The facts and the legal controversy involved herein, as stated in our former opinion, are as follows: "The plaintiff, on the twelfth day of January, 1917, filed a verified complaint in a suit for divorce against the defendant on the ground of cruelty. On the fifteenth day of January, 1917, the defendant filed an answer, denying the charge of cruelty so alleged, and on said fifteenth day of January, 1917, the court granted an interlocutory decree to plaintiff, declaring her to be entitled to a divorce from defendant and awarding to her alimony in the sum of $75 per month, 'the first payment to be made on the tenth day of February, 1917, and thereafter on the tenth day of each succeeding month until the entry of final judgment or decree herein.' The court did not in said decree reserve the right to make any order for further alimony. *Page 408
"During the time intervening between the granting of the interlocutory decree and the granting of the final decree, a child was born to the parties, as to the legitimacy of whom no question is raised.
"After the birth of said child and prior to the granting of the final decree, the plaintiff, through her attorneys, served upon opposing counsel a notice that she would on Friday, the twenty-fifth day of January, 1918, make an application for a modification of that part of the decree relating to alimony so that it would provide as follows: That the custody of the minor child be awarded to plaintiff and that 'defendant be required to pay to plaintiff the sum of $75 per month until further order of the court as an allowance for the support and maintenance of said plaintiff and said minor child, and the further sum of $100 as attorney's fees in connection therewith and for the costs of this proceeding.' This notice was dated the seventeenth day of January, 1918, two days beyond the year after the interlocutory decree was granted and was filed with the records of the case in the office of the clerk of the court on the eighteenth day of January, 1918.
"On the thirtieth day of January, 1918, more than one year after the granting of the interlocutory decree, the court made its final decree, granting to plaintiff a divorce and therein inserted a provision that the custody of the minor child be awarded to plaintiff, and that 'the defendant pay to plaintiff monthly an allowance for the support of said plaintiff and said minor child the sum of $60, whereof $25 is for the support of said minor child and $35 is for the support of plaintiff, payments to be made monthly, beginning with this decree; and that the defendant further pay to the plaintiff as attorney's fees in this proceeding the sum of $20, and the costs of this proceeding.'
"After the granting of the final decree, the defendant gave notice of appeal therefrom to the supreme court, but the same was thereafter dismissed on the stipulation of the parties.
"It appears that defendant failed and refused to make the monthly payments required by the final decree, and on the eleventh day of February, 1920, the sum of $1,468.55 having accrued to plaintiff under the terms of said decree, a writ of execution was issued on the application of plaintiff *Page 409 of the superior court of Stanislaus County, directing the sheriff to enforce the collection of the sum named by seizure and sale of so much of the property of defendant as might be necessary to satisfy the same.
"Subsequently, and prior to the satisfaction of said writ by the sheriff, defendant served upon plaintiff a notice of a motion for an order recalling, modifying, and correcting said writ of execution. The said motion, in pursuance of the terms of the notice thereof, was regularly called for hearing on the first day of March, 1920. At said hearing, the court, over the objection of the plaintiff, admitted and received in evidence a certain written agreement, entered into between the parties to the divorce action, on the ninth day of January, 1917 (six days prior to the entry of the interlocutory decree), wherein and whereby, after reciting the differences arising between them and declaring it to be impossible by reason of such differences for them further to live together as husband and wife, the defendant agreed to pay to the plaintiff the sum of $75 per month, payable monthly and on the tenth day of each month, said payments to begin on the tenth day of January, 1917, and to continue for one year from said date. Said agreement thus concluded: 'Said payment of $75 per month to be in lieu of and as and for alimony paid by said first party to said second party and for the support and maintenance of said second party and for the support and maintenance of the expected child of said parties during said period of twelve months.'
"At the hearing of said motion, it was admitted that the sum of $380 had been paid on account of the sum of $1,468.55, specified as due in said execution.
"The court, on the twelfth day of May, 1920, rendered its decision granting the motion and the execution was accordingly recalled and modified, and denied the plaintiff any sum whatsoever for her own support, as provided for in the said final decree of divorce, and also denied plaintiff counsel fees in defense of said motion to modify said writ of execution. The court also, by said order of modification, awarded plaintiff the sum of $235.25 found to be due to her for the support of the minor child.
"The appeal here is by the plaintiff from the last-mentioned order. *Page 410
"The contention of the appellant is that the order complained of is the result of a collateral attack upon the final judgment granting plaintiff a divorce from defendant, and that the judgment, not being void upon its face, is not subject to such an attack.
"It is, of course, the established rule that a judgment cannot be assailed in a collateral proceeding or except by appeal unless it is void upon its face. 'In a collateral attack every intendment is in favor of the judgment and the judgment will be set aside, generally speaking, for but one of three reasons — lack of jurisdiction of the person, lack of jurisdiction of the subject matter of the action, or an absolute lack of jurisdiction to render such a judgment as the one given.' (Baldwin v. Foster, 157 Cal. 643, 646 [108 P. 714].) No question is raised here of the power of the court to provide in its final decree for the support and maintenance of the minor child of the parties. The sole question here is whether, in view of the terms of the interlocutory decree as to alimony, the court in making provision in the final decree for the support and maintenance of the wife was within its jurisdiction. If the court has the legal authority for making such provision, then, obviously, an objection to the judgment in that particular may be presented to a court of review only by appeal. On the other hand, if the making of such a provision in the final decree is in excess of its (the court's) jurisdiction, then, when such provision is so made, the judgment to that extent is invalid, and such invalidity is of a character to be apparent upon an inspection of the judgment-roll."
[1] After a more deliberate examination of the law we feel entirely satisfied that the trial court in making said modification of the award to the plaintiff acted within the limits of its jurisdiction and, therefore, that the judgment-roll did not authorize the court to recall said execution. We think that this follows clearly from the plain language of section 139 of the Civil Code, providing: "Where a divorce is granted for an offense of the husband, the court may compel him to provide for the maintenance of the children of the marriage, and to make such suitable allowance to the wife for her support, during her life, or for a shorter period as the court may deem just, having regard to the circumstances of the parties, respectively; and the court may, from *Page 411 time to time, modify its order in these respects." It is true that this section was enacted before the law was changed providing for interlocutory judgments in divorce cases (sec. 131, Civ. Code), but that circumstance is entirely immaterial, the difference being that now the allowance for support is provided by said interlocutory judgment and it may or may not be carried into the final judgment.
Applying said section 139 to the situation presented herein we must find legal warrant in every particular for said modified order. In the first place, the divorce "was granted for an offense of the husband." The court in granting said divorce, as shown by the interlocutory judgment, made an "allowance to the wife for her support." We must assume, of course, in the absence of the evidence, that such allowance was "suitable" under "the circumstances of the parties respectively." This allowance was made "for a shorter period" than "during her life," namely, until the entry of final judgment. Respondent seems to think that the section applies to a permanent award rather than to one of a temporary character, but there is nothing in the language of the section to justify the contention. The authority indeed extends to cases wherein the award is for life or for any "shorter period." It would be hard to conceive of language that would more closely fit the situation shown herein.
In considering the question it is to be borne in mind that the first award was not for "suit money," as it is sometimes called. It was not made on motion at the beginning of the action to enable her to prosecute the case. If it had been, there might be some force in respondent's contention. The award was made, however, after trial for the support of the wife and possible issue, and was a part of the judgment settling the property rights of the parties and decreeing that the plaintiff was entitled to a divorce.
That the interlocutory judgment had become final before the modification was made does not render said section 139 inapplicable. The provision rests upon the theory that the trial court has a continuing jurisdiction in reference to such award. Its authority is not exhausted by the original order, nor is it foreclosed by the expiration of the time for an appeal.
It is equally plain that the court is not required by express provision to reserve the authority to modify the award *Page 412 in order to justify such action. The language of said section becomes a part of the original order as though written therein. The section itself reserves to the court the authority to modify the allowance.
It may be added that the decisions are in harmony with appellant's position. Indeed, after an examination of a large number of cases we think none can be found involving a similar statute and similar facts, wherein it was held that the court had no jurisdiction to make such modification of the original judgment.
In Soule v. Soule, 4 Cal.App. 97 [87 P. 205], after quoting said section 139 the court said: "This statutory provision enters into every decree in an action for divorce which provides for the payment by the husband of an allowance for the support of the wife, as fully as though it should be incorporated into the terms of the decree. The authority of the court to modify its decree in this respect does not depend upon a reservation therefor in the decree itself, but exists by virtue of the statute, and being conferred by the legislature, it is beyond its power to divest itself of such authority.
"Under this section it may modify its former order either by increasing or reducing the amount of money to be paid at any one time or enlarging or diminishing the frequency with which the payments are to be made. Neither is the authority to modify the decree limited by the section to a mere change in the amount of the allowance to be paid, but it includes a modification of the order in any respect which under the circumstances of the particular case may seem just to the court. . . . In the present case the right of the plaintiff to alimony was established by the decree in her action for divorce, and section 139 gives the court the authority to modify it."
In Mathews v. Mathews, 49 Cal.App. 497 [193 P. 586], it is said: "Thus when the court by its judgment does require the husband to pay alimony, and that judgment is not appealed from or vacated, it stands as a judicial determination of the rights of the wife to such alimony, subject always to the retention by the court of jurisdiction to modify its judgment from time to time in that respect. That the court may modify its order with respect to alimony there can be no question." *Page 413
In Willey v. Willey, 51 Cal.App. 124 [196 P. 101], the court said: "We hold, however, that the court was not limited by the somewhat inartificially drawn prayer of the complaint as to its power to require the defendant to pay plaintiff alimony in the action based upon charges of desertion and failure to provide, sustained by a showing of the plaintiff's necessities and of the defendant's financial ability to relieve them. It possessed that power under section 137 of the Civil Code, and it also possesses the power to modify its orders made in that respect from time to time under its express reservation of that power, and also under section 139 of the Civil Code."
In Cohen v. Cohen, 150 Cal. 99 [11 Ann. Cas. 520,88 P. 267], it is said: "The judgment in the first instance might have been for a gross sum, or for periodical payments, either for a stated period or, as in effect was done, during the life of the plaintiff. (Civ. Code, sec. 139) To change this judgment so as to require the payments for a stated period only would not be an annulment of the original judgment, but only a modification thereof. Therefore, such modification would be within the power of the court even if it were conceded that the power to modify did not give authority to vacate such order in its entirety."
The decisions in other states having a statute similar to ours are in line with the foregoing, a few of which may be cited: Skinner v. Skinner, 205 Mich. 243 [171 N.W. 383]; Martin v. Martin, 195 Ill. App. 32; Delbridge v. Sears, 179 Iowa, 526 [160 N.W. 218]; Holmes v. Holmes, 90 Minn. 466 [97 N.W. 147]; Smith v. Smith, 190 Mass. 573 [5 Ann. Cas. 939, 77 N.E. 522]. For many others we may refer to Ruge v. Ruge, 97 Wn. 51 [L. R. A. 1917F, 721, 165 P. 1063], wherein is found a comprehensive review of the authorities including some of the text-books. In the Washington case,supra, it is admitted that the court may make such modification where said power is reserved in the original decree or where statutory authority exists, but, in the absence of such reservation or statutory authority, it was held that the court could not modify "a decree for alimony, payable in periodical installments, as fixed by a decree of divorce."
In none of the cases cited by respondent does anything appear contrary to the foregoing. *Page 414
In Howell v. Howell, 104 Cal. 45 [43 Am. St. Rep. 70, 37 P. 770], there was no judgment for alimony and the court held that "the provision of section 139 of the Civil Code, authorizing the court from time to time to modify its orders for the maintenance and support of the wife and children, contemplates that the right to alimony as well as other property rights shall have been presented in the action and established by the judgment, and there can be no modification of an allowance for alimony where there is no allowance to modify."
O'Brien v. O'Brien, 124 Cal. 422 [57 P. 225], is to the same effect wherein it was held that "where the question of alimony was in issue in a divorce suit and no finding was made thereupon, and no alimony was awarded in the order of judgment, or in the entry thereof, the error is judicial, and after the entry of judgment the court loses jurisdiction to amend it so as to reserve the question of alimony or to award alimony upon motion."
In Bancroft v. Bancroft, 178 Cal. 367 [173 P. 582], the question was whether the trial court had power, upon the motion of either party, to set aside the interlocutory decree in a divorce case at any time prior to the entry of the final decree, and it was properly held that it was subject to attack, like other judgments, only upon appeal or by proceedings under section 473 of the Code of Civil Procedure, "within six months after the entry of such decree, and that after the expiration of the period within which either of these forms of attack may be made, the trial court is without jurisdiction to alter or set aside its interlocutory decree."
We think there is no escape from the conclusion that the court had jurisdiction to make such modification and that it was error to recall said execution, and the order is therefore reversed.
Finch, P. J., and Hart, J., concurred.
A petition to have the cause heard in the supreme court, after judgment in the district court of appeal, was denied by the supreme court on November 28, 1921.
All the Justices concurred. *Page 415