Defendant, a colored man, was charged with the murder of John McGovern. He was found guilty and the death penalty was imposed. He has taken his appeal from the judgment and from an order denying his motion for a new trial.
Certain rulings of the court in admitting and rejecting evidence are complained of. We are aided by no discussion of counsel pointing out either the error or the injury of these rulings. The brief limits itself to the bare statement that "the court erred" in sustaining this objection or in overruling that objection. This court has in numerous instances declined to consider objections so presented. (People v. Woon Tuck Wo,120 Cal. 294, [52 P. 833]; People v. McLean, 135 Cal. 306, [67 P. 770]; People v. Creeks, 141 Cal. 529, [75 P. 101].) Nevertheless, owing to the gravity of the case, we have examined the record with care, and in none of the instances complained of do we find a ruling which would justify, much less demand, a reversal of the case. Some of these rulings were eminently sound. Others were rulings on evidentiary *Page 120 matters of trifling consequence. One only calls for specific consideration. The facts of the crime are that the defendant, about twenty minutes past 8 o'clock of the evening of April 3d, was in the act of burglarizing the home of the deceased, who at the time was absent. The deceased returned to his residence while the defendant was endeavoring to effect an entrance. He went to an outbuilding and picked up an ax and walked toward his house. This act of the deceased is explained by witnesses, who said that such was his practice, as McGovern thought that by taking the ax into his house at night burglars would have a less ready means of forcing an entrance. However, as he approached his door the defendant shot him twice and fled. His dead body was found in his yard the next day. Mrs. Young, a neighbor, who heard the shots, went to her window and saw a colored man, whom she identified as this defendant, "sneaking along the front of McGovern's house." This man climbed the fence and made his escape by a devious route. These were the circumstances of the homicide as testified to by Mrs. Young, though she did not know until the next day, after the body had been discovered, that McGovern had in fact been killed. The defense offered the testimony of one Compnext, for the purpose of showing that under the conditions existing upon the night and at the time of the homicide Mrs. Young could not have identified the defendant. It is extremely difficult to follow this examination from the record, as frequent references are made to a map showing the position of shrubbery, trees, and fences. It is therefore impossible in many instances to pass upon the pertinency of the evidence and the soundness of the rulings. Thus, as exemplars, the witness is asked, "Do these trees extend in such a way as to completely shadow and did they at the time that this crime was alleged to have been committed — did they extend so as to completely shadow this down here?" The objection was sustained upon the ground that the question called for a conclusion of the witness. Of course if the witness in fact knew, it was no more an objectionable conclusion than if he had been asked whether it were light or dark. Again he is asked, "Is there any point at which to your knowledge the electric light shines in there?" This would seem to call for a mere declaration of fact. But an objection was sustained to it as calling for a conclusion of the witness, and "no foundation laid." "Is Bay Street *Page 121 a dark street?" is another question that was objected to as calling for a conclusion, and the objection upon that ground was sustained. Throughout the whole examination of this witness great stress seemed to be laid upon the fact that "no foundation was laid," though it does not appear that defendant's counsel was enlightened, nor yet is this court enlightened, as to precisely what was meant by this. Thus the court said: "Counsel, you will have to lay a foundation before you can ask any of these questions." However, later in the examination the matter is illuminated by this statement of the prosecuting attorney:
"Mr. Helms: At this time, perhaps it would be well to state that counsel is apparently attempting to lay a foundation — I do not know, but I assume that he is attempting to lay a foundation — I do not know, but I assume that he is attempting to lay a foundation to show that either this witness or some other witnesses some time this month performed or attempted to perform some sort of an experiment down in the vicinity, or in the premises indicated, and that the purpose of that experiment would be to show that either this witness or some other witness with a similar group of facts — possibly as accurately reproduced as they could at that time reproduce them, undertook to determine whether or not some person, this witness or somebody else, located in the premises of Mrs. Young or approximately a similar position to that which Mrs. Young, according to her testimony must have occupied on the night of the shooting —
"The Court: Captain Helms, I do not see how you can expect to stop counsel from putting on his evidence. . . .
"Mr. Helms: The point of the objection on that question, your Honor, is that at this season of the year, as is well known, a tree may be in full leaf — it may be in full leaf six weeks or two months ago, but where a period of two months has elapsed, the leafing of a tree in the spring of the year, and especially of a deciduous tree such as those trees evidently are, and not being citrus fruit trees, without any question there is a continual variation, from week to week, in the condition of the leafage. A sprout that will be that long will sometimes in three or four days become a foot long — a tender green sprout — the new growth, especially in the spring season. Objects that could perhaps be seen through the tree two months earlier in the spring could not at all *Page 122 be discerned through the leafage of the same tree, although at both times the tree might be in full leafage. For that reason — I was about to make the remark before, I think counsel will see that it is impossible to reproduce the conditions the same where we are dealing with growing matter. If the matter were a stone wall or wooden walls even that could be shown to be in the same condition, there might be a possibility of reproducing conditions, but suppose he reproduces physical conditions, then he has to reproduce a person with exactly the same capacity of vision that Mrs. Young had, before he has the conditions the same as her observation."
The court did not rule upon this statement, but it is quite apparent that the prosecuting attorney believed that unless the "experiment" touching the ability of one person to recognize another was carried out under identical conditions, even to the last leaf on the tree, with those which obtained when the witness Mrs. Young testified that she identified the defendant, the evidence was inadmissible. Of course such is not the law. Nor did the court rule that such was the law. And while it might well have shown a greater liberality in permitting counsel for the defense, manifestly inexperienced, to introduce his evidence, it cannot be said that the stringency of the court's rulings worked any hardship to appellant.
Counsel next complains of all the instructions which the court gave and of all which it refused to give. But, specifically, complaint is made that the court instructed the jury that if the death of a person results from the act of another while such other "was engaged in perpetrating or attempting to perpetrate robbery, burglary, or mayhem, in which case the fact that the killing was accidental is immaterial." The objection to this instruction is that it "called to the attention of the jury the fact that the defendant was charged with murder during an attempt to commit burglary." Such in fact was the case and such in fact was the evidence, and that the instruction is sound in point of law is beyond doubt. (People v. Milton, 145 Cal. 169, 171, (78 P. 549]; People v.Jones, 160 Cal. 358, 370, [117 P. 176]; People v. Witt,170 Cal. 104, [148 P. 928].)
The defendant confessed the crime. The court refused to give the following instruction: "You are instructed that the fact that the questioning was done by police officers presents an important item for consideration in determining *Page 123 whether or not the confession was of a free and voluntary character." In People v. Quan Gim Gow, 23 Cal.App. 507, [138 P. 918], the court of appeal in its general discussion quotes from Bram v. United States, 168 U.S. 557, [42 L.Ed. 568, 18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 192], to the following effect: "Whatever be the rule in this regard in England, however, it is certain that where a confession is elicited by the questions of a policeman, the fact of its having been so obtained, it is conceded, may be an important element in determining whether the answers of the prisoner were voluntary." An effort was here made to have this embodied into the form of positive law for the instruction of the jury. There is no warrant in the court's so doing. (People v. Siemsen, 153 Cal. 387, [95 P. 863]; People v. Luis,158 Cal. 185, 189, [110 P. 580].) To have done so would have been a dangerous invasion of the rights secured to litigants against instructions by a court to a jury upon matters of fact. (People v. Hawes, 98 Cal. 648, [33 P. 791]; People v. Keith, 141 Cal. 686, [75 P. 304]; Estate of Blake, 136 Cal. 306, 311, [89 Am. St. Rep. 135, 68 P. 827].) The following instruction which the court gave is complained of: "In determining the intention of the defendant at the time of the transaction complained of, it is important to consider the means used to accomplish the killing. The intent or intention is manifested by the circumstances connected with the offense and the sound mind and discretion of the accused." This precise instruction, however, has been declared to be a sound exposition of the law in People v. Besold, 154 Cal. 363, 369, [97 P. 871], and People v.Wilkins, 158 Cal. 530, [111 P. 612].
The judgment and order appealed from are therefore affirmed.
Shaw, J., Sloss, J., Melvin, J., and Angellotti, C. J., concurred. *Page 124