[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 157 THE COURT.
The following opinion, prepared by Mr. Justice Lawlor, is adopted as the opinion and decision of the court:
"The defendant, D.B. Hoffman, was informed against by the District Attorney of the County of Imperial for the crime of murder. It was stated in the information, among other things, that the defendant had, on May 29, 1923, murdered John A. Schafer in said county. After trial the defendant was convicted of murder in the second degree. The judgment of conviction was, however, reversed on appeal (195 Cal. 295 [232 P. 974]) and a new trial had. The second trial of defendant on the charge likewise resulted in his being convicted of murder in the second degree. From the judgment entered upon this latter conviction and from an order denying a motion for a new trial defendant prosecutes this appeal. The evidence produced at the second trial is substantially the same as that produced upon the first trial. This being so, a general statement of the evidence will suffice for a consideration and weighing of the errors asserted to have occurred upon the second trial.
"The homicide was admitted by the appellant but is claimed to have been in self-defense. At the time of the homicide the appellant was a rancher in the Imperial Valley living with his wife on leased premises. One Donald Cornelison had been employed by appellant about the ranch but left said employ after having worked approximately a day and a half. On the evening of the day that Cornelison left appellant's employ, he, Cornelison, in company with one James H. Shell and the decedent, came in an automobile to appellant's ranch and there engaged in conversation with *Page 158 one of the ranch hands. The trio departed in said automobile about 9 P.M. Shortly thereafter the appellant observed an automobile stopped, with lights out, opposite a field leased by him and in which stood his thresher and tractor. Appellant suspecting that the occupants of the parked car were about to steal from his thresher and tractor drove in his car, accompanied by his wife, in the direction of the other machine. At this point in the narrative the appellant testified in substance that upon reaching the parked car he left his automobile and saw two boys proceeding in the direction of the thresher whereupon he called to them to come away from there; that he fired one shot in the air apparently to frighten them; that subsequent to the firing of the shot in the air the decedent, whom he did not at that time recognize, appeared and said, `What in hell are you doing here?'; that appellant's wife left their automobile and inquired of decedent what the boys were doing there, to which he replied `None of your damned business'; that decedent approached him with one hand on his right hip pocket and threatened that he would `get him'; that as decedent advanced toward him he, appellant, backed away; that during the progress of decedent's asserted threatening advance toward him decedent started to remove his hand from his hip pocket whereupon appellant shot him; that he believed that decedent had a gun on him; that decedent was about six feet from him when he shot him having advanced approximately twenty feet from the starting place.
"In all material respects the appellant's narrative of the immediate events leading up to the homicide was corroborated by the testimony of his wife.
"Donald Cornelison, called as a witness for the prosecution, testified to the effect that he and James H. Shell had entered the field containing the thresher and tractor for the purpose of securing a piece of wire with which to repair a broken shock absorber on their car; that decedent was in the car with them when they stopped for this purpose; that while in the field they heard the appellant call to them; that as they were coming from the field he saw the decedent leaning with his right hand on their car and with his left hand on his side; that the appellant turned and fired upon the decedent who exclaimed `I am shot'; that decedent thereupon climbed into appellant's car; that appellant then pointed the gun at the witness and inquired what `devilment' *Page 159 they were up to; that he told appellant the purpose of their entry into his field; that appellant told him and Shell to take decedent from appellant's car and to a doctor; that they did so; and that decedent, so far as he was aware, did not have a weapon upon his person at the time of the homicide.
"Substantially the same story was told by James H. Shell when called as a witness for the prosecution.
"1. The first assignment of error is that the trial court made certain asserted improper remarks touching the admissibility of a record of the juvenile court, which remarks are said to have been prejudicial to the appellant. It appears that appellant, for the purpose of impeaching the witness Cornelison, offered in evidence a record of the juvenile court which showed that Cornelison had previously entered a plea of guilty in said court to a charge of grand larceny. The trial court after expressing some doubt as to the admissibility of such a record for impeachment purposes, stated in part: `. . . I don't think it is very important. To save time I think it may be admitted. . . . I do not think it amounts to anything in particular.' Counsel for appellant immediately requested that the foregoing remarks of the court be expunged from the record.
"We are of the opinion that the record of the juvenile court was not admissible in the first instance for purposes of impeachment as the proceedings in such a court are not penal in their character. (In re Daedler, 194 Cal. 320 [228 P. 467].) This being so, no plea of the minor or finding of the juvenile court based thereon could amount to a conviction of a felony so as to render the record admissible for impeachment purposes. The error then, if any, of the trial court in commenting upon the same cannot be held to be prejudicial.
"2. It is next urged that the court erred to the prejudice of appellant when it denied a challenge for cause directed at a prospective juror who stated, during his examination on voir dire, that he was of the opinion that the appellant had killed the decedent and that it would require evidence to remove such opinion. At the time this declaration was made by the prospective juror appellant had exercised all of his peremptory challenges and his counsel, after stating that if further peremptory challenges were available one would be employed to exclude the talesman, challenged *Page 160 the juror for cause. In our view the court did not prejudicially err in denying the challenge for, as already indicated, the appellant during the course of the trial admitted the homicide but urged that it was justified. It is not shown, therefore, that the juror maintained an opinion upon the sole issue in the case, namely, whether or not appellant had acted in self-defense.
