The action is ejectment. Plaintiffs had verdict and judgment. The defendants appeal from the judgment and from the order denying their motion for a new trial.
The land in controversy consists of a portion of an island in the Eel River and an old bed of that stream, situated in Humboldt County. It appears that in 1895, during a large freshet, the river suddenly left its bed and made for itself a new channel north of said island, leaving its former bed dry. *Page 172 Neither party claims title in fee, both relying upon possession, the legal title being in the state.
The first point made by the appellants is, that the court erred in refusing to permit them to amend their answer. The application was made during the progress of the trial, and, being denied by the court, was renewed when defendants had closed their evidence, and again denied. The proposed amendment to the answer consisted in a plea of misjoinder of parties on the part of the plaintiffs. The code declares that the court may, in furtherance of justice, and on such terms as may be proper, allow a party to amend any pleading or proceeding, etc. (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 753.) Great liberality, it is true, should be exercised in allowing amendments to pleadings, but that liberality should only be displayed, in the language of the code, in furtherance of justice. This should be the controlling consideration on the part of the trial court. (Daly v. Russ, 86 Cal. 118; Bank of Woodlandv. Heron, 122 Cal. 109.) Inasmuch as the amendment proposed did not affect the merits of the controversy, and no good reason appearing why the application to amend was not made earlier, we cannot say that the court under the circumstances abused its discretion in denying the amendment to be made. The court did not err in denying the motion for nonsuit.
The appellants complain of the following instruction given to the jury upon the application of the plaintiffs: "In determining whether the land in controversy was occupied and used for purposes to which it is adapted (if you find that plaintiffs did so occupy and use any portion of it), you may take into consideration the manner in which the owners of land of like character in the same neighborhood commonly occupy and use such lands." The appellants particularly object to that portion of the instruction which says that the jury may take into consideration the manner in which owners of land of like character in the same neighborhood commonly occupy and use such lands. In Sheldon v.Mull, 67 Cal. 299, it was held that an instruction was proper which stated that it was not necessary that the party should surround the land in controversy by an inclosure, but is to be deemed in the possession of such parts of the land "as were occupied and used in the same manner that owners of land *Page 173 of like character in that neighborhood commonly occupy and use them." In Brumagim v. Bradshaw, 39 Cal. 44, the court say: "It is clearly established, both by reason and authority, that the acts of ownership and dominion over land which may be sufficient to constitute an actual possession vary according to condition, size, and locality of the tract." Judge Field, in Coryell v.Cain, 16 Cal. 573, says: "By actual possession is meant, a subjection to the will and dominion of the claimant, and is usually evidenced by occupation, by a substantial inclosure, by cultivation, or by appropriate use, according to the particular locality and quality of the property." (See, also, Webber v.Clarke, 74 Cal. 11.) Appellants claim, however, that there is no evidence upon the subject to justify the instruction. But the transcript shows that several witnesses testified to the nature and character of the inclosures by the farmers in that neighborhood of that kind and quality of land, including the plaintiffs'. It is said in the transcript that the instruction complained of, "among others," was given. The others referred to are not contained in the transcript, and we have no means, therefore, of judging what bearing they may have had upon the one in question. If it should be conceded, therefore, that the instruction complained of should have been qualified or modified in some degree, it may be that the instructions omitted would have qualified or modified the one in question, and the rule is well settled that instructions are to be read and considered as a whole, and the fact that, when taken severally, some of them have failed to enunciate in precise terms and with legal accuracy propositions of law does not render them erroneous. (Stephensonv. Southern Pacific Co., 102 Cal. 150; Davis v. Button, 78 Cal. 247; Murray v. White, 82 Cal. 119.)
It is further contended by the appellants that the plaintiffs were not in possession of the lands at the time the defendant Stinehoff entered thereon. There are three so-called specifications wherein the evidence is alleged to be insufficient to support the verdict. Conceding, for the purposes of the decision, that the specifications are sufficient to apprise the opposite party of what was intended, we think it is quite clear, upon an examination of the record, that there was sufficient evidence to justify the verdict. The acts of possession, *Page 174 as shown from the evidence, consisted of clearing, cultivation of the parts suitable therefor, pasturage of the parts not fit for cultivation, but upon which grass and clover grew, taking and selling gravel from the parts suitable therefor, selling timber and logs from the parts upon which such things were lodged by the winter floods, renting the river-bar and the adjacent river for fishing purposes, inclosure of the whole tract by fences and natural barriers sufficient for the purpose of turning stock, — in other words, showing a compliance with the rules in reference to possession, according to the situation and nature of the land in question, as required by the rules of law governing such cases.
The judgment and order denying a new trial are affirmed.
Shaw, J., and Angellotti, J., concurred.