Pending an appeal from the judgment in the above-entitled cause, the superior court undertook to punish Arturo Wolf, one of the plaintiffs, and his attorneys, Messrs. George Lezinsky and Theodore A. Bell, for contempt of court. The alleged contempt consisted of the institution of a new action, in violation of the terms of an injunction embodied in the judgment from which the appeal had been taken. The present proceeding is an order, issued on the application of Arturo Wolf, to show cause why a writ of supersedeas should not issue to prevent the enforcement of said judgment.
The action of Wolf v. Gall was brought to quiet title to certain property in the city and county of San Francisco. All of the parties claim under Tobe Funkenstein, deceased. The plaintiffs, Arturo Wolf and Maria Julia Wolf, assert ownership of an interest in the property as heirs of said Tobe Funkenstein. The defendants, also heirs of the decedent, claim ownership of the property by virtue of a deed alleged to have been executed to them by said Tobe Funkenstein in her lifetime.
The court found that the plaintiffs and defendants were the heirs of Tobe Funkenstein, but that said decedent was not the owner of the property at the time of her death, she having conveyed the same to the defendants as tenants in common. The title to the property was found to be in the defendants. The judgment, following the findings, declares that the defendants are the owners in fee simple of the property in dispute, and that the plaintiffs have no right, title, or interest therein. It is further adjudged and decreed that the plaintiffs and all persons claiming under them be perpetually restrained and enjoined from making any claim to the property involved in the action.
The judgment was entered on August 7, 1914. On October 9, 1914, plaintiffs took an appeal therefrom to this court. The appeal is still pending.
On January 17, 1916, Arturo Wolf, by his said attorneys, Theodore A. Bell and George Lezinsky, commenced in the superior court a new action against the same defendants and their successors. In his complaint he alleged that he was an heir of Tobe Funkenstein, and that she was at the time of her death the owner of the same property involved in the present action. By said complaint he assailed the validity of the *Page 142 deed of December 21, 1907, which is the basis of the title claimed by the defendants.
The commencement of this second action constitutes the contempt found to have been committed by the petitioner and his attorneys.
That the institution of the second action is in direct disobedience of the terms of the injunction embraced in the judgment is neither questioned nor open to question. It is equally clear that Wolf's attorneys, who, as it appears, had knowledge of the terms of the judgment, are liable, equally with their client, for the commission of any act forbidden by said judgment.
The sole question is whether the provision enjoining the plaintiffs is suspended or rendered inoperative by virtue of the pendency of an appeal from the judgment.
It is conceded on all sides that the injunction under discussion is purely prohibitive. By a line of decisions beginning with the early history of the state, the rule has been settled that an appeal does not stay the force of a prohibitive injunction, and that the lower court has full power to punish a violation of such injunction pending the appeal. (Merced Min. Co. v. Fremont, 7 Cal. 130; Heinlen v. Cross,63 Cal. 44; United Railroads of S. F. v. Superior Court of SanFrancisco, 172 Cal. 80, [155 P. 463].) It is otherwise where the injunction is mandatory. The reason for this distinction is found in the inherent nature of an order which merely restrains or prohibits affirmative action. An appeal can operate as asupersedeas or stay only by arresting the enforcement by the court below of the judgment appealed from. (Dulin v. PacificWood C. Co., 98 Cal. 304, [33 P. 123].) A prohibitive injunction requires no execution for its enforcement. It acts "directly without process upon the defendant." (Heinlen v.Cross, 63 Cal. 44.) In the case of a mandatory injunction, on the other hand, the contempt proceeding is a kind of process to carry into execution the affirmative command embodied in the judgment.
With respect to the effect of an appeal there are, then, two classes of injunctions: (a) prohibitive injunctions, which remain operative and must be obeyed notwithstanding an appeal, and (b) mandatory injunctions, which are suspended and rendered inoperative by the appeal. The petitioner contends, however, for the recognition of a third class, viz., injunctions *Page 143 which, although prohibitive, are "incidental," and these, it is claimed, are taken out of the settled rule governing the effect of an appeal from a prohibitive injunction and are given the characteristics of a mandatory injunction. The injunction in the case at bar is asserted to be merely incidental to so much of the decree as declares that the defendants are the owners of the property. We think the supposed distinction between "incidental" and other prohibitive injunctions is without the support of either authority or principle. The argument is rested in the main upon one or two sentences taken from the opinion in Foster v. Superior Court, 115 Cal. 279, [47 P. 58]. It is true that it was there said that the injunction was merely incidental to the judgment determining Smith's right to act as a director, but the very next passage in the opinion declares that the injunction, although couched in terms of prohibition, was in effect mandatory. If the injunction was mandatory, its effect was of course stayed by an appeal, and the description of it as "incidental" was at once unnecessary to the decision and insufficient for its support. The case has been cited in this court to support the proposition that a mandatory injunction is suspended by an appeal (Clute v.Superior Court, 155 Cal. 15, [132 Am. St. Rep. 54,99 P. 362], United Railroads of S. F. v. Superior Court, 172 Cal. 80, [155 P. 463]), and has generally been regarded as resting on the ground that the injunction there in question was mandatory. In Mark v. Superior Court, 129 Cal. 1, [61 P. 436], a case cited by petitioner, the word "incidental" is also used in discussing the question whether a part of an injunctive order was stayed by an appeal. But in that case the judgment was an entirety, and the portion claimed to be prohibitive was not separable from the remainder, which was plainly mandatory. A careful reading of the entire opinion shows that the court regarded both branches of the injunction as being in reality mandatory. Neither of these cases therefore should be regarded as authority for the view that the operative effect of a strictly prohibitive injunction can, in any case, be stayed by appeal. And, if the true ground for upholding the power of the trial court to enforce a prohibitive injunction pending an appeal be that such injunction requires no process for its enforcement, it can, in principle, make no difference whether the injunction constitutes the main relief sought or is merely incidental *Page 144 thereto. Probably most injunctions, especially those grantedpendente lite, are incidental to the protection, declaration, or establishment of some disputed property right. The rule that a prohibitive injunction is, and that a mandatory injunction is not, enforceable pending an appeal is simple and logical, though not perhaps always easy to apply. The recognition of an additional distinction between different kinds of prohibitive injunctions would bring new difficulties and complications into a situation which has come to be well understood in our practice. It is not apparent that any substantial benefit would be accomplished. In the present case, for example, the practical effect of accepting petitioners' claim would merely be to multiply litigation over an issue which might, and should, be finally determined in the action already pending on appeal.
Furthermore, the injunction here granted was not in fact incidental to the main relief sought. It was a substantial and inherent part of the relief. The plaintiffs and defendants were seeking to have title quieted against each other. The action to quiet title, under our practice, is a development of the bill of peace of the court of chancery. The main purpose of this proceeding was to prevent repeated attempts to litigate a title, and to protect the real owner of the right against the annoyance and expense incidental to a multiplicity of suits. It was upon these considerations that the court of chancery "has granted perpetual injunctions to restrain further litigation, and thus has in some degree put that restraint upon litigation which was the policy of the ancient law in real actions." (1 Pomeroy's Equity Jurisprudence, 3d ed., sec. 248.) "The obvious design of such a bill," says Story (2 Equity Jurisprudence, 13th ed., sec. 853), "is to procure repose from perpetual litigation, and therefore it is justly called a bill of peace. . . . The obvious ground of the jurisdiction of courts of equity in cases of this sort is to suppress useless litigation and to prevent multiplicity of suits."
Certain restrictions upon the maintenance of such suits have been removed by statutory provisions like those embodied in section 254 of the Practice Act, in force before the enactment of the codes, and the similar but somewhat broader provisions of section 738 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The nature and purpose of the statutory action are, however, essentially the same as those of the old bill of peace. (Curtis *Page 145 v. Sutter, 15 Cal. 259; Angus v. Craven, 132 Cal. 691, [64 P. 1091].) In Curtis v. Sutter, supra, the court, speaking through Field, C. J., says that "there is no difficulty in so conducting a suit, under the statute, as to fully protect the legal rights of the parties, and at the same time to secure the beneficial result afforded by a court of equity in bills of peace — which is repose from further litigation." The plain and direct manner of giving this repose is by enjoining the defeated parties from asserting a hostile claim. Such injunction is in no sense incidental to the relief sought. It is an inherent part of the relief itself. The judgment in an action for the quieting of title need not, to be sure, take the form of an injunction. The relief awarded may vary according to the circumstances of the case. (17 Ency. Pl. Pr. 363.) But a decree like the one in the case before us, declaring that the plaintiff is the owner of the property and enjoining the defendant from further setting up a claim thereto, is a proper form of judgment. (Brooks v. Calderwood, 34 Cal. 563.) The injunction was a legitimate part of the relief granted, and the court below is authorized to enforce obedience to it pending the appeal.
To the suggestion that the plaintiff may lose valuable rights by being restrained from commencing actions which, if the judgment should be reversed, they will appear to have been entitled to bring, it may be answered that their position will not be impaired by the lapse of time. The statute of limitations does not run during the period when the commencement of an action is stayed by injunction. (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 356.)
The order to show cause is discharged.
Shaw, J., Henshaw, J., Melvin, J., and Lawlor, J., concurred.