as will secure the safety of those whom he carries. The relations of the defendant to the plaintiff in this case differ materially from those existing between the carrier and *Page 569 its passengers; for, instead of being in any respect an insurer of his safety, the defendant held to the plaintiff only the ordinary relations of a master to his servant. The relative liability of a carrier to its passengers and to its employees is stated by the court of appeals in New York, inWarner v. Erie Ry. Co., 39 N.Y. 471, as follows: 'We are not now dealing, it must be remembered, with the liability which a railroad corporation assumed in respect to the safety and security of passengers transported on their road for a compensation, and in regard to whom they become absolute insurers against all defects which the highest degree of vigilance would detect or provide against. The liability here, if there is any, is measured by that lower standard which all the authorities recognize in the case of an employee, and which is answered if the care bestowed accords with that reasonable skill and prudence which men exercise in the transaction of their accustomed business.' "
It is true that the court in the case at bar in another part of its charge instructed the jury correctly as to the duty and degree of care due from a master to a servant; but, as the supreme court says in the case from which I have just quoted: "The error in giving the foregoing instruction was not obviated by the instruction subsequently given at the instance of the defendant, wherein the law applicable to the case was properly presented. The jury could not determine which of the two propositions was correct. They were bound to accept all the propositions that the court instructed them upon as a correct statement of the law by which they were to be guided, and if the several instructions are inconsistent or contradictory, it is impossible to tell which was adopted by them in reaching their verdict. (Brown v. McAllister, 39 Cal. 573; Chidester v.Consolidated Ditch Co., 53 Cal. 56.)"
Counsel for the respondent do not seriously undertake to defend the criticised instruction for which, in my judgment, a reversal of the judgment and order is demanded; but they say that it involves only an abstract statement which could not have been treated by the jury as throwing any light on the law applicable to the case. I cannot so view it. An abstract statement of a legal proposition is only a declaration, in a general way, of certain principles of law which have no particular or special bearing upon the issues and facts of a particular case; but when a principle, which may, on some *Page 570 occasions, be stated abstractly, happens to have particular and peculiar relevancy to the conditions which the evidence discloses exist in a case in which it is declared, then it assumes a concrete form, and, if erroneous, must be considered for the purpose of determining whether it was prejudicial or innocuous in its effect upon the party against whom it was given.
The instruction under consideration was, it seems to me, peculiarly applicable to the facts of this case. The deceased was the operator of the elevator on the occasion of the accident through which he came to his death. Whether the use of the elevator in the early morning hours, before the regular operator assumed charge thereof, was essentially within his rights as janitor of the building, or his use of the same was that of a mere licensee, in which case he assumed all the risks attending his operation of the elevator, is not material to the consideration of this instruction, for the evidence shows that he had habitually used and operated the elevator, in the discharge of his duties as janitor, so using it at the time he was killed, and the instruction under review treated and assumed him to be the operator. If the jury understood the instruction, and it must be assumed that they did (Henderson v.Los Angeles Traction Co., 150 Cal. 697, [89 P. 976]), then certainly they must have understood the court to declare that, as a matter of law, the degree of care and diligence required to be exercised by the defendants toward the deceased, who wasoperating the elevator when he was killed, was the same as that required to be exercised by them toward passengers transported from floor to floor by means of said elevator.
Counsel declare, however, that there is a distinction in the application of the principle enunciated by section 1971 of the Civil Code, supra, between actions by servants for personal injuries sustained by them and actions for damages for the death of servants. But, as is said by counsel for the defendants, "appellants are not liable at all unless there has been a breach of some legal obligation. The obligation in this case was founded on the relationship existing between the appellants and the deceased janitor — that is, the relationship of master and servant. If there was no breach of duty warranting recovery by the servant had he lived, then it must follow that appellants committed no tort, and are not liable to his *Page 571 heirs. The statute, in permitting a recovery by the heirs of the deceased, has not changed the law respecting negligence"; citing East Tennessee etc. R. R. Co. v. Maloy, 77 Ga. 328, [2 S.E. 945], and other cases.
The point that there is not before us a sufficient record on which to review the action of the lower court in refusing a new trial does not possess sufficient merit, in my opinion, to require special notice.
For the reasons herein stated, the judgment and order are reversed.
Chipman, P. J., and Burnett, J., concurred.