This action was for libel. The trial resulted in a verdict for plaintiff in the sum of one thousand dollars. This appeal is from the order of the court denying defendant's motion for a new trial.
It appears that one Kapus had victimized certain residents of the city of Los Angeles, and had defrauded them out of *Page 325 large sums of money by inducing them to purchase claims for damages against the Pacific Coast Steamship Company, which claims were wholly false and fraudulent. He represented to his victims that through his connection with Vincent, a clerk in the main office of the company, he was enabled to ascertain the fact of the allowance of these claims in advance of the claimants themselves. The time came when the men he had defrauded demanded from Kapus some satisfactory explanation as to why their money was not paid, and Kapus then produced before them a person whom he alleged to be Vincent, the clerk, and introduced him as Vincent. Thereafter Vincent disappeared, and Kapus mournfully explained that he had taken with him the seventy thousand dollars paid over by the victims. One of these victims, Dr. Pepper, came to San Francisco in pursuit of Vincent, and there learned that no such clerk was in the employ of the company.
Such, in skeleton form, was the narrative published in the San Francisco Chronicle, of which defendant is the proprietor. The article was a despatch from the paper's Los Angeles correspondent. It proceeded to narrate that Dr. Pepper, describing the elusive Vincent, was told by the steamship company that the description corresponded to that of George D. Graybill, who at one time had been a clerk in their office, but who had been discharged in 1893 or 1894. Dr. Pepper pursued his search for Graybill, and, though failing to find him, found a woman to whom Graybill was engaged to be married. By her he was informed that Graybill was in Battle Mountain, Nevada, working for the Dibbs Lumber Company, but that he would be home the next day. The article proceeds: —
"Graybill did not show up the next day. On the contrary, the woman said he had started for Utah. Dr. Pepper hunted up the man's mother and sister to get a photograph and make sure he was pursuing the right man, but when he announced his name, the girl said to her mother, `Mamma, you remember the last thing George said when he went away was, that if Dr. Pepper called and wanted to see his picture, not to show it to him.' This convinced the doctor that he was on the right track, but it took some time before he could see the photograph. He then recognized the man *Page 326 Kapus had introduced as Vincent. Next morning the doctor attached Graybill's property near North Beach, suing him and John W. Kapus for defrauding him by means of a conspiracy. He also set the wires to work to catch Graybill, but he has not been caught. The disgruntled victims now propose action in San Francisco to have Graybill declared an insolvent debtor, and Dr. Pepper's attachment on the property dissolved. Dr. Pepper's attorneys are ready for the move. Kapus will be arrested on a criminal charge at an early date, if not by Dr. Pepper, then by some one of his victims, who are fighting both himself and Dr. Pepper."
That the language of the article was libelous per se is not disputed. It charged by implication that Graybill had impersonated Vincent, had been a co-conspirator with Kapus in his frauds, and, finally, had himself absconded with the seventy-thousand-dollar fruits of their swindle, leaving Kapus, his co-conspirator, to join his lamentations with those of the victims.
It appears that the article was handed to Mr. Washburn, the Los Angeles correspondent of the Chronicle, by Mr. Harton, a reporter of the Los Angeles Times. Dr. Pepper resided at Los Angeles, and Mr. Washburn knew where he lived, but he made no endeavor to interview him in reference to the truth or falsity of any of the statements therein contained and attributed to Dr. Pepper. In truth, he made not the slightest effort in any direction to verify it, his testimony in this regard being summed up in the following question and answer: —
"Q. In other words, when you received this story, from whomsoever you received it, you merely boiled it down without making any investigation whatever, and sent it to the Chronicle.
"A. Certainly; that is correct."
It was dispatched to the Chronicle about half-past ten on the night of August 19th. It was received by the night editor, who, because of the lateness of the hour of its arrival, took no steps to verify the truth of any of the statements therein contained, but caused it to be published in the next issue of the paper. It was under these circumstances that the publication, in effect charging Graybill with *Page 327 being a swindler, a forger, and a double thief in the sum of seventy thousand dollars, was made. So far as Graybill was concerned, it was wholly untrue. He was at work in Nevada when he learned of the publication of the article, and, to use his language, "thought some job was being put up to libel or blackmail him." He gave up his position and his business chances and calculations and came to San Francisco. The article caused him a great deal of annoyance and worry.
Appellant contends that the verdict of one thousand dollars is excessive, but that question is not here a subject-matter for review. The statement of the case fails to specify any particulars in which it is claimed that the evidence is insufficient to justify the verdict of the jury. The only specifications found in the statement are specifications of errors of law. Where the statement contains no such specifications it must be disregarded on the hearing of the motion. (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 659, subd. 3; Kyle v. Craig,125 Cal. 116.)
The ground of the motion that excessive damages appear to have been given under the influence of passion or prejudice is but another form of saying that the evidence does not justify the verdict. (Harrison v. Sutter-Street Ry.Co., 116 Cal. 162; Doolinv. Omnibus Cable Co., 125 Cal. 144.) In the latter case it is said: "To say that a verdict for damages was enhanced by passion or prejudice is one mode of saying that the evidence did not justify it; and the only means of discovering therein the element of passion or prejudice, within the meaning of the statute, is by comparing the amount with the evidence which was before the court at the trial."
But, aside from this, if consideration be paid to the evidence, it cannot be said under the circumstances that the damages awarded were excessive. (Wilson v. Fitch, 41 Cal. 363, 386;Harris v. Zanone, 93 Cal. 71; Gilman v. McClatchy, 111 Cal. 606;Taylor v. Hearst, 118 Cal. 366, 368; Sanderson v. Caldwell,45 N.Y. 403.1)
Certain rulings of the court in admitting and rejecting testimony are complained of. Plaintiff was asked if it was not a fact that he did not bring this suit until the day the cause of action was about to outlaw. The court sustained an objection to the question. If the fact were pertinent *Page 328 in evidence at all, the record as disclosed by the complaint in the action was the best evidence. The plaintiff was also asked why he did not bring the suit until the day before the action was about to outlaw. Objection to this was sustained. By section 340 of the Code of Civil Procedure plaintiff was given a year within which to commence the action, and the inquiry as to why he did not commence it sooner was irrelevant and immaterial. In TribuneAssociation v. Follwell, 107 Fed. 646, the ruling of the court of appeals decided that evidence to the point that plaintiff had never demanded a retraction was irrelevant and immaterial. So too must be evidence addressed to the private reasons of the plaintiff as to why his suit, admittedly commenced in time, was not begun earlier. But, moreover, before the taking of testimony was closed, plaintiff's attorney withdrew his objection and offered to allow the witness to answer; but the offer was refused. Plaintiff was asked if he had ever made any complaint in writing to the defendant that the article, or any of it, was untrue before commencing suit, and the court sustained an objection to this question. The ruling was proper under the authority of the case last cited, but, in addition, the defendant had the benefit of uncontradicted testimony upon this point, in that he was allowed to testify without objection that no protest of any kind, oral or in writing, concerning the publication was made prior to the filing of the complaint in this action.
Objection is made of certain instructions proposed by the defendant and refused by the court. The matter of these instructions is covered by the charge which the court actually gave, and which was very full. The court charged: "If you should find that the article in question was published wantonly, recklessly, and with an utter disregard as to whether it was true or false, then I charge you the plaintiff is entitled to recover exemplary and also compensatory damages." This instruction is complained of. Within its limitations it certainly correctly states the law. (Turton v. New York Recorder Co., 144 N.Y. 144;Morey v. Morning Journal Assn., 123 N.Y. 207;1 Turner v. Hearst,115 Cal. 401; Taylor v. Hearst, 118 Cal. 366.) But Mr. De Young, being absent in Europe at the time of the publication, and knowing nothing about it, and not having *Page 329 inspired it in any way, it is said that it violates what is asserted to be the rule in this state, that the employer is not responsible in punitive damages for the wanton negligence or malicious acts of his servants, in support of which proposition are cited the cases of Warner v. Southern Pacific Co., 113 Cal. 105,1 and Trabing v. California Navigation etc. Co., 121 Cal. 137.
Elsewhere the authorities are numerous that even where the proprietor is in ignorance of the publication he may be cast in punitive damages if the circumstances of and concerning the publication justify it. (Malloy v. Bennett, 15 Fed. 371; O'Brienv. Bennett, 59 App. Div. 623; 69 N.Y. Supp. 298; Dunn v. Hall,1 Ind. 344; Smith v. Utley, 92 Wis. 133; Buckley v. Knapp, 48 Mo. 152; Goodrich v. Stone, 11 Met. 486; Bruce v. Reed, 104 Pa. St. 408.2)
But, apart from this, attack is made upon a detached portion of the instructions covering the point. The language here employed is general, and is but designed to state the general proposition of law as to the circumstances under which punitive damages may be permitted. Elsewhere, and repeatedly, the jury were told, in effect, that nothing but compensatory damages could be allowed unless they found from the evidence that in publishing the article, "the defendant, Mr. De Young, was actuated by malice in fact, actual or presumed."
It is contended as to other instructions that they were misleading because without the evidence in the case. This criticism is made of the instruction relating to the influence of the paper and of the defendant, and of the circulation of the paper. As to the law touching these matters it is said (Gilman v.McClatchy, 111 Cal. 614): "The greater the circulation the greater the wrong, and the more reason why greater care should be exercised in the publication of personal items." As to the standing and influence of the defendant himself, in Broughton v.McGrew, 39 Fed. 672, in an action for slander, the court charged the jury: "The character of the defendant himself, his standing in the community, is a matter which you may consider in determining the amount of damages. A man of high character, of known force and influence in the community, *Page 330 may injure another by talking about him more than a man of less character would." As to the evidence itself, it was an admitted fact in the case, pleaded, and not denied, that for a long time prior to the publication, and ever since, the Chronicle had been widely and extensively circulated daily, not only in the city of San Francisco, but throughout the entire state of California, and that at the time of the publication in question its circulation exceeded sixty-eight thousand copies daily, and that the publication containing the libel was widely circulated among and read by the people not only in the city of San Francisco, but throughout the entire state of California, and elsewhere.
Complaint is also made of the fact that the instructions charged the jury that loss of reputation, shame, mortification, and injury to feelings are proper elements of actual damage, and it is said that "There was not only no evidence as to shame or mortification suffered by plaintiff, but none is alleged in the complaint." In the complaint it is averred that the publication inflicted upon plaintiff grievous mental suffering, in consequence of which he was greatly injured in his good name and character. Shame and mortification are elements of, and may constitute, grievous mental suffering, and are likewise elements of actual damage. Thus in Childers v. San Jose Mercury etc. Co.,105 Cal. 288,1 it is said: "Two classes of damages may be recovered in actions of libel, to wit, actual or compensatory damages and exemplary damages. Special damages as a branch of actual damages may be recovered when actual pecuniary loss has been sustained, and is specially pleaded. The remaining branch ofactual damages embraces recovery for loss of reputation, shame,mortification, injury to feelings, etc., and while special damages must be alleged and proven, general damages for outrageto feelings and loss of reputation need not be alleged in detail,and may be recovered in the absence of actual proof, and to the amount that the jury estimates will fairly compensate. (Wilson v.Fitch, 41 Cal. 363, 386.)"
The jury was told that in estimating damages they had a right to consider the natural and necessary consequences of such publication upon the plaintiff. This instruction was strictly within the law. (Fry v. Bennett, 3 Bosw. 246.) *Page 331
There thus appears to have been no error in the rulings or the instructions of the court, and the order appealed from is therefore affirmed.
McFarland, J., and Lorigan, J., concurred.
1 6 Am. Rep. 105.
1 20 Am. St. Rep. 730.
1 54 Am. St. Rep. 327.
2 49 Am. Rep. 586.
1 45 Am. St. Rep. 40.