This is an action for five hundred dollars alleged to have been had and received by defendants for the use of plaintiff. Judgment went for defendants, and plaintiff appeals upon the judgment-roll alone. The claim is that the findings of the trial court do not support the judgment, and that upon such findings judgment should have been given for the plaintiff.
As to the defendant D.O. Marks, referred to in the answer as the president of defendant corporation, it is clear that the findings fully support the judgment in his favor.
As to plaintiff and defendant corporation, the findings are, in accord with affirmative allegations of defendants' answer, substantially as follows: On December 12, 1916, plaintiff agreed with defendant corporation to purchase from the latter a milling-machine known as the Marks Pulverizer for $1,625, paying to the latter five hundred dollars in cash on account thereof, and agreeing to pay the balance of $1,125 on the delivery of the machine, which delivery was to be made on or before December 18, 1916. The machine was one used for the reduction of rock. "Defendant corporation did not manufacture said machine, but assembled it from constituent parts, which, according to its practice, it purchased ordinarily, after the order for the machine. . . . Plaintiff selected the machine from a demonstrating machine at the place of business of the defendant corporation. At that time said defendant corporation had *Page 338 just one machine like the demonstrating machine, which it could assemble and deliver. Other deliveries could be secured by the defendant corporation from the manufacturer in not less than sixty days." On December 13, 1916, the day after the agreement for the sale, "the plaintiff concluding that he [it] did not want the machine, believing that it would not serve plaintiffs purpose, so informed the defendant corporation, and demanded back said sum of five hundred dollars. The defendant corporation declined to repay said sum. The defendant corporation within a month thereafter sold the machine for the same price that the plaintiff had agreed to pay."
[1] It is a thoroughly well-settled rule that the findings of a trial court must be liberally construed in support of the judgment given. So construed, we are satisfied that they must be held to mean, as is apparently conceded by counsel for both parties in their briefs, that the plaintiff absolutely refused to complete its purchase, and by its notice and demand on December 13, 1916, finally renounced and repudiated the contract. It was substantially alleged in the answer that on December 18, 1916, defendant corporation notified plaintiff that the machine was ready for delivery and that plaintiff then refused to receive the same, but the court did not specifically find on this allegation. However, because of the construction that must be given to the findings made in view of the judgment, the absence of such a finding is immaterial. [2] If on December 13th plaintiff definitely and finally refused to go on with the contract on its part, defendant corporation was not called upon to make any such tender, in the absence of a retraction of the refusal, in order to avoid a default on its part in the matter.
The case then, as presented by the findings, is simply that of a vendee on a contract for the purchase of specific personal property, who, without lawful cause, finally refuses to go on with his contract by accepting the property and paying the balance of the purchase price, seeking to recover from the vendor, who is in no way in default, the money paid by him to such vendor on the contract for purchase, on the theory of an implied promise to repay the same. This is the exact situation, unless the mere fact that within a month after plaintiff's renunciation of the contract defendant corporation sold the personal property to another purchaser *Page 339 compels the conclusion that said defendant acquiesced in and agreed to plaintiff's attempted rescission, thereby accomplishing a rescission of the contract by mutual consent. In the latter event plaintiff would, of course, be entitled to be repaid the money it had paid on account.
[3] In the absence of a mutual rescission there can be no recovery by the vendee under such circumstances. No rule is more firmly settled with relation to contracts for purchase, whether concerning real or personal property, than that to the effect that a vendee, who without lawful right refuses to go on with his contract, cannot recover from a vendor not in default who is ready and willing to proceed and fulfill all his obligations, all or any of the money that he had paid to the vendor in accord with the terms of the agreement. This rule has been uniformly applied in California. It was declared in both opinions in Glock v. Howard, 123 Cal. 1, 10, 19, 20, [69 Am. St. Rep. 17, 43 L.R.A. 199, 55 P. 713], the opinion of Mr. Justice Henshaw saying that in such a case the vendor, "still resting upon the contract, . . . may remain inactive, yet retain to his own use the moneys paid by the vendee; so that it is of no moment whether or not the contract declares that such moneys shall upon the breach be forfeited as liquidated damages," and the opinion of Mr. Justice Harrison declaring it to be the law of the state that "the vendee, who was himself in default in the payment of a portion of the money, could not against the will of the vendor repudiate the contract and recover the portion already paid." Many cases might be cited in which this rule has been applied, but the rule is not disputed, and it is plain that plaintiff has no right of recovery here except upon the theory of mutual abandonment and rescission. Upon the facts of this case there is no other possible foundation for a right of recovery on the part of plaintiff.
[4] The single question presented, then, is whether the sale of the machine to another vendee by defendant corporation within a month after the final and definite repudiation of its contract by plaintiff must be taken as a consent to rescission on the part of defendant corporation. We think this question was squarely decided against the contention of plaintiff inRayfield v. Van Meter, 120 Cal. 416, [52 P. 666]. In that case the defendant, in an action to recover *Page 340 the property brought by the vendor against the vendee who refused payment and also refused to restore the property, sought by cross-complaint filed after plaintiff had obtained possession of the property, by process of claim and delivery, and had sold all of the same to others, to recover the money paid by him on the contract less such compensation to plaintiff for the use of the goods as justice might require. This relief was granted by the trial court, and the judgment was here reversed. It was held that the vendee, having without lawful justification repudiated any further obligation under the contract, by his acts "the vinculum juris arising from the contract was broken, and there was nothing which plaintiff needed to rescind." The court then declaring that a buyer who, without lawful excuse, refuses to go forward with his contract is not entitled to recover back money paid on account thereof, and that the rule applies to agreements for sale of personalty as well as realty, said: "It is immaterial that plaintiff sold the goods. In Ketcham v. Evertson, 13 Johns. 359, [7 Am. Dec. 384], an action for money paid on a contract for the conveyance of land, it was justly and forcibly remarked: 'To say that the subsequent sale of the land gives a right to the plaintiff to recover back the money paid on the contract would, in effect, be saying that the defendant could never sell it without subjecting himself to an action by the plaintiffs. Why should he not sell? The plaintiffs renounced the contract and peremptorily refused to fulfill it; it was vain, therefore, to keep the land for them. The plaintiffs cannot by their own wrongful act impose upon the defendant the necessity of retaining property which his exigencies may require him to sell. This would be most unreasonable and unjust, and is not sanctioned by any principle of law.' These views are equally appropriate to a case of sale of chattels." The court then distinguished Miller v. Steen, 30 Cal. 402, [89 Am. Dec. 124], relied on by plaintiff, showed that section 1749 of the Civil Code had no application under the circumstances, and also that no ground for relief in equity appeared. The decision was approved in Liver v. Mills, 155 Cal. 459, 463, [101 P. 299], where it was substantially said that a distinct and unequivocal repudiation of his contract by the vendee relieves the vendor "from all obligation to perform on his part," and that "in the face of a *Page 341 repudiation of the contract by respondent they were not boundto rescind, but were at liberty to treat the right of purchaseas ended and to retake the property," being entitled to such possession as the owners thereof. (Italics are ours.) The theory of the decision is that the vendor in such a case has the right if he so elects to regard the rights of the purchaser under the contract as ended solely by the purchaser's unlawful repudiation thereof, and that in so far as he is concerned there is nothing to rescind. He may treat such rights as ended solely by the default of the vendee, retaining the money paid him by the vendee thereunder. (See Oursler v. Thacher, 152 Cal. 739, [93 P. 1007].) In such a situation, the mere subsequent sale of his own property by the vendor is, of course, entirely immaterial on the question of consent by him to a rescission.
The decision in Reyfield v. Van Meter, supra, is in accord with the rule generally prevailing in other states. (See 27 Ruling Case Law, 624.) The opinion in Sanders v. Brock, 230 Pa. St. 609, [35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 532, 79 A. 772], which, like this, was an action by the vendee in default for money paid on such a contract, the vendor having within a very short time resold the property for a larger sum than that fixed by the agreement, contains an exceedingly clear discussion of the principles applicable, entirely in line with our own decisions. We are satisfied that, in view of our own decisions, it must be held that there was no such mutual rescission of the contract for purchase as would give to plaintiff, the sole party in default, the right to recover moneys paid under the contract.
It is, perhaps, needless to say that the question of actual detriment to the vendor by reason of the vendee's breach is in no way involved in this action. Entirely regardless of gain or loss to the vendor, the vendee has no right of recovery in view of his own repudiation of the contract. However one may feel as to the disposition of the vendor under such circumstances as are found to exist in this case, to insist on retaining all of the money paid by plaintiff, it is simply standing on its strict legal right.
The judgment of the superior court is affirmed.
Shaw, J., Olney, J., Lennon, J., Sloane, J., Wilbur, J., and Lawlor, J., concurred. *Page 342