This action is prosecuted by the plaintiff against a large number of defendants, including one R.C. De Boom, to quiet its title to a large tract of land, being part of the Rincon de las Salinas, or Bernal Rancho, situated in the city and county of San Francisco.
De Boom alone answered, and after denying the material allegations of the complaint, alleged that he is the owner in fee, and in the possession and entitled to the possession, of a large number of lots and blocks, being a portion of the land described in the complaint, and after describing the portion so owned and possessed by him, alleged "that said plaintiff, as defendants is informed and believes, and accordingly alleges, claims an estate or interest in the lands described, adverse to said defendant; and this defendant alleges that the claim of said plaintiff is without any right whatever, and that said plaintiff has no estate, right, title, or interest in or to said lands, or any part thereof"; and after praying that plaintiff take nothing by its complaint, prayed "that it be ordered, adjudged, and decreed that this defendant is the owner in fee and entitled to the possession of the land hereinbefore described, and that plaintiff be forever enjoined from asserting any claim or title to any part thereof."
Plaintiff served notice that it would move the court to strike out that portion of said answer and of defendant's prayer above quoted, upon the ground that it was irrelevant and redundant, and also gave notice that upon said motion being granted, plaintiff would immediately move the court to dismiss the action.
Upon the hearing, which was had upon the complaint and answer, the court denied both parts of said motion, and plaintiff excepted.
The plaintiff then moved the court to dismiss the said action as against defendant De Boom, upon the ground that plaintiff did not desire to further prosecute the said action as against said defendant, and deposited with the clerk the costs to which the said defendant would be entitled. This motion was also denied, and plaintiff excepted, and a bill of said exceptions was settled. *Page 434
The action then came on for trial, and plaintiff offered no evidence, but moved, first, that a judgment of nonsuit be entered, and this being denied, moved for a judgment of dismissal, which was also denied, and exceptions were taken, and a bill thereof settled.
The defendant then introduced evidence in support of his allegations, and findings being waived, judgment was entered for defendant De Boom as prayed for, and plaintiff appeals from the judgment upon the judgment-roll which contains said bill of exceptions.
The only question here presented for decision is, whether a plaintiff in an action to quiet title to real estate is entitled to dismiss his action as against a defendant who has answered and put in issue all the plaintiff's material allegations, and also alleged the material facts entitling him to a decree quieting his title as against the plaintiff and added a prayer therefor.
The plaintiff — appellant here — insists that his motion should have been granted.
Section 581 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides: "An action may be dismissed, or a judgment of nonsuit entered, in the following cases: 1. By the plaintiff himself, by written request to the clerk, filed among the papers in the case, at any time before trial, upon payment of costs, provided a counterclaim has not been made or affirmative relief sought by the cross-complaint or answer of the defendant."
Appellant's contention is, that affirmative relief is not sought by the answer, and that therefore he had a right to dismiss the action. If that were true, the plaintiff had a right to dismiss the action without applying to the court, and without moving to strike out any of the allegations of the answer or any part of the prayer.
It has been held in several cases that a cross-complaint alleging title in the defendant, and praying that his title be quieted as against the plaintiff, is not necessary, inasmuch as the issues raised by the answer to plaintiff's complaint, if found for the defendant, and judgment entered thereon, would operate as an estoppel, and protect the defendant as well as a decree in his favor upon a cross-complaint. (Wilson v. Madison,55 Cal. 5, 8; Miller v. Luco, 80 Cal. 257.) There are cases, however, where a cross-complaint in actions to *Page 435 quiet title are necessary to the defendant's protection. (SeeWinter v. McMillan, 87 Cal. 256, 264.1)
Appellant relies principally upon Wilson v. Madison, and Millerv. Luco, supra.
In the last-named case, all that was said upon this question was the following: "There was no error in striking out the defendant's cross-complaint. In an action to quiet title, where defendant relies upon title in himself, a cross-complaint is unnecessary. (Wilson v. Madison, 55 Cal. 5; Germania etc. Ass'n.v. Wagner, 61 Cal. 349.) Besides, as judgment was given for plaintiffs, the error, if any, was harmless." In that case the plaintiff did not move to dismiss his action.
In the other case (Wilson v. Madison, supra), there was no dismissal of the case by the plaintiff, nor any motion to strike out the defendant's cross-complaint to quiet his title against the plaintiff to which the plaintiff had filed an answer. Upon that state of the pleadings, the defendant moved that the issues raised by the cross-complaint and the answer thereto be first tried. This motion was denied. This court held that, under the circumstances, the ruling was not erroneous, and said: "In fact, we can see no necessity for a cross-complaint. Issue was joined on title by the complaint of plaintiff and defendant's answer thereto, and if judgments passed for the defendant it would be an estoppel as to the title, which, under the rulings of the supreme court of California, would protect the defendant as well as a decree in his favor."
Appellant also cites Wood v. Jordan, 125 Cal. 263, which appears to directly sustain its contention. That was an action to quiet title, and the defendant answered, setting up his title, and prayed for a decree establishing it, and enjoining the plaintiff from asserting any interest in the land. Thereafter the plaintiff procured a dismissal of the action, and a judgment of dismissal was entered. Defendant moved to vacate said judgment. His motion was denied, and he appealed. The court said: "He insists that by his answer he seeks affirmative relief, and that under section 581, subdivision 1, of the Code of Civil Procedure, it was erroneous for the court, under these circumstances, to dismiss the action. But this contention has been definitely settled against him in Moyle v. Porter, 51 Cal. 639." *Page 436 Moyle v. Porter, supra, was correctly decided under section 581 of the Code of Civil Procedure as it then stood. The first subdivision as it then existed provided: "1. By the plaintiff himself, at any time before trial, upon the payment of costs, if a counterclaim has not been made"; and in that case the court said that "the answer of the defendant did not amount to a counterclaim." But now there is added to the foregoing subdivision the following: "or affirmative relief sought by the cross-complaint or answer of the defendant."
It would seem that Wood v. Jordan, supra, was decided upon the authority of Moyle v. Porter, supra, without the attention of the court having been called to the material change in the statute above specified, and should therefore not be regarded as authority in the present case.
The code plainly provides that the plaintiff cannot dismiss his action, if the defendant by his answer has sought affirmative relief. Whether he did so is therefore the question to be decided. Conceding that upon the denials in defendant's answer his title would have been quieted by a judgment in his favor if the plaintiff had prosecuted its action, it does not follow that he may not seek and be entitled to affirmative relief. The commencement of the action, and the allegations of plaintiff's complaint, where an attack upon defendant's title to his property, which, however unfounded, impaired the market value thereof and obstructed its alienation; and if the plaintiff should be permitted to dismiss the action, the defendant, in most cases, would feel compelled to bring an action to remove the stain upon his title. It is therefore important to him to prevent a dismissal and compel a trial of the action; and this he may do by setting up his own title and right of possession, and praying that it be quieted as against the plaintiff who has asserted an adverse right. It thus appears that the action to quiet title, in some of its features, is peculiar. The defendant's title may never have been questioned, and therefore no cause of action existed in his favor against any one; but the plaintiff, by bringing the action, created a cause of action in the defendant against the plaintiff, for it was the assertion of an adverse claim or interest in the same property.
In Robinson v. Placerville etc. R.R. Co., 65 Cal. 263, the plaintiff alleged that he was the owner of certain bonds of the defendant, secured by mortgage to trustees, and sought to remove the trustees upon the ground that they had failed to *Page 437 discharge the duties of the trust. The answer alleged that the bonds held by the plaintiff "were paid, satisfied, and discharged," and prayed that the bonds be delivered up and canceled, or in default of such delivery, be declared void. The court said: "The answer claimed affirmative relief, and the plaintiff was not authorized to dismiss his action."
In Kitts v. Austin, 83 Cal. 167, 172, the plaintiff, in an action to quiet title, was in possession of a portion of the land. The court said: "The defendant here, in her answer, set up her adverse claim of title to the property. She thereby became an actor, with the burden of proof upon her to establish her claim. And the court, having found that her adverse claim was superior to that of the plaintiff's, from which the right of possession flowed, properly included in its decree an award of the possession."
In Hungarian Hill G.M. Co. v. Moses, 58 Cal. 168, 176, the trial court, after judgment that plaintiff was not the owner of the property, and that defendants were the owners, decreed that the plaintiff's claims to the property were groundless, and that defendants were the true and lawful owners, "and that said defendants' title thereto is adjudged to be quieted against all claims, demands, and pretensions of the plaintiff, which said corporation plaintiff is hereby estopped perpetually from setting up any claim thereto, or any part thereof." This court said: "The answer of the defendants contained none of the elements of a cross-complaint, as distinguished from a defense to plaintiff's action, and contained no prayer for affirmative relief. The part of the decree awarding affirmative relief should be stricken out."
In the case before us, however, there were affirmative allegations, which, if sustained by the evidence, entitled the defendant to affirmative relief, and such relief was demanded.
Pomeroy, in his work on Code Remedies, 3d ed., p. 120, says: "Affirmative relief may certainly be given to the defendant upon his answer in all cases where, from the nature of the subject-matter and from the relations of the parties, a specific remedy in his favor is possible according to the doctrines of equity jurisprudence, — certainly in all cases where the answer can be considered as setting up a counterclaim. There are undoubtedly instances in which no such relief is possible. Where, however, the nature of the subject-matter and of the relations between himself and the plaintiff *Page 438 are such that he could have maintained an independent suit in equity against the plaintiff and procured specific relief thereby, or could have filed a cross-bill under the old practice, he may now obtain the same remedy upon his answer, — at all events, as was before remarked, if the demand alleged in the answer constitutes a valid counterclaim."
Appellant also cites Thompson v. Spraig, 66 Cal. 350, where it was held that "when a cross-complaint has been stricken from an answer, leaving therein matters of defense only, the plaintiff may dismiss the case at any time before the trial, on payment of costs."
It is conceded that in several cases of actions to quiet title, where the defendant is the owner and in possession, it has been held that a cross-complaint is "unnecessary," and may be stricken out. But no case goes beyond holding that in such a case the cross-complaint is unnecessary. Here, however, the notice of motion to strike out the affirmative allegations of the answer, and the prayer for affirmative relief, gave notice that upon said motion being granted the plaintiff would move immediately that the action be dismissed as to the defendant De Boom. In Thompsonv. Spraig, supra, "the cross-complaint was stricken out on motion. Subsequently, the plaintiff dismissed the action." We think if the court in that case had been informed that the purpose for which the plaintiff desired to have the cross-complaint stricken out was, as here, that he might dismiss the action, his motion would not, and should not, have been granted.
We think the court did not err in denying appellant's several motions, and that the judgment should be affirmed.
Chipman, C., and Gray, C., concurred.
For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion the judgment is affirmed.
McFarland, J., Harrison, J., Garoutte, J., Van Dyke, J.
1 22 Am. St. Rep. 243.