"3. The name of James C. Sharp was drawn from the jury box as a prospective juror when it was ascertained that he was not, at the time, in the courtroom. The slip bearing his name was thereupon placed upon the clerk's desk and other names withdrawn from the box sufficient to temporarily complete the jury. Subsequently Sharp returned to the court room and, over the objection of appellant that he could not properly be called as a juror without a return of his name to the box and a redrawing therefrom, was seated in the place of an excused juror and examined. He was not among those who finally sat in the case and nowhere in the record does it appear by what method he was excused. In view of these circumstances, it cannot be held that the procedure by which he was temporarily seated as a juror, even assuming, without deciding, it to have been erroneous, was prejudicial to appellant. The only possible injury that appellant could have suffered would be the use of one of his peremptory challenges to unseat Sharp. But, as the record does not show the method by which he was excused this court must assume, the burden resting upon appellant to show injury, that he was either excused for cause or upon a peremptory challenge of the prosecution. The contention is therefore without merit.
"4. Hereunder it is urged that the trial court erred in striking out, on motions of the prosecution, the testimony of George M. Austin and George R. Wade called as character witnesses by the appellant. The proceedings leading up to the orders striking out the testimony of these respective witnesses were somewhat analogous and may, therefore, be stated in substance as follows: After each of said witnesses had, in response to questions propounded by counsel for the appellant, testified to the good reputation of the appellant for peace and quiet in the community in which he resided, the prosecution on cross-examination asked each witness if he had ever discussed appellant's reputation with anyone or heard it discussed. These questions were answered *Page 161 in the negative. Thereupon the prosecution inquired of each witness if his testimony represented his personal opinion of the appellant for the enumerated traits. The motions to strike and the orders followed and were, apparently, based upon the affirmative answers made to this latter question. We are of the opinion that the trial court erred in granting the motions of the prosecution and in ordering the testimony of these respective witnesses stricken out. The fact that neither witness had heard the subject discussed was some evidence of appellant's good reputation in the community where he resided (People v.Adams, 137 Cal. 580 [70 P. 662]). Moreover, the witnesses may not have recognized a possible distinction between testifying as to reputation and testifying to an opinion as to reputation. We are of the opinion, however, that the error was not prejudicial for the appellant offered and had admitted the testimony of seven other character witnesses. The State did not produce an equal number of witnesses who testified to the contrary. We conclude that the error of the trial court in this respect did not work a miscarriage of justice and would not, therefore, warrant a reversal of the judgment and order.
"5. While on the witness stand on his own behalf the appellant was interrogated in part by his counsel to the following effect: `During the 22 years you have been in Imperial County, except for the matter which is the subject of this trial here, have you ever had any trouble or difficulty with anybody whomsoever, other than a matter of such discussion as anyone is apt to be subject to? Have you ever been charged with any offense whatsoever?' Appellant responded: `Never, never in my life.' On cross-examination, and over the objection of appellant's counsel, the prosecution asked the appellant the following questions: `Q. This is the first occasion you ever had any trouble with a gun with any person, Mr. Hoffman? . . . Q. Did you ever draw a gun on anybody before?' To which questions the appellant respectively answered: `A. I never used a gun on anybody before.' And, `A. No, sir. I never drew a gun on anybody.' We find no merit in appellant's contention that the trial court ruled erroneously in each of these instances. The two enumerated questions asked on cross-examination were, in our opinion, clearly within the scope of the direct *Page 162 examination of appellant and therefore proper cross-examination.
"6. Subsequent to the above proceedings and during the production of rebuttal evidence by the prosecution, the State produced a witness who was permitted to testify, over appellant's objection, to the effect that three or four years previous to the trial he had been quail hunting on the appellant's premises when the appellant appeared holding a `long gun' pointed at him; that he proceeded toward the appellant but was commanded by the latter to stop, the appellant saying `No, don't come any closer, if you do I will kill you.' We are of the view that this rebuttal evidence was properly admitted for it tended to impeach the testimony given by appellant that he had led an untroubled life and had never drawn a gun on anyone. In so holding we are not unmindful of the rules that a witness may not be impeached as to collateral matters, and, that proof of character by evidence of general reputation can be met only by evidence of general reputation and not by specific acts. Neither of these rules is, in our opinion, applicable so as to preclude the introduction of this rebuttal testimony.
"7. Under this assignment of error it is urged that the trial court erred in permitting the mother of the decedent, over appellant's objection, to testify, among other things, that the decedent had served two years in the navy. The attorney-general having in mind the rule that the character of the decedent is not in issue unless it has first been attacked by the defense, readily concedes that the introduction of the evidence complained of hereunder may have been erroneous but contends that its reception could not have prejudicially affected the appellant. With this latter contention we are in accord. Assuming this testimony to have been improperly admitted we do not think that the appellant was injured thereby.
"Other contentions urged are without merit.
"In conclusion it may be stated that we are of the opinion that the errors found to have been committed during the trial were not prejudicial to the appellant nor did they influence a verdict of conviction which would not have, but for their commission, been rendered. Since the adoption of section 4 1/2 of article VI of the Constitution injury or prejudice cannot be presumed from the mere fact of error. To justify a reversal on appeal such injury or *Page 163 prejudice must affirmatively appear from an inspection of the record. The evidence here was sufficient to sustain the verdict rendered and we cannot say upon an examination of the record that a miscarriage of justice has resulted."
The judgment and order appealed from are and each is hereby affirmed.