In this action the plaintiff recovered a judgment in the sum of $2,329, found to be due to the plaintiff as the unpaid balance of rent reserved by the terms of a written lease entered into on January 29, 1913, between the plaintiff as lessor and the defendants, Frank J. Spare and Anna E. Spare, his wife, as lessees. The demised premises consisted of a furnished apartment house in the city of Los Angeles known as the Campbellton and the lease, which was to continue for a term of five years, prescribed as rental the sum of *Page 129 $675 a month, payable monthly in advance, from February 1, 1913, to and including January 31, 1914, and the sum of seven hundred dollars a month payable in advance for the remainder of the term. The defendants T.L. Henderson, George J. Morgan, and F. Nutting were sureties on a bond in the sum of two thousand five hundred dollars conditioned for the faithful performance of the covenants of the lease.
Substantially stated, the further facts of the case as revealed by the pleadings and proof are as follows: The lessees took possession of the leased premises under the lease on the first day of February, 1913, and vacated them on August 10, 1914, without paying any rent for the months of June, July, and August of that year. At the beginning of the term the lessees regularly made monthly payments of rent as provided in the lease up to and including the month of May, 1913, when they notified the plaintiff by letter addressed to him at Phoenix, Arizona, that they found "it utterly impossible to produce an income commensurate with the rent required by the terms of the lease," and were, therefore, "in the position of either continuing in the occupancy under the lease at a heavy loss . . . or surrendering possession," and the lessees, so the letter said, called the situation to the attention of the plaintiff to the end that he might judge which he desired they should do. The letter assumed that the plaintiff appreciated the conditions which existed during that period of the year, and following an assertion that the house was substantially vacant, concluded by saying, "We feel that it is no more than right for us to ask that you lower the rent to such a reasonable amount which will enable us to meet it promptly at the time it is due." The plaintiff on May 29, 1913, replied by letter that he had written his wife to call on the lessees "and talk matters over regarding the Campbellton." Accordingly, plaintiff's wife, who was then residing in Los Angeles for the summer, called upon the lessees and as the result of oral negotiations an arrangement was entered into whereby she was to occupy an apartment of the leased premises and the lessees were to pay whatever they could from month to month over and above their living expenses and the cost of operating the apartments. On October 10, 1913, the lessees mailed plaintiff a check in the sum of $350, which the letter accompanying stated was "sent in full for September." On October 24, 1913, the plaintiff acknowledged the receipt of the *Page 130 check and requested the lessees to "render . . . a statement of the receipts and expenditures for the month of September." On January 2, 1914, plaintiff wrote to the lessees calling attention to the fact that he had not received the rent due for the preceding month of December and also to remind the lessees that the terms of the lease provided "that this rent shall be paid in advance on the first of each month and I must insist upon the payments being made promptly as provided." On April 30, 1914, the lessees wrote plaintiff as follows:
"Los Angeles, Calif., April 30, 1914.
"Mr. Clinton Campbell,
"Phoenix, Arizona.
"Dear Sir: Referring to the rent proposition. It is impossible to state at this time what can be done in the future, but can say that since the 1st of April we have had several empties, and at this writing have nine vacant apartments, which reduce the rent income $320. You may think these are a great many vacancies for this time of the year but I can assure you that most of the apartment houses are about half empty. Several of the new apartment houses are unable to get anyone to lease them, and those that are running are obliged to reduce their rents, so that we have had to do likewise.
"We have had several people looking within the last few days and hope to land some of them.
"I had a real estate man here yesterday looking over the proposition but it is all exchange and no cash, for land situated in the San Joaquin valley. I am still working on a sale of the property. Yours truly,
"F.J. SPARE."
The plaintiff did not reply to this last letter and on May 5, 1914, the lessees again wrote plaintiff as follows:
"Los Angeles, 5/5/14.
"Mr. Clinton Campbell, "Phoenix, Arizona.
"Dear Sir:
"Not having had a reply to my letter of April 30th regarding the rent proposition, I would like to know what concession you are willing to make from April 1st. The net income for April did not exceed $400 and for May the rent income is not likely to exceed. $700, unless we are able to rent some of our vacant apartments. Owing to other apartment houses *Page 131 reducing the rents we have also been obliged to do so, making our rent income less.
"Kindly let me hear from you by return mail.
"Yours truly,
"F.J. SPARE."
To this letter plaintiff replied as of May 7, 1914, acknowledging the receipt of it and the preceding letter and declaring in effect that in so far as he was concerned neither letter seemed to need a reply, and then proceeded to say: "I presume from your explanation about vacancies, reduced rents, etc., that you desire that I make a reduction in rentals; you will remember that your original contract calls for a rental of $700 per month and in many ways I think that I have made all the concessions that I want to and as I have said before I must insist upon your getting your account to date."
This last letter from the plaintiff, notwithstanding its tenor and text, was not acknowledged nor directly replied to by the lessees, and on June 14, 1914, the defendant F.J. Spare wrote plaintiff, inclosing a check for one hundred dollars "in full for May rent," and expressing the regret "that business is not better," which brought a reply from plaintiff dated July 8, 1914, acknowledging the receipt of the "check for $100 on April account," and stating that the inscription thereon "in full for May rent" was erased by plaintiff because he did not care to commit himself to an acceptance of that amount "in full settlement for that month." In addition to these letters of the parties there were offered and received in evidence numerous receipts of the plaintiff's and checks of the lessees accepted by plaintiff evidencing the payment of sums varying in amounts from $150 to five hundred dollars, all of which — receipts and checks — by express inscription purport to have been made, given, and accepted as evidencing payment in full of the rent for the particular month specified in each instance, commencing with the month of May, 1913, and covering each of the following months ending with and including the month of March, 1914.
The foregoing facts constitute primarily the basis of appellants' contention that the dealings of the parties with regard to the lease of the premises operated as a modification of the original terms of the lease relative to the payment of rent reserved thereunder to the extent that the lease itself was abandoned and the lessees' occupancy of the premises thereby and *Page 132 thereafter transformed into a tenancy from month to month. The inception of this contention is found in the arrangement which was entered into in the first instance by plaintiff's wife and the lessees which it is claimed contemplated creating, and fixed a modification of the terms of the lease which, though orally made subsequently, became by the parties performing pursuant to its terms, an executed agreement, and therefore binding upon and enforceable against both parties despite the fact that the lease itself provided that it should "not be changed, altered, or modified except by writing indorsed hereon and signed by the parties hereto."
We find nothing in the evidence which would have compelled the trial court to find and conclude that the initial arrangement was sought, intended, and understood by the parties to be a permanent modification of the terms of the lease, or that it eventuated into anything more than a mere temporary abatement of the rent from month to month which was acceded to from time to time in response to the urgent and insistent importunities of the lessees. Clearly, the correspondence of the parties, considered in its entirety, cannot be taken as decisively indicating that the initial agreement was at its inception intended to extend beyond and control the situation for any greater length of time than might be necessary to temporarily tide the lessees over the slack summer months. To the contrary, that correspondence, we think, tends to show that the lessees understood the initial arrangement to be nothing more than a temporary concession, otherwise why should they as late as April and May, 1914, writing plaintiff say: "Referring to the rent proposition. It is impossible to state at this time what can be done in the future . . . What concessions are you willing to make from April 1st." Then, again, there is the evidence of plaintiff's wife to the effect that at no time was there any discussion with her concerning a permanent reduction in the rent and that she entered into the initial arrangement with the lessees "only because they said they were up against it; that the house was nearly empty and wanted to know if we would do that for the summer months." The testimony of plaintiff's wife in the particular that the arrangement was only for the slack summer months is fortified in a measure by a letter of the lessee Anna Spare, dated November 20, 1913, to the plaintiff, wherein she said: "I arranged with Mrs. Campbell before she left to *Page 133 endeavor to pay a monthly rent of $400 during the winter months commencing with October providing the business justified." Aside from the fact that the truth of the statement contained in this letter concerning a new arrangement for a fixed rental for the winter months was flatly denied by the testimony of the plaintiff's wife and was, therefore, a controverted fact in the case, the letter itself not only falls short of supporting, but in a measure tends to defeat the contention that the initial arrangement was intended to extend beyond certain months, and contemplated the permanent substitution of a varying sum in payment of the rentals to be derived from the contingent profits of the business in lieu of the sum certain fixed and reserved as rentals by the terms of the lease. (Driscoll v. Myers, 34 Cal.App. 490, [168 P. 145].) [1] The fair inference, it seems to us, to be drawn from the dealings and conduct of the parties is that they were desirous and willing to meet and overcome an embarrassing financial situation through the medium of temporary, concessions which were not intended or accepted by the parties as permanently impairing or abrogating the original terms of the lease. The case of Raymond v. Krauskopf, 87 Iowa, 602, [54 N.W. 432], so strongly relied upon to support appellants' contention does not seem to us to be in point. That case was an action to recover rent originally reserved in a written lease of land which required the lessee to farm the land in a farmer-like manner, to plant corn by the 20th of May, and to deliver to the lessor by the twenty-fifth day of the following November, sixteen bushels of corn per acre. The lessee cultivated the land as required, but the growing crops thereon having been damaged by storms, the parties entered into a parol agreement whereby the lessee was to replant the leased land to corn, farm it to the best of his ability and then deliver to the lessor "in full of all demands for rent" one-half of the replanted corn. In keeping with the new agreement the lessee replanted the land to corn, farmed it during the remainder of the season, and of the 350 bushels of corn ultimately harvested, delivered about two hundred bushels to the lessor in payment of the rent. The appeal was from a judgment entered upon a directed verdict in favor of the lessor in the sum of $204, which evidently represented the difference between the value of the delivered and accepted two hundred bushels of corn and that of 480 bushels which the lessor *Page 134 claimed was due him under the provisions of the written lease. It will be noted that in that case no question of a periodical reduction in the payment of rent was, as here, involved, and that when disposing of the appeal the court evidently proceeded upon the theory that the evidence showed, as it doubtless did, that the oral negotiations of the parties had ripened into a fully executed contract and the only question really decided was whether or not the oral agreement was supported by a good consideration. In discussing that question, the court, while distinguishing, in effect, approved the case ofWheeler v. Baker, 59 Iowa, 86 [12 N.W. 767], where it was held that the rental terms of a written lease for the entire term were not abrogated, nor was the lessor bound to accept for the full term the reduced rental of certain months, because of the fact that the lessor had ex mera gratia accepted the reduced rental for a portion of the time. The case of Sinnige v.Oswald, 170 Cal. 55, [148 P. 203], seems to be decisive of the point presented here. Its facts are practically parallel, in their essential features with the facts of the present case, and it was there said: "The finding that there was no change in the terms of the lease in the alleged particular of reducing the rent is sustained by the evidence. Concessions of the kind that were shown by the defendants, when supported by a consideration, are valid to the extent that a lower rent has been tendered and accepted as satisfaction in full of the installments thus paid. They are not sufficient to establish a change in the written contract so as to affect the amount of future installments of rent where no such change of terms has been made in writing."
The judgment is affirmed.
*Page 135Wilbur, J., and Melvin, J., concurred.