This proceeding is one to obtain a writ compelling the Secretary of State, in sending to the county clerks and registrars in the tenth congressional district his certificate of candidates to be placed on the ballot for the *Page 425 general election, to omit the name of Henry Stanley Benedict as the Progressive party candidate for the office of representative in Congress from the tenth congressional district.
At the August primary neither the name of Mr. Benedict nor any other person was printed upon the ballot as a candidate for the Progressive party nomination. The ticket of that party had as to that office simply the blank space in which any elector was authorized to write in the name of any person for such nomination. His name was so written in for such nomination by many electors, and he received in this way a sufficient number of votes to make him the Progressive nominee for the office, if he was eligible to be such.
It is claimed that by virtue of certain provisions of the Primary Act of 1913, the law in force at this time, he is ineligible to be such Progressive party nominee. The material facts upon which this claim is based may be stated in a very few words. Mr. Benedict was a candidate at such primary for the Republican party nomination for such office, having been proposed as such candidate by a committee in accord with the provisions of subdivision 2b of section 5 of the Primary Act, and his nomination papers, prepared in accord with such provisions and accompanied by his own affidavit consenting to be such a candidate, having been duly filed in the office of the Secretary of State. He was defeated for such Republican party nomination.
Under the Primary Act any person is entitled to be a candidate for all the party nominations for an office, and the act expressly provides that nothing therein contained "shall be construed to limit the rights of any person to become the candidate of more than one political party for the same office upon complying with" its requirements. (Subd. 4, sec 5.) Section 25 provides that if as a result of any primary election a person receives a nomination without first having filed nomination papers and having his name printed on the primary election ballot, he may cause his name to be withdrawn from nomination. It then provides: "The vacancy created by the withdrawal of such person as aforesaid, or on account of theineligibility of such person to qualify as a candidate becauseof the inhibitions of subdivision 8 of section 5 of this act, shall not be filled." Subdivision 8 of section 5, so far as material, provides: "Nothing herein shall be construed as prohibiting the independent nomination of candidates as provided by section *Page 426 1188 of the Political Code, as said section was enacted at the fortieth session (the session of 1913) of the legislature of the State of California; except that a candidate who has filed nomination papers as one of the candidates for nomination to any office on the ballots of any political party at a primary election held under the provisions of this act, and who is defeated for such party nomination at such primary election shall be ineligible for nomination to the same office at the ensuing general election, either as an independent candidate or as the candidate of any other party." Section 1188 of the Political Code, as enacted at the fortieth session of the legislature, provides simply how and when a candidate "may be nominated subsequent to" a primary election, "or in lieu of any primary election." Its language is such as to preclude the idea that a nomination by any party can be made under its provisions.
The claim is that by reason of the language of subdivision 8, section 5, which we have quoted, Mr. Benedict is ineligible to the Progressive party nomination that he received at the primary election. It must be held that he filed nomination papers as a candidate for the Republican party nomination, and he was defeated for such party nomination at the primary election, which, it is claimed, brings him squarely within the language of the subdivision. It must be confessed that there is much force in this contention if the words of the provision commencing with the word "except" be construed as an independent provision, and not merely as an exception to and a limitation of the preceding language guaranteeing the right, notwithstanding any other provision of the act, of independent nomination of candidates as provided in section 1188 of the Political Code. The effect of the construction contended for would be somewhat anomalous, we may here say, in view of the other provisions of the act. Although a person might properly be, so far as the law is concerned, a candidate for nomination at the hands of each of the four parties participating in the primary, if he was defeated for any one of the nominations, he would be rendered ineligible for the nomination he had received at the hands of the other three parties. Of course, in the present state of the law no plausible reason can be given for any such provision. It seems clear to us that the only reasonable construction that can be given to this provision is that it has reference only to attempted nominations under section 1188 of the Political Code "subsequent *Page 427 to" or "in lieu of any primary election." It simply means that a candidate for a party nomination who was defeated at the primary may not have his name placed on the general election ballot as a candidate for the office under the provisions of said section 1188. In other words, the provision as a whole is simply a declaration that nothing in the act shall be construed as prohibiting the independent nomination of candidates subsequent to or in lieu of any primary election, as provided in said section 1188, except that no candidate defeated for a party nomination for such office at the primary may be so nominated. The only reasonable argument against this conclusion is the apparent consequent lack of necessity for the words "or as the candidate of any other party" in the exception, in the light of the fact that the exception is applicable only to candidates at the primary for nomination on the ballots of political parties, and that section 1188, as amended in 1913, apparently has no application to the matter of "party" nominations. The same is true as to the portion of section 25 that we have italicized in our quotation thereof. The provisions just referred to are apparently the merest surplusage; without any possible force or application. But this consideration we do not deem sufficient to warrant us departing from what we believe to be the clear intent of the provision as a whole. It may properly be noted that these provisions which are apparently without meaning or application in the Primary Act of 1913 were contained in the earlier Primary Act of 1911, when section 1188 of the Political Code did permit "party" nominations, and when a candidate could file nomination papers only for nomination at the hands of the party with which he was affiliated. It is very probable that they were simply copied into the act of 1913 from the old law, without consideration of any question of their necessity in view of the changes otherwise made. But, however this may be, we are of the opinion that the provision as a whole may reasonably be construed only as we have indicated.
The alternative writ heretofore issued is discharged and the proceeding dismissed.
Lorigan, J., Shaw, J., Henshaw, J., Melvin, J., and Lawlor, J., concurred.
Mr. Justice Sloss, not having heard the argument in this case, does not participate in the decision. *Page 428