On the nineteenth day of October, 1921, Gaetano Alcamisi was struck by a street-car operated by the defendant and the injury was so severe that he died soon after. Later his children, through their guardian, commenced an action against the defendants to recover damages. A trial was had and the jury brought in a verdict in favor of the plaintiffs. Judgment was entered thereon and from that judgment the defendants have appealed under section 953a of the Code of Civil Procedure.
On the trial of the case it was the theory of the plaintiffs that the accident was the result of the negligence of the defendants *Page 712 and that such negligence consisted of a failure to sound a gong, the operation of the car at an excessive speed, to wit, twenty or twenty-five miles per hour, and operating its cars with its fenders so high that the fenders did not function. The defendants controverted all of these charges and claimed that the accident occurred by reason of the fact that the decedent, while drunk, suddenly stepped or fell in front of the defendants' car and although the car was stopped almost instantly, nevertheless the accident had happened. Many witnesses were called and examined and there was some evidence before the jury which tended to support each claim. Moreover, the plaintiffs claimed that the case came within the doctrine of the last clear chance, and they tendered instructions on the applicability of that doctrine and the trial court gave some of them.
[1] After the jury retired to deliberate on its verdict it returned into court and the following proceedings were had: "The Foreman: I would like to have this lady, Miss Steinman, ask the court. Miss Steinman: If you think that the defendant is guilty, but you think that the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence in some degree, how does that influence your verdict? The Court: Well, in that case, if you believe that the plaintiff was guilty of negligence and that the defendant was also guilty of negligence, the plaintiff cannot recover, except if you also believe that notwithstanding the negligence of the plaintiff in placing himself in a position of danger, that the defendant, through its servant, the motorman, knew or should have known by facts which would ordinarily comewithin the observation of an ordinarily reasonably careful man that he was in a position of danger, and could by the use of ordinary care have saved him notwithstanding his negligence, that is, notwithstanding the negligence of the decedent, then, under those circumstances, and under those circumstances only, can the plaintiff recover. Do I make that clear? The Juror: Very clear." Then, acting upon request of counsel, or the request of a juror, the trial court reread some of the other instructions, and also caused to be read the testimony of the motorman, Mr. Harrison, who was operating the street-car. After these proceedings had been had the jury retired and later it returned into court and announced that it had agreed upon a verdict. That verdict was in the sum of $2,500. *Page 713 Thereafter the defendants moved for a new trial, their motion was denied, and, as stated above, the defendants have appealed from the judgment.
The first point made by the appellants is that the statement made by the trial court in response to the question propounded by Miss Steinman was a misstatement of the law because it purports to rest the doctrine of last clear chance on what the motorman should have known instead of on what he actually knew. And appellants claim that because of what the motorman ought to have known the defendants were not liable under the last clear chance doctrine, and they cite and rely on Herbert v. SouthernPac. Co., 121 Cal. 227 [53 P. 651]; Thompson v. Los Angelesetc. Ry. Co., 165 Cal. 748 [134 P. 709]. In reply the respondents contend that, if it be assumed that the instruction was erroneous, nevertheless it was not harmful and they cite and rely on Collins v. Marsh, 176 Cal. 639 [169 P. 389]. That case is not helpful. Marsh testified that he saw the buggy in the street and drove up to the buggy and collided therewith. In its decision the court said: "Nor was it denied that the appellant saw the buggy in ample time to enable him to avoid striking it. His own testimony was that he noticed it when he was still forty or fifty feet away." Whereas, in this case, the witness Harrison, the motorman, was called as a witness and was examined and cross-examined at length. As to when he first actually saw the deceased, the only evidence in the record was given by him. He testified: "I noticed a man come staggering out from behind the truck on my left. . . . I immediately began to make my stop, to stop the car, because I thought the man would continue right on across the way he was going and possibly fall in front of the car, which he did. I began my stop, and first rang the gong."
The other testimony given in the case, which it is necessary for us to consider, was given by a young Italian boy, Tony Vellone. His testimony pertinent to the matter under consideration was as follows: "Mr. Marks: Q. Did you see the motorman from where you were standing where [when] this man fell down? A. Yes. Q. What was the motorman doing? A. The motorman was looking towards the west. Q. Suppose you were the motorman standing there as the motorman was, show the jury just how the motorman was *Page 714 looking. A. He was looking like this way all the time [showing]. The Court: Q. Looking over his right shoulder, that is true, is it not, Mr. Linforth? Mr. Linforth: That is the position the witness took. The Court: That is what I meant to ask. Mr. Marks: Q. How far away was the car from Mr. Alcamisi at the time the motorman was looking over his right shoulder, how far away was the car when you saw the motorman do that? Just about. You don't have to give me the exact feet and inches. Can you show me in this courtroom? When you say that the motorman had his face that way [indicating] how far away was the car from the man that you saw? Show us in this courtroom about how far, from where to where in this courtroom. A. I don't understand. Q. You say you saw the motorman turn with his face over his right shoulder, his head over his right shoulder that way [indicating]. When he had his face over his right shoulder did you also see this man who was killed, was he on the track then? A. He was on the track. Q. How far away was the car from the man on the track when you saw the motorman with his head turned over his shoulder? A. About thirty-five feet." If one reads the testimony last quoted, and if one then reads the instruction given orally in reply to the question propounded by Miss Steinman, the error is patent. In other words, as addressed to that testimony the jury could fairly and reasonably assume that the trial court had instructed the jury that the motorman and his employer were chargeable with the knowledge which a motorman should have had if he had been looking to the front when, as testified by Vellone, the motorman had his head to one side and was looking over his right shoulder when his car was thirty-five feet away and the decedent lay prostrate on the street-car track.
[2] As the record stood when the jury returned to the jury-room to deliberate for the second time on their verdict, there were then before them two contradictory instructions, plaintiffs' instruction number 5, which correctly stated the law defining the last clear chance doctrine, and the oral statement made by the court in reply to the juror, Miss Steinman, which statement, as we have just shown, was an incorrect statement of the law. It is impossible to say which of the two contradictory instructions the jury followed. When that is so, the giving of contradictory instructions is *Page 715 reversible error. In the case of Hesler v. California HospitalCo., 178 Cal. 764, at page 768 [174 P. 654, 655], the supreme court said: "The court below in other instructions stated the rule by which the defendants were bound, accurately and clearly. There is a clear conflict in the instructions. We are unable to determine which set of rules the jury followed. The case of the plaintiff on the merits, at best, is not strong. We cannot say that these instructions were not injurious to the defendant and did not improperly control the deliberations of the jury in rendering a verdict. A number of objections were made to rulings upon evidence which it is unnecessary to discuss." In the case of Starr v. Los Angeles Ry. Corp.,187 Cal. 270, at page 280 [201 P. 599, 603], the same court said: "It is true, as respondent points out, that the instructions are to be construed together, but where the instructions are flatly contradictory, as is the case where the jury is instructed upon a specific state of facts to bring in a verdict in favor of the plaintiff or defendant and is elsewhere instructed in general terms not to do so, the instructions must be held to be conflicting and prejudicial, because it cannot be ascertained upon what theory the verdict was returned. The theory of the plaintiff and defendant were diametrically opposed and the evidence, as well as the instructions, was sharply conflicting Under this condition it cannot be said that there is no miscarriage of justice when it cannot be ascertained from the record upon what theory the jury was authorized by the instructions of the court to render its verdict, or upon what state of facts shown in evidence the verdict was reached." The effect of the error was not lessened because the instruction complained of was oral, nor because it was given at one time and the instruction with which it conflicted was given first before the jury retired the first time and again before it retired the second time.
The judgment is reversed.
Nourse, J., and Langdon, P. J., concurred.
A petition for a rehearing of this cause was denied by the district court of appeal on July 18, 1924, and a petition by respondents to have the cause heard in the supreme court, *Page 716 after judgment in the district court of appeal, was denied by the supreme court on August 15, 1924.
All the Justices concurred, except Lawlor, J., and Seawell, J., who dissented.