The case was before this court on a former appeal, on a judgment for defendants, rendered on demurrer to the complaint, which was reversed. The decision is reported in Bennett v.Wilson, 122 Cal. 509,1 where the case is thus stated:
"The facts alleged which are necessary to illustrate the main question discussed by counsel may be briefly stated. Defendant company is a foreign corporation, and owned and operated mining property in Plumas County; defendant Bransford is sheriff of said county; defendant Wilson is a stockholder in and the managing agent and in actual control and management of the property of defendant corporation; in 1895, one Swearingen obtained a judgment lien against the property of defendant corporation, which was sold on execution, and one Cole became the purchaser at sheriff's sale, July 18, 1896; the defendant corporation did not redeem; plaintiff obtained a judgment lien before the time of redemption expired, and with it redeemed from the purchaser, and, sixty days thereafter, demanded a deed from the sheriff, which was refused, for the alleged reason that defendant Wilson was a lawful redemptioner, and had within the sixty days required by law made redemption; Wilson's judgment lien was junior to plaintiff's. It is alleged that Wilson's judgment was obtained byfraudulent collusion between him and said sheriff, whereby thesheriff made a false return of service of summons on defendantcorporation; that no service was in fact made, and said corporation had no knowledge or notice of the action commenced by Wilson, and did not appear or answer, and judgment was obtained by default, and said judgment is fraudulent and void; *Page 381 plaintiff refused to accept the money tendered, and demanded a deed from the sheriff, which was refused."
After the case was remanded, the plaintiff recovered judgment. The defendants Wilson and Bransford appeal therefrom, on the judgment roll and bill of exceptions, The other defandant named in the complaint, the California Gold Mining and Investment Company, was not served with summons, and did not appear.
The following is an abstract of the judgments and proceedings out of which the controversy grows: —
"Swearingen v. Cal. Gold Min. Inv. Co. Judgment for $483.38, rendered June 17, 1895. Execution sale to L.M. Cole, Jan. 15, 1897.
"Bennett v. Same Dfdt. Judgment for $642.96, rendered July 13, 1896. Redemption from sale to Cole, Jan. 15, 1897.
"Wilson v. Same Dfdt. Judgment July 17, 1896. Redemption from Bennett, March, 1897. The summons was served in this case on June 11, 1896, prior to the date of Bennett's judgment."
There is no allegation that the judgment was taken by Wilson with intent to defraud the plaintiff or to interefere with his rights, or with intent to defraud creditors, or that there was any fraud or fraudulent intent, other than such as may be implied in the other facts as above stated.
On the trial the court found all the allegations of the complaint to be true, except the alleged fraudulent collusion between Wilson and the sheriff, on which point it found that the sheriff made the service on Fant, "then believing the said Fant to be the managing or business agent of said corporation."
On this state of the record, the appellants claim that "the findings being positively against the alleged fraud and collusion, this element is entirely eliminated from the case, and it follows that judgment should have gone for the defendant." On the other hand, the respondent claims that the question as to fraud and collusion is immaterial; that the "fraudulent acts charged are presented as the inducement leading to an imposition on the court, — an imposition which procured a judgment against the corporation, which the court had no power to enter, for want of jurisdiction over the person" of the defendant. Hence it is claimed the judgment was void, on "principles not only elementary, but [that] have become the law of this case." *Page 382
With regard to the former decision, we do not think it susceptible of the construction claimed by the respondent. In the statement of the case by the court, the alleged fraudulent collusion between Wilson and the sheriff is given in the passage italicized) a very prominent place, and in the course of the opinion it is repeatedly referred to in such a manner as to indicate that it was the ground of the decision. Thus in the opinion, the proposition that "said judgment is fraudulent and void" is stated, apparently, as the conclusion from the facts of the alleged collusion and non-service, thus making it evident that the court understood the position of the plaintiff (then appellant) to be that the judgment was void because thus procured. And accordingly, on page 515 of 122 California, the decision is based on the proposition that (on the facts alleged) the judgment was void, as "obtained by fraud," and on page 516 the case is referred to as identical in principle witht the case of a "judgment . . . collusive between the debtor and creditor." The decision must therefore be regarded as resting on the principle that a judgment obtained by fraudulent collusion between the plaintiff and the defendant, or between the plaintiff and the officers of the law, may be collaterally attacked by persons not parties whose rights are affected. Hence the conclusion of the court that the plaintiff's right of action comes within the principles discussed by Mr. Freeman in his work on Judgments (secs. 334-337, and the authorities there given), thus making the sections cited a part of the opinion. Turning to these, we find the question proposed for discussion is to determine "when judgments not void for want of jurisdiction [i.e., not void on the face of the record (see secs. 116 ad fin.)], nor attacked by any equitable suit or defense, may nevertheless be wholly or partly avoided" by strangers to the record (sec. 334). Three cases are given in which this may be permitted, namely: 1. The case of parties "prejudiced [by the judgment] in regard to some pre-existing right," as in the examples given in section 335; 2. The case of judgments "procured through fraud of either of the parties, or by the collusion of both for the purpose of defrauding some third person" (sec. 336); and 3. That of judgments impeachable for error, "such as left the court without jurisdiction, and the judgment absolutely void as between the parties thereto" (sec. 337.)
It is not to be supposed from the general citation of these *Page 383 sections that the court intended to affirm that the case at bar came within all of the cases enumerated. The several sections are cited because the general question is discussed in them, and it is left to the reader (by aid of the maxim, Reddendo singulasingulis) to determine, from what is said in the opinion, the particular class treated of to which the case at bar is to be assigned. Of the classes enumerated, the first, it is obvious, must be rejected. Bennett's redemption from Cole was about six months after Wilson's judgment. At the time of the judgment he was merely a judgment creditor, his judgment antedating that of Wilson by four days. He was therefore in no way injured by the Wilson judgment, his own judgment being a prior lien. His right to attack the judgment must therefore rest upon his interest subsequently acquired as redemptioner from Cole, who himself purchased about six months after the judgment. The case, therefore, cannot be regarded as falling within this class, which includes only those whose rights existing at the date of the judgment are prejudiced thereby. Nor can the case be assigned to the second class. There is no allegation that the judgment was obtained "for the purpose of defrauding" Bennett, or any one else; and as to Bennett, the facts of the case exclude the possibility of any such intent. When the judgment was rendered, Wilson was merely a judgment creditor, and when the summons was served (June 11th) he was not even that. Nor is there any allegation that the judgment was obtained by collusion between the parties for the purpose of defrauding creditors. On the contrary, it is expressly alleged that it was rendered without the knowledge of the defendant corporation. There remains, therefore, only the third class, — namely, that of judgments apparently valid, but in fact without jurisdiction, and "absolutely void as between the parties thereto." And from the opinion itself it is clear that this was the class of cases referred to; for the judgment is therein uniformly described as void, and the decision is expressly based on the principle cited by the court, that "a void judgment is, in effect, no judgment." "By it," it is continued, "no rights are divested; from it no rights can be obtained. Being worthless itself, all proceedings founded upon it are equally worthless. It neither bars nor binds any one." (Freeman on Judgments, sec. 117.) In what is said by the author in this section, and in the authorities cited, we must *Page 384 therefore find the principles by which the former decision is to be explained and understood.
The rule laid down by Mr. Freeman in the section cited (337) is thus expressed: "The parties to an action or proceeding, and all persons who, though not parties thereto, are not prejudiced by the judgment when rendered, will not be permitted to assail or avoid it in any collateral proceeding for error or irregularity, unless it was such as left the court without jurisdiction, and the judgment absolutely void as between the parties thereto." Such judgments, it seems, may be attacked by strangers to the record, whose rights, whether existing at the time of the judgment or afterwards acquired, are affected, — i.e., by persons who, not being parties to the record, or privies, have no remedy against the judgment, by appeal or otherwise, in the case itself. But, in general, they cannot be impeached otherwise than by the record itself, or where the lack of jurisdiction appears on the face of the record. (Hodgdon v. Southern Pacific R.R. Co.,75 Cal. 648; Hill v. City etc. Co., 79 Cal. 188.) Of this kind are all the cases cited by the author, and also the case of Downsv. Fuller, 2 Met. 135,1 and other cases cited in the opinion in connection therewith. There are, however, some exceptions to this rule. Ex vi termini, living parties are essential to jurisdiction. Hence, when at the time the judgment was rendered, the defendant was dead, — as in the case of Warter v. Perry, Cro. Eliz. 199, and in Randall's Case, 2 Mod. 308, cited in the opinion, and in Griswold v. Stewart, 4 Cow. 457, — the jurisdiction is only apparent, and the fact may be shown by parties whose interests are injuriously affected. And so if a judgment be entered on a forged sheriff's return, or by the clerk without authority; for such judgments are not in fact judgments of the court. And on the same principle, collusive judgments may, in certain cases, be attacked by strangers. Hence judgments of this kind are included in this class by the author, in the section cited, being the same referred to in section 250, where they are more fully explained. To this class only, it is clear, can the opinion be understood as referring. Such cases are generally cases of collusion between the parties to the suit(Pierce v. Jackson, 6 Mass. 242; Fermor's Appeal, 3 Coke, 77;Meckley's Appeal, 102 Pa. St. 541; Biddle v. Tomlinson, 115 Pa. St. 299; Sponsler's Appeal, 127 Pa. St. 410; *Page 385 Freeman on Judgments, sec. 335); but though not including in their literal expression the case at bar, they are expressly referred to in the opinion (122 Cal. 514) as identical with it in principle. The decision must therefore be regarded as determining only that the judgment of Wilson against the corporation was (on the allegations of the complaint) void because obtained by him by fraudulent collusion with the sheriff, and hence that it was not a real or "bona fide existing judgment," or "actual adjudication upon the matter in controversy. (Spencer v. Vigneaux, 20 Cal. 449. ) And as it is now found there was no such collusion, but that the service and return were made by the sheriff in good faith, the decision cannot be regarded as the law of the case as now presented.
The case must therefore be considered on general principles, and in thus considering it, it will be convenient to consider separately the general question as to the effect of a judgment regular on the face of the record, where there has been in fact no service of summons, and the question as to how the case may be affected by the peculiar circumstances presented by it.
1. As to the general question, the law is well settled. No doubt the court must have jurisdiction of the person of the defendant; but — with exceptions that have been considered — such jurisdiction, in the case of courts of record, is conclusively presumed, unless the contrary appears from the record itself. And where, as in this case, it appears from the return of the proper officer that the defendant has been served, the court in fact has jurisdiction over him. (Reinhart v. Lugo,86 Cal. 399;1 Lyons v. Cunningham, 66 Cal. 43.) For jurisdiction is but power to hear and determine the questions arising in the case, and among these is the question whether the summons has in fact been served. Its judgment, therefore, unless on a direct proceeding to set it aside or in the exceptional cases already considered, must be taken as a conclusive determination of this question.
On this point the language used in Downs v. Fuller, 2 Met. 3932 (cited in the former decision), and similar cases, is liable to be misunderstood. (Freeman on Judgments, sec. 337, p. 612; Van Fleet on Collateral Attack, sec. 12, pp. 11, 12.) It is there said: "Although the judgment in favor of the plaintiff was not recovered by collusion with his debtor, *Page 386 or with any fraudulent intent, yet we think the defendant has a right to avoid it in the same manner, because he is neither party nor privy to the plaintiff's judgment, and is not entitled by the rules of law to reverse it by writ of error." But this does not mean that a judgment may be attacked by all strangers to the record; it applies only to cases "where a party has a right to impeach a judgment," — as in the case considered; where the rights of the party existing at the date of the judgment were affected; and where the defeat of jurisdiction appeared from the record itself.
2. In this case, there is no charge of collusion between the parties to the suit; and it is found that there was no collusion between Wilson and the sheriff; and it affirmatively appears that the judgment did not affect, and indeed could not have affected, the rights of the plaintiff existing at the time of its rendition. The findings, therefore, that the service of the summons was wrong, "against the rights of the plaintiff," and that the "judgment was a fraud upon the rights of the plaintiff as a redemptioner of said property," are in conflict with the specific facts found, and must be disregarded; for it appears from the admitted allegations of the complaint that at the time of the service of summons Bennett was not even a judgment creditor, and therefore could not be defrauded by the service of summons, and, also, that he did not become a redemptioner until six months (lacking two days) after Wilson's judgment, which therefore, could not be a fraud upon rights not then existing. The material facts found, therefore, are, merely, that Wilson was, and Fant was not, the managing agent of the company; that, with the knowledge of Wilson and by direction of his attorney, the summons was served on the latter by the sheriff, believing him to be the managing agent of the corporation; and that the judgment was demanded, and entered on sheriff's return. These facts are not sufficient to bring the plaintiff within any class recognized by the authorities as entitled to impeach a judgment regular on its face. It is ingeniously put by the respondent's counsel that the entry of the judgment was "an imposition on the court." But this was not the case. The judgment was entered by default by the clerk, whose legal duty it was to enter it, and who had no discretion in the matter. Nor, had there been such imposition, *Page 387 would it have been any concern of the plaintiff. The relations of Wilson to the corporation, in the absence of explanation, might give rise to a presumption of fraud against it. But fraud against the corporation, even had it been found, would not entitle the plaintiff to impeach the judgment. (Meckley's Appeal, 102 Pa. St. 536; Sponsler's Appeal, 127 Pa. St. 410; Biddle v. Tomlinson, 115 Pa. St. 299.)
Under the view we have taken of the case, it will be unnecessary to examine into the sufficiency of the evidence to support the findings.
I advise that the judgment be reversed and the cause remanded, with directions to the court below to enter judgment for the defendants on the findings.
Gray, C., concurred.
For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded, with directions to the court below to enter judgment for the defendants on the findings. Temple, J., Henshaw, J., McFarland, J.
Hearing in Bank denied.
1 68 Am. St. Rep. 61.
1 35 Am. Dec. 393.
1 21 Am. St. Rep. 52.
2 35 Am. Dec. 393